CONTENTS. Facts About the Western Branch 1. Long Term Soi 1 and Crop Management Study. 3. Evaluation of Tillage Systems 4

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2 CONTENTS Facts About the Western Branch 1 Long Term Soi 1 and Crop Management Study. 3 Evaluation of Tillage Systems 4 High Levels of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium on Corn 7 Phosphorus on Continuous Corn. 10 Corn Performance Trials Evaluation of New Inbred Lines 11 Soybean Date of Planting Study--197Q 11 Strains and Varieties of Soybeans. 12 Ohio Soybean Performance Trials 12 Soybean Inoculation Studies 14 Winter Wheat Variety Testing 17 Winter Barley Variety Test 20 Spring Oat Variety Test 21 The Effects of K and P on Alfalfa Yield and Persistence 22 Resistance of Corn to Northern Corn Rootworm 23 Evaluation of Experimental and Recommended Insecticides for Control of Northern Corn Rootworm 23 Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn 24 High Yield Demonstration Swine Breeding Research, 26 Effects of Vitamin E and Selenium on the Nursing and Early-Weaned Pig, 29 Effects of Protein Level on the Performance of Growing-Finishing Swine 32 Effects of Protein Level on Gestation and Lactation Performance of Sows 35 Effects of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies on Feedlot Performance of Swine 38 Amino Acid Supplementation of Low-Protein Diets for Growing Swine 42 Effect of Blighted (Helminthosporium Maydis Fungus) Corn on the Performance of Gestating Sows 46 Transmissible Gastroenteritis of Swine 48! co 11 Scours of Baby Pigs 49 Spraddled-Legs of Baby Pigs M

3 FACTS ABOUT THE WESTERN BRANCH Outlying research branches are an important part o the total research facilities of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Nine branches are located at strategic points in Ohio representing the various soil types, climatic conditions, and farming enterprises of the state. The Western Branch is an important link in this research chain. During the summer of 1958, the Board of Control of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center approved the purchase of 428 acres of land, a portion of Kroger farm No. 1, located 8 miles southeast of Springfield and 3-1/2 miles northwest of South Charleston in Clark County. This marked the beginning of the Western Branch. Funds for the purchase of this tract were appropriated by the 102nd General Assembly. In addition to the appropriation for purchase of land, the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center received a $35,000 appropriation for research development at the Branch for the biennium beginning July 1, Soon after the farm was acquired, an eight-pen finishing unit was constructed. It has been used in conjunction with farrowing facilities which already existed in the main barn. A new well was drilled and a complete water system, including lines to the pasture areas, has been installed. The Department of Agricultural Engineering has completely surveyed the farm and designed a tile drainage layout. Slightly more than one third of the drainage system is installed at the present time. Nearly 370 of the total acres in the farm are tillable and approximately 160 acres have been reserved for rotational swine pasture areas. The swine pasture area lies approximately in the center of the farm. It is divided into four sections handled on a 4-year rotation, with 2 years of corn, small grain, and swine pasture or meadow. An area involving approximately 40 acres in the northwestern corner of the unit has been improved for agronomic research by tiling, construction of diversion terraces, and seeding of permanent alleyways. A detailed soils map has been completed for the entire farm by the local Soil Conservation Service. The predominant soil types on this farm are the Miami, Celina, Crosby, and Brookston soils typical of the west central Ohio area. In the spring and summer of 1967, a new 32-sow farrowing unit and a 16-pen finishing unit were constructed to provide facilities for expansion of the swine research program. An 8-inch irrigation well was drilled the same year and irrigation facilities were developed for 10 acres of agronomic research. In 1969 the breeding barn was built and in 1970 the east wing of the farrowing barn was added to complete the present physical facilities. The Western Branch was established primarily for the conduct of research on swine production. Correlated with swine research is a program of agronomic research relating crop performance to soil type. The total experimental program of the farm was developed in cooperation with farmers, extension agents, and the research staff of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster. -1-

4 The swine research program is currently being increased three-fold and includes a large-scale breeding and selection project. Bred gilts are supplied from the Western Branch for specific pathogen-free baby pig research by the Department of Veterinary Science at Wooster. Agronomic research in progress includes: grain and forage variety testing, fertility studies, tillage practice evaluation, weed control studies, and corn and soybean management studies. The Department of Agricultural Engineering has extensive work in progress involving corn harvesting as it is affected by type of machine, date of planting, variety, row spacing, and time of harvest. The Department of Entomology has work in progress to study the nature and control of the northern corn rootworm. Visitors are always welcome at the Western Branch to view the research in progress. Special tours can be arranged by contacting Mr. James Foster, Manager, Western Branch, 7639 South Charleston Pike, R. D. 1, South Charleston, Ohio

5 LONG TERM SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT STUDY D. M. Van Doren, Jr. and G. B. Triplett, Jr. Department of Agronomy Research at Wooster on soils similar to the Miami, Crosby catena has indicated several successful alternative practices to the commonly used plowing plus overall working of the soil for corn production. An experiment initiated at the Western Branch in 1962 compares two of these alternative practices with the commonly used treatment for corn, soybeans, oats, and alfalfa production. At some future date, these practices will be compared relative to long-term effects on soil tilth. The tillage treatments are: 1. Spring plow and complete secondary tillage. 2. Spring plow and secondary tillage only in the row for corn and soybeans (strip-processed). 3. No tillage at any time. Each tillage treatment is performed for continuous corn, a 2-year corn-soybean rotation, and a 3-year corn-oats-alfalfa rotation. Yields for all crops except hay are given in the table below. Hay yields consisted mainly of weeds most years, particularly the no-tillage treatments. Since quality of hay was not measured, dry matter alone might be misleading. Therefore, hay yields have been omitted. Oat and soybean yields were not influenced by lack of disking or other seedbed preparation after plowing. No tillage at all reduced these crop yields significantly. Weeds and poor stands contributed to the decreased yields. The herbicides available for soybeans are not yet entirely reliable for no-tillage production. Tillage had no effect on corn yields except in the corn-soy rotation. No-tillage reduced yield, probably because following soybeans there is very little mulch Effects of Tillage on Crop Yields (Bu./A.) Plow-Disk-Cultivate Plow- Cultivate No-Ti 1 1 age Oats Soybeans Corn (continuous) Corn (corn-soy rotation) Corn (corn-oats-hay rotation)

6 on the soil surface. Without tillage on Crosby silt loam, a mulch is required most years for adequate water conservation and crop growth. Corn yields in the table were selected to include only those comparisons between tillage systems having equal stand and weed control. In several years the no-tillage treatment had too many weeds and too few plants, while the plowed treatments had more consistent results. This points out that while use of no-tillage for corn can be profitable* greater care is required to achieve consistently adequate yields than is required with plow-based tillage* H-38 EVALUATION OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS A, J. Baxter* G. B. Triplett* Jr\ 9 and S. W. Bone Department of Agronomy The objective of this research is to evaluate tillage systems for corn production which may be applicable to the soils in southwestern Ohio. The soil selected for this study was Brookston silty clay loam, which is typical of the darkcolored, poorly drained soils in that part of the state. The Brookston soil has a surface texture which is generally silty clay loam or clay loam. The organic matter content may range from 5 to 6 percent. The subsoil ph is between 6 and 6.5. The available water holding capacity of this soil will normally range from 7 to 8 inches in the first 4 feet of the soil. The soil has poor natural drainage and saturated conditions may occur on or near the surface in the late winter and early spring. This drainage condition must be corrected with drainage measures such as tile drainage and land shaping. The tillage system should also enhance soil drainage in the seed zone area in early spring. The systems selected involved both time of tillage and degree of tillage. The tillage systems did not include cultivation after planting or emergence of the corn. Prior research results indicate no yield response and often a yield decrease from cultivation of these soils if vegetation can be controlled by herbicides. The following tillage systems were included in the evaluation: 1. Fall or winter plowing, disking, planting (no cultivation). 2. Spring plowing, disk, planting (no cultivation), 3. Rotary tillage, planting (no cultivation). 4. Disk, planting (no cultivation). 5. Pield cultivator, plant (no cultivation). 6. No-tillage (no cultivation). The highest average yields of corn for the 4-year period were near 140 bushels per acre. There appears to be little difference between fall and spring plowed tillage systems. If spring plowing can be done at a soil moisture content which results

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8 in soil friability, then spring plowing yields should be comparable to fall plowing. The no-tillage system was consistently the lowest yielding b/stem. This would indicate that on fine texture, poorly drained soils, no-tillage as a tillage system could result in lower yield responses than some additional tillage prior to the planting operations. The rotovate, disk, and field cultivator fell between the lower yield of the no-tillage systems and the higher yield of either fall or spring plowing. The tillage system evaluation for corn production will be planted to soybeans as an indicator crop for the next few years. The objective vi this research is to evaluate the response of degree and time of tillage on soyb< in growth and yield on this soil and soils with similar properties. The following table lists the yields for the tillage system evaluation for 1967 through 1970: Yields for Tillage Systems Tillage Systems 1967 Yields 1968 (Bu./A.) Average (Bu./A.) Fall plow, disc, plant (no cult) Spring plow, disc, plant (no cult) Rotovate, plant (no cult) Disc, plant (no cult) Field cultivate, plant (no cult) No- till age (no cult) H-38-6-

9 HIGH OF AND ON CORN John F. Trierweiler Department of Agronomy Many progressive growers are applying more phosphorus, potassium, or both than soil test resiilts presently indicate arc needed. Nutrient balance in the soil must be considered since an imbalance of one or more nutrients often affects the uptake of other nutrients. High levels of phosphorus, for example, can seriously suppress the uptake of several micronutrients. Likewise, high levels of potassium can suppress the uptake of magnesium and several other essential elements. High levels of nitrogen apparently suppress the uptake of sulfur and may cause other nutrient imbalances. For typical productive Ohio soils,, e.g., the Brookston silty clay loam, at what levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can a nutrient imbalance be produced? This experiment is designed to answer this question and several others. The experimental design is a three way (N, P, and K) factorial with five levels of each nutrient (Table 1). Level 1 should supply sufficient nutrients for maximum plant growth. Levels 2 through 5 have an increasing excess of each nutrient. This experimental design gives all possible combinations 125 different treatments -- of the five levels of each of these three nutrients, AJ 1 other controllable factors (cultural practices and other nutritional and amendment needs) were selected to optimize yields. for 1970 The nitrogen treatments affected both grain and stover yields (Table 2). Grain yields were increased slightly up to the third increment of nitrogen (548 Ib. N per A). This rate also increased stover yields. However, stover yields at the two highest nitrogen rates were the same as at the two lowest rates. The potassium treatments did not affect grain yields, but did increase yields of s Lover at the highest potassium rates. The phosphorus treatments had no effects on either grain or stover yields. TABLE 1.--NPK Fertilizer Treatments. Level Lb. N per Acre Lb. P per Acre Lb. K 2 0 per Acre

10 TABLE 2.--Yield Increases from Nitrogen and Potassium Treatments, Nitrogen Rate (Lb. N/A.) Grai n Yields (Bu./A.) Stover Yields (T./A.) Potassium Rate (Lb. K 2 0/A.) Stover Yields (T./A.) Average Plant samples were taken at six different stages of growth (6 leaf, 10 leaf, 12 leaf, 16 leaf, initial silk, and harvest) to study nutrient uptake and balance. The first sample was the whole plant, the last was grain, and all others were leaves, Very significant positive correlations between nitrogen concentration and grain yield were noted throughout the growing season. However, the phosphorus and potassium concentrations at various stages of growth were not correlated with grain yields. The following elements were affected by the treatments listed: nitrogen - N treatment (strong); phosphorus - P treatment (strong); potassium - K treatment (strong) and N treatment (slight); magnesium - K treatment (strong); calcium - K treatment (moderate); boron - N treatment (moderate); copper - P treatment (slight); zinc - N treatment (strong) and P treatment (very slight); barium - N treatment (strong); manganese - N treatment (strong), P treatment (moderate), and K treatment (slight); iron and aluminum - N treatment (slight). Strontium and molybdenum were not affected by treatments. Nitrogen concentration increased with increased rates of N fertilizer applied and decreased with maturity (Table 3). Phosphorus concentration increased slightly with increased rates of P fertilizer applied and that in the leaf samples remained rather constant with maturity. Potassium concentration increased with increased rates of K fertilizer applied and decreased greatly as the plants matured. Magnesium concentration decreased with increased rates of K fertilizer applied and leaf samples decreased considerably as the plants matured. Calcium, boron, copper, zinc, strontium, and barium concentrations remained quite constant at various stages of plant growth. Molybdenum and manganese decreased slightly as the plants matured. Due to soil contamination, iron and aluminum decreased sharply through the third sampling and then leveled off in the fourth and fifth samplings. Fall soil test values for available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium were greatly increased by the fertilizer treatments. Often these values doubled at the highest treatment rates. The 700 Ib. P per A. treatment produced available phosphorus values near 200 Ib. per acre and the 1100 Ib. 1^0 per A. treatment resulted in 575 Ib. exchangeable potassium per acre.

11 This experiment will be continued at least one more year since this heavy textured soil failed to show any detrimental effects (e.g., yield decrease or nutrient imbalance) under this heavy fertilization. The same treatments were surface applied and disked in again in 1971 after the 1970 treatments were plowed under. The combined effects may produce the anticipated nutrient imbalance in the 1971 corn crop. TABLE 3.--Concentration of Nutrients as Affected by Treatment, Age, and Plant Part. N Concentration (%) Nitrogen Rates (Lb. N/A.) Sampling Average K Concentration (%) Sampling 100 Potassium Rates (Lb K 2 0/A. ) Average P Concentration (%) Phosphorus Rates (Lb. P 2 Q 5 /A.) Sampling Average H

12 ON CONTINUOUS CORN D. J. Hoff Department of Agronomy Field experiments were initiated in 1964 on Brookston, Crosby, and Miami soils to determine the response of continuous corn to applied phosphate. Treatments are shown in Table 1. All plots received an annual application of 170 Ib. of nitrogen (150 Ib. plowed down and 20 Ib. in the row) and 80 Ib. of potash (60 Ib. plowed down and 20 Ib. in the row). Plant populations were fairly consistent from year to year, with an average plant population of 18,000, Yield results are shown in Table 2. for both phosphate treatments and soils, in 1968 did not enhance yields. Average yields were essentially the same Additional phosphate applied to some plots The area is not tile drained. In growing seasons with high precipitation, excess soil moisture retarded the growth of corn, particularly on the Crosby and Brookston soils. In addition, delayed planting during wet seasons depressed yields. The yield levels, therefore, are not as high as might be expected under better drainage conditions. TABLE 1. Phosphate Applications. Treatment A BC D E F Row Application Annual Lb./A Broadcast Application Every 4 Years Lb./A Average Annual Application Lb./A TABLE 2.--Average Corn Yields for the Years Indicated for Miami, Crosby, and Brookston Soils. H-209 Phosphate ^ Appli cation Lb./A I * Mi ami Bu,/A Crosby Bu./A Brookston Bu./A *Average annual application, +Soi 1 area limitations did not permit application of these treatments to Hi ami and Crosby soils. -10-

13 CORN PERFORMANCE TRIALS EVALUATION OF NEW INBRED LINES W. R. Findley and E. J. Do!linger Department of Agronomy These trials consist primarily o evaluations of new inbred line developments from the Ohio and other Corn Belt states 1 public breeding programs. Characters studied as early generation lines or in single, three-way, or top-cross combinations are: (1) yield, (2) grain moisture at harvest, (3) stalk and root lodging, (4) days to mid-silk, (5) ear height, and (6) ears per plant. Other characters, such as resistance to diseases and insects, are studied when conditions favor development. During inbreeding, the lines are subjected to as many production hazards as possible. Selection is practiced for resistance to first brood European corn borer, Diplodia stalk rot, northern and southern leaf blight, and maize dwarf mosaic virus. The objective is to develop inbred lines which contribute to their hybrid combinations high yields, stalk strength, tolerance to high plant populations, and resistance to as many important disease and insect pests as possible. H-20 SOYBEAN DATE OF PLANTING STUDY 1970 Gordon J. Ryder Department of Agronomy A 3-year study on the effects of date of planting on soybean yields was started at the Western Branch in Varieties included in the study are: Harosoy 63, Beeson, Wayne, and Calland. Planting dates are May 5, May 17, May 28, and June 6. The soil in the experimental plot area is Crosby silt loam. The soybeans were planted in plots of three 30-inch rows, 80 feet in length, with each treatment replicated three times. Soil fertility level was high. Weeds were controlled with applications of Amiben. Soybean Yields from Date of Planting Study, Western Branch, May 5 (Bu./A.) May 17 (Bu./A.) Date Planted May 28 (Bu./A.) June 6 (Bu./A.) Harosoy 63 Beeson Wayne Calland Average (L.S.D. 5.2 Bu.) H

14 STRAINS AND VARIETIES OF SOYBEANS P. E. Smith Department of Agronomy These tests constitute an important phase of the soybean breeding program, They make it possible to determine the field performance of new experimental strains in comparison with the standard recommended varieties. A practical use of results from these tests is illustrated by three new soybean varieties recently released in Ohio -- Beeson, Calland, and Cutler. The superiority of these varieties was established from the results of these and many similar tests. Annual and 3-Year Average Yields of Eight Soybean Varieties, Western Branch, OARDC, South Charleston, Ohio. Variety* 3-Year Av Annual 1968 Yield Bushels 1969 j>er Acre 1970 Lindarin 63 Harosoy 63 Amsoy Beeson Wayne Call and Clark 63 Cutler "*"*"""" ^Varieties are listed according to date of maturity with the earliest first and the latest last. +Missing data indicate that the particular variety was not included in the test for a specific year. H-46 OHIO SOYBEAN PERFORMANCE TRIALS Gordon J. Ryder and Paul E. Smith Department of Agronomy Entries in Trials. The Ohio'performance trials were started in the spring of Many soybean producers have been requesting comparative yields and plant characteristics since the expansion in sales of privately developed varieties, brands, and blends. The entries were determined by contacting all soybean seed companies producing and marketing privately developed varieties, brands, and blends of soybeans in Ohio. The publicly developed varieties currently recommended in Ohio plus those which show good prospects of being included in the near future were ^submitted by the Ohio Seed Improvement Association. To help offset the labor costs, -12-

15 an entry fee of $30 per variety and location was made for each entry. The seed was supplied by the producing company or the plant breeder. Thirty-three entries were made privately developed varieties, blends, or brands and 18 publicly developed varieties. These are shown in the table. The test plots at the Western Branch were located on level, well-drained Brookston silt loam. The previous crop was corn. The fertility level was high. The soybeans were planted on May 5. Pre-emergence herbicide was used with excellent results. One cultivation was made in late June to fracture the crust. There were 14.4 inches of rainfall during the growing season, about 2.4 inches below average. Field Plot Design. The tests were set up in a randomized complete block design of three 30-inch row plots. At the Western Branch, the plots were 85 feet long with four replications of each entry. The planting rate was six seeds per foot at the Western Branch. Soybean Performance Trial Results, 1970, Western Branch. Entry Maturity Date Yield Bu./A. Lodging Score Plant Height Plants per Ft. Seeds per Lb. Seed Qua! i ty Lindarin Harosoy Amsoy Morsoy Corsoy Beeson Debonair Bellatti E Wayne Calland SRF Morton 3X Bellatti L Peterson P Clark Cutler SRF SRF L.S.D.t * * *Weighted rating because the grey pubescent plants rated 1 or 2 and the brown pubescent plants rated 4 or 5. +L.S.D. (Least Significant Difference) figures are provided under each yield column to show the number of bushels required for a real difference between the yields of any pair of entries. H

16 SOYBEAN INOCULATION STUDIES Robert H. Hi Her Department of Agronomy Field plots have been maintained at the Western Branch since 1967 to study factors which might influence the success of soybean inoculation. Of primary interest since 1969 has been information on whether some of the common soybean varieties respond differently to inoculation. Information of this type is obtained from yield data with and without inoculation, as well as by identifying the soybean rhizobium within nodules by using a serological technique. It is hoped that observations of this type will provide information which will allow establishment of a more infective and effective soybean-rhizobium symbiosis. TABLE "L 1969 Effects of Inoculation on Variety Yields (Bu./A.) Harosoy 63 Amsoy Wayne Mean Inoculated Uninoculated Mean TABLE Effects of Inoculation on Variety Yields (Bu./A.) Harosoy 63 Beeson Lindarin 63 Mean Inoculated Uninoculated Mean Conclusions: Inoculation did not significantly influence yields of any of the three varieties in In 1970, the apparent negative effect of inoculation on yield approached significance at the 5% level. No explanation for this effect can be given at this time. In both 1969 and 1970, the inoculated field plots were inoculated with USDA strain 110 of Rhizobium japonicum in a peat base inoculum. Plants were dug up at 30 and 60 days after planting and the nodules were used to identify the strain of rhizobium which formed the nodule. The data for 1969 (30-60 day) and 1970 (30 day) are shown in Tables

17 TABLE 3.--Distribution of Strains of Rhizobium japorricum in Soybean Nodules, 1969 (Sampling 30 Days After Planting). Variety Strain no of R. japonicum in Nodules (*) 7,6 Unidentified Inoculated: Harosoy Amsoy Wayne Mean No Inoculation Harosoy Amsoy Wayne Mean TABLE 4. --Distribution of Strains of Rhizobium Nodules, 1969 (Sampling 60 Days After Planting). japonicum in Soybean Strain of R. japoni cum in Nodules (*) Variety ,6 Unidentified Inoculated: Harosoy Amsoy Wayne Mean No Inoculation: Harosoy Amsoy Wayne Mean

18 TABLE 5.--Distribution of Strains of Rhizobium japonicum in Soybean Nodules, 1970 (Sampling 30 Days After Planting). Variety Strain 110 of R. japoni cum in Nodules (35) 7,6 Unidentified Inoculated: Harosoy Lindarin Beeson Mean No Inoculation: Harosoy Lindarin Beeson Mean Conclusions: Inoculation with USDA strain 110 of Rhizobium japonicum significantly increased the percentage of nodules which contained this strain, when sampled 30 and 60 days after planting (1969). However, the increase was only about 4%, with strain 110 still forming less than 20% of all nodules. The percentage of nodules containing strain 110 was greater at 60 days than 30 days, which would indicate that strain 110 forms nodules later in the season than other strains. There was no difference in the distribution of strains of Rhizobium japonicum on the root system of any of the varieties tested. H

19 WINTER WHEAT VARIETY TESTING H. N. Lafever Department of Agronomy Recommended varieties, new varieties, and advanced experimental lines of wheat are tested in large drilled plots in various areas of the state where different soil and climatic conditions occur. This test at the Western Branch is one of nine such tests conducted in the state. This test helps determine how the various varieties and lines of wheat perform in this general area. From the results of these tests conducted year after year, new varieties from other states, if found to perform satisfactorily, are placed on the list of recommended varieties. Advanced Ohio experimental lines, if found to perform well for at least 3 years in such tests as this one, are named, released, and placed on the recommended list. There are 16 varieties and experimental lines in this test, with four replications of each. The recommended varieties Arthur, Logan, Monon, Reed, and Redcoat are included. These serve as a standard for evaluating new varieties released by other states and advanced experimental lines from the Ohio breeding program. Performances of some varieties and advanced lines grown at this location in past years are given in the table below. Variety Winter Wheat Variety Test, Western Branch. Yield Bu./A. Test Wt. Lb./Bu. Plant Ht. In. Lodged Percent Date Headed 3-Year Average Arthur Benhur * Logan * Monon * Redcoat Reed* Riley Recommended variety. -17-

20 In the development of a new variety of wheat! numerous experimental lines are tested before one is found which has all of the characteristics required to merit its release as a new variety, This trial is one of the last steps in testing experimental lines for their performance. Those lines in this test which appear promising in yield, quality, straw strength, bushel weight, and disease and insect resistance are then planted in the large drill plot trials in ensuing years for final testing prior to their release or discard, This test includes 21 new experimental lines, with four named varieties serving as standards for compariosn* Each line or variety is planted in two-row plots, each 10 feet long, with four replications. Results of this test agree very well with data obtained from large drilled plots, Ea_s tern U n 1 f o rm Wheat Nurs.e ry This is a regional planting in 10-foot rows, It includes the best experimental lines from various state and commercial breeding programs in the eastern soft wheat region. This nursery is grown at about 25 locations in the eastern states, including three locations in Ohio. Two promising Ohio-developed lines are entered in this test for evaluation. Since there are considerable differences among the entries in height and maturity, the entries are planted in four-row plots. Only the two center rows are harvested. This test reveals much about the adaptation of a new line to different areas of the region, permits a test of plant characteristics under a wide range of environments, and provides for an interchange of material among breeders. This test also allows breeders to obtain early information on lines which may later be released by other states as new varieties. Lines taken from this nursery have been used as parents for new crosses in all breeding programs in this region, Wheat "Optimum Rate of N1 trpgen Study This study is being conducted to determine if the newer varieties of wheat will respond to higher levels of nitrogen application through higher yields with less lodging than varieties which have been grown in the state for several years. Four varieties -- Logan, Arthur, Blueboy, and Redcoat -- are planted in the main plots. Four rates of nitrogen topdressing (0, 50, 100, and 150 Ib. per acre) were applied in early spring to split plots within the main plots. There are four replications of each treatment. Each split plot consists of four rows, each 10 feet long. This study will be continued for several years to determine the importance of seasonal effects. Similar studies are also underway at two other locations in the state. Results thus far indicate that the addition of more than 50 Ib. of nitrogen per acre to any variety except Redcoat is not economical, primarily due to increased lodging. H-216

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22 WINTER BARLEY VARIETY TEST Dale A, Ray Department of Agronomy Performance trials of winter barley varieties are conducted each year at the Western Branch. The replicated test is seeded with a grain drill and is harvested with a combine. Varieties are compared for yield, bushel weight, date of maturity, lodging, and winter survival. When barley diseases appear to affect yield performance, the varieties are rated for relative susceptibility. Data obtained from the variety tests are summarized each year in a publication available to farmers and seed producers and serve as a basis for making variety recommendations for western Ohio. The following table summarizes yield and test weight data obtained from recent variety tests at the Western Branch. Winter Barley Yield and Test Weight Data, Western Branch, Variety 6 Yr. Av.» Yr. Av., Yield Bu./A. Test Wt. Lb./Bu. Yield Bu./A. Test Wt. Lb./Bu. Harrison Pennrad Barsoy Dayton Jefferson S-61 Harrison and Pennrad varieties have proved outstanding in performance for successive years of testing and currently are recommended. Harrison has been highest in yield and has excellent resistance to most of the common diseases of winter barley, Pennrad is the highest yielding awnless barley variety which has been included in the performance tests. Jefferson is an awnless barley with disease resistance and winterhardiness characteristics similar to Harrison but it has been lower in yield and kernel quality. Barsoy is a very early, short-strawed variety. Dayton also is early and has produced good yields when winter conditions have been mild. -20-

23 SPRING OAT VARIETY TEST Dale A. Ray Department of Agronomy Ten spring oat varieties are compared each year for yield, bushel weight, date of maturity, and lodging in a replicated performance trial at the Western Branch. When oat diseases affect performance, the varieties are rated for relative susceptibility. The new and standard varieties are seeded with a farm grain drill and are harvested with a combine. The results obtained from the trial are used in making variety recommendations for western Ohio. Clintford, Clintland 60, Garland, and Jaycee varieties are currently recommended. Yield and test weight data obtained from recent tests conducted at the Western Branch are summarized in the following table. Oat Variety Yield and Test Weight Data, Western Branch. Variety 7 Yr. Av., Yield Bu./A. Test Wt. Lb./Bu. 3 Yr. Av., Yield Bu./A. Test Wt. Lb./Bu. Brave Clintford Clintland Clintland Garland Goodfield Hoi den Jaycee Orbit Portal H

24 THE EFFECTS OF K AND P ON ALFALFA YIELD AND R. W. Van Keuren and D. K. Myers Department of Agronomy PERSISTENCE Alfalfa continues to be an important forage legume to Ohio's livestock industry for pasture, hay, silage, green-chop, and dehydration. Frequency of harvest has an effect on yield and persistence of alfalfa. Harvesting early and frequently will generally result in stand reduction. A study was initiated at the Western Branch in 1970 to determine the effects of phosphorus and potash fertilization on the yield and persistence of alfalfa under a five-cutting harvest schedule. Potash rates of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 Ib. of K20 per acre annually are being studied. These are divided into three applications: after the first cutting, after the second cutting, and on September 15. The phosphorus rates are 0, 100, and 200 Ib. of P 0 0r annually, applied September 15. Plant samples are taken at each harvest for plant analysis to determine the P and K levels in the alfalfa for the various treatments. Periodic soil samples are also taken to follow the soil fertility effects. Other data are being taken on yield, stand, and weed and grass encroachment. Saranac alfalfa is being used as typical of the newer alfalfas which combine the Flemish characteristics of earlier maturity, more rapid recovery, and less fall dormancy than the Vernal-types, together with very good wilt resistance. The plots were seeded in late summer by band-seeding and using press-wheels. The study at the Western Branch is on Brookston soil. Companion studies on Avonburg silt loam at the Southern Branch and on Ravenna silt loam at the Mahoning County Farm are being made concurrently. H-45 The harvest dates are May 20, June 25, August 1, September 5, and November 1, a 36-day recovery period. Harvesting early and late in season puts the alfalfa under a stress intended to evaluate the value of high rates of fertility on its persistence. -22-

25 RESISTANCE OF CORN TO NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM G. J. Musick Department of Entomology Forty single crosses and three synthetic varieties were evaluated in plots which were two rows wide and 20 feet long and replicated four times. These plots averaged approximately 15 northern corn rootworm larvae per plant. This test was designed to evaluate existing single crosses and synthetics for resistance to the corn rootworm. Five root systems from each single cross variety and 100 root systems from each synthetic were extracted from the soil and the soil was washed from them. Each root system was evaluated numerically for total amount of root damage, percent of roots damaged, percent of roots pruned, amount of fibrous roots, amount of root regeneration, and overall size of the root system. The data for these various rating methods were summarized and statistically analyzed. From these tests, the single crosses showed no significant trend for less root damage. However, some single crosses showed a definite ability to regenerate more roots after they were damaged. Of the single crosses tested, Oh05xM0-22 showed the best regeneration of roots. Two of three synthetics showed good potential for root regeneration. synthetics will be evaluated again. These two H-111 EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL AND RECOMMENDED INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF NORTHERN CORN ROOTWORM G. J. Musick and 0. K. Hedden Departments of Entomology and Agricultural Engineering Several insecticides have shown promise in controlling corn rootworm larvae. The objective of this study was to evaluate new or promising soil insecticides and recommended soil insecticides for control of northern corn rootworm larvae. The insecticides were applied as either a granular or wettable powder. They were placed in a 6 to 7-inch band over the corn row in front of the presswheel. The effectiveness of an insecticide is based on the amount of damage to the root systems. Twenty root systems were evaluated from each treatment on a scale of 1 to 6 (1 = no damage and 6 = at least one node of roots destroyed). Carbofuran (Furadan) (10% granular) at 0.75 lb. of active ingredient per acre (a.i.p.a.), Baygon (15% granular) at 1.0 lb. a.i.p.a., Bayer (15% granular) at 1.0 lb. a.i.p.a., Landrin (15% granular) at 0.75 lb. a.i.p.a., Mocap (10% granu~ lar) at 0.75 lb. a.i.p.a., NC6897 (wettable powder) at 0.75 lb. a.i.p.a., and phorate (10% granular) at 0.75 lb. a.i.p.a. gave equivalent control. Of this group, only carbofuran (Furadan), Mocap, and Phorate are recommended and are legal to use for control of northern corn rootworm larvae. H

26 EVALUATION OF, INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF CORN EARWORM IN SWEET CORN G. J. Musick Department of Entomology I I! f i 1 With the elimination of DDT for control of corn earworm in sweet corn, problems have arisen in control of this insect with the less persistent insecticides. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of planting date, application rates and methods, timing and frequency of sprays, and placement of sprays on control of the corn earworm in sweet corn. In addition, experimental and recommended insecticides will be evaluated. The effectiveness of the insecticides will be based on worm-free ears, yields, and other factors. H-111 HIGH YIELD DEMONSTRATION Alfred J. Baxter Area Extension Agent, Agronomy The high yield demonstration at the Western Branch is one of several in Ohio. By definition, this is a demonstration in which a package of crop-growing practices is put together in an attempt to produce the highest yields of corn and soybeans possible, under field conditions, while maintaining high economic net returns. The demonstration started in 1967 and has continued since that time. A 12-acre field of Brookston silty clay loam and Crosby silt loam was assigned to the project, with a corn and soybean rotation designed for the field. The only variables in the demonstration are that three different maturity corn hybrids are grown in the corn portion of the field, and two or three different varieties of ~oybeans are grown in the soybean portion of the field. The crops are rotated, so that each year half of the area is in corn and half in soybeans. Another variable was added in 1968, with the installation of irrigation equipment, so that half of each corn hybrid and half of each soybean variety can be irrigated. The crop is planted, tended, and harvested with ordinary farm equipment which is available on most farms in western Ohio. A committee consisting of an agronomist, a farm management specialist, an engineer, an entomologist, a plant pathologist, and the local farm manager make plans each year for the project. Commercial hybrids have been grown in the plots most of the time, although a few open pedigree hybrids have been grown. To date, only certified varieties of soybeans have been grown in the demonstration. The Ohio Agronomy Guide lists minimum production levels of corn on Crosby soil at 105 to 110 bushels and on Brookston at 110 to 120 bushels. With approximately half of the area in each soil group, this would give an average minimum production level for the entire area of 111 bushels of corn. The Agronomy Guide lists minimum I ' -24-

27 production levels for soybeans on Crosby soil from 36 to 38 bushels and on Brookston from 40 to 42 bushels, with an average minimum production level for the entire area of 39 bushels. During the 4 years, both crops have been harvested with a combine,, and yields determined on the basis of 15-1/2 percent corn and 13 percent soybeans. The 4-year average corn yields have been 165 bushels per acre, and the soybean yields have averaged 51 bushels. The high yield of corn was in 1969, with 187 bushels per acre and the high yield of soybeans in the same year was 60 bushels per acre. Irrigation has been used on the demonstration plot during the past 3 years, but to date, it has not been possible to get a significant increase in yields due to irrigation. Rainfall has been reasonably good and well distributed during the growing season during the 3 years, The demonstration has shown that it is necessary to have all production factors at optimum levels in order to obtain good yields. Hybrid and variety selection has proven to be a big factor in yields. In 1967, the difference between the highest yielding and the lowest yielding corn hybrid was 26 bushels; in 1968, 9 bushels; in 1969, 49 bushels; and in 1970, 42 bushels. The difference with the soybean varieties was 12.1 bushels in 1967, 4.0 bushels in 1968, 6.0 bushels in 1969 and 5.6 bushels in All hybrids and varieties selected were those which were expected to perform well under conditions on the farm. The demonstration will be continued, with the hope that higher yields and greater economic return can be realized from the area. The demonstration has been of interest to farmers who tour the Western Branch and has been included in field days held during recent years. -25-

28 SWINE BREEDING RESEARCH L. A, Swiger Department of Animal Science The objective of swine breeding research at the Western Branch is to investigate practical swine problems in order to develop improved selection procedures for swine breeders. Currently there is some indication in the industry that recent advances in breeding meat-type hogs have been accompanied by problems in reproductive efficiency, growth, carcass quality, and stress susceptibility. The swine selection experiment is designed to critically evaluate these problems and to test an alternative selection procedure based on growth of lean rather than on percent lean. In 1971 the building program was completed so that the experiment could begin* Hampshires and Yorkshires born in May and August 1970 were assigned to selection lines. Initial selection is being practiced with the 1971 pig crops. A technique of estimating percent lean cuts from ultrasonic fat measures on live hogs has been developed for use in this experiment. This technique is quite accurate and easy to use. The Ohio Pork Improvement Association has developed an on~the-farm evaluation program based on use of the Sonoray and other data. This program is highly successful and has grown rapidly. The average lean cut percent for the foundation stock in 1970 was 60.6 for the Hampshires and 59.3 for the Yorkshires. These are averages of all boars and gilts adjusted to 180 Ib. Corresponding averages for lean cut pounds at 160 days were 62.2 and Average litter sizes as number born alive were 8.2 for the Hampshires and 8.6 for the Yorkshires. The above data are from gilt litters. The primary objective of the swine selection experiment is to evaluate the effectiveness of selection for ultrasonic measures of lean growth and percent lean cuts, and the associated genetic changes in other economic traits. The experiment is being conducted similarly with each of two breeds (Hampshires and Yorkshires), The Hampshires will farrow in May and November, and the Yorkshires in August and February. Replacements will be saved from first litters. Second litters will provide pigs for measuring carcass traits. Selection of the parents in the three lines of each breed will be as follows: A) random selection, B) selection for the highest lean growth rate, and C) selection for the highest percent lean cuts. There will be four boars and 20 gilts in each line for each breed. The best boar and five gilts will be selected from each half-sib family. Thus, 60 litters will be produced four times each year. In first litters, no boars will be castrated until selection, following final evaluation at about 180 Ib. In second litters, two barrows from each litter will be fed and slaughtered for carcass data. The following data is being collected in the experiment: Litter Traits 1. Dam f s weight, pre-farrow 2. Day farrowed 3. Number of pigs born 4. Number of pigs alive 5. Number of pigs alive day 1-26-

29 H Number o pigs alive day 7 7. Individual and litter birth weight 8. Age at weaning and first creep 9. Number of pigs weaned and at first creep 10. Individual and litter weaning weight and weight at first creep 11. Age out of farrowing house (usually 63 days) 12. Number of pigs out of farrowing house 13. Individual and litter weight out of farrowing house 14. Dain f s weight at weaning 15. Farrowing pen number 16. Sire, dam, line, litter number, and sex of each pig Pig Traits (Postweaning on First Litters) 1. Weight at change of ration 2. Age at change of ration 3. Weight at final evaluation 4. Age at final evaluation 5. Ultrasonic backfat total, right side 6. Ultrasonic backfat total, left side 7. Ultrasonic hamfat, right side 8. Ultrasonic hamfat, left side 9. Bad front legs (objective check) 10. Bad rear legs (objective check) 11. Comment ruling out animal as a breeder 12. Pen feed consumption on ration Pen feed consumption on ration Pen identification for each animal Pig Traits (Postweaning on Second Litters) 1. Individual weights when all pigs are in pen 2. Individual weights every 28 days 3. Individual weight when shipped to Meat Lab (approximately 200 Ib.) 4. Slaughter weight at Meat Lab 5. Carcass weight 6. Backfat (3) 7. Length 8. Lean cut weights and percents 9. L. Dorsi width and depth 10. Seam fat measure of the shoulder and loin 11. L. Dorsi subjective evaluation of color, firmness, marbling, and shear value 12. Ham evaluation as in Weight of bone and edible portion in ham 14. Proximate analysis of selected muscle 15. Reflectance procedure for color 16. Moisture-holding capacity 17. ph and temperature, 45 minutes post-mortem 18. Fatty acid analysis of fat 19. Protein extractability and components 20. Pigment analysis 21. Glycogen content -27-

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31 EFFECTS OF VITAMIN E AND SELENIUM ON THE NURSING AND EARLY-WEANED PIG* D. C. Mahan, J. H. Cline, J. E. Jones, R. F. Cross, H. S. Teague and A. P. Grifo Departments of Animal Science and Veterinary Science Clinical symptoms relating to a vitamin E and/or a selenium deficiency have been reported several times in the Midwest within the past few years. This has resulted in several state agricultural experiment stations investigating the requirements of these two nutrients. Vitamin E has long been considered essential in all animal diets, but adequate quantities were considered present in feed grains so that additional supplementation was not necessary. Only recently, however, has the essentiality of selenium been established. It is well accepted that both Vitamin E and Selenium share some common body functions. Thus, current reports generally do not differentiate between many of the independent deficiency symptoms of these two nutrients, and they are commonly grouped together (i.e., vitamin E-selenium deficiency symptoms). During the past year, the crossbred sow herd at the Western Branch had a large occurrence of the vitamin E-selenium deficiency syndrome. The symptoms observed were from a recently weaned group of pigs (i.e., 5 to 6 weeks) on an experimental project which was nearing completion. Because of the occurrence of this deficiency in the herd and of the interest concerning the dietary requirement level of these nutrients, the following experiments were initiated. Experimental Procedure Experiment I; At weaning time (5 to 6 weeks) several pigs from the crossbred herd died suddenly with no apparent cause. Upon autopsy it was noticed by Drs. Jones and Cross (Dept. of Veterinary Science) that the pigs exhibited symptoms similar to those reported elsewhere for the vitamin E-selenium deficiency. The remaining pigs were then placed on one of four treatments. These were as follows: Treatment Identification Control no injection given Vitamin E* Seleniumt Vitamin E + Selenium** ^Appreciation is expressed to Larry Mangan, swine herdsman, for his help in conducting this research at the Western Branch, and to Larry Smith and William Dillon for conducting the blood assays. *68 International Units of alpha-tocopherol injected intramuscularly. tone milligram of elemental selenium injected intramuscularly. Sodium selenate was the source of selenium. **BoSe injection: 1 cc injected intramuscularly, (Contains/cc: 68 International Units of alpha-tocopherol, 1 mg. elemental selenium as sodium selenate as the selenium source.) -29-

32 TABLE 1. Effects of Selenium and Vitamin E on Weaned Pigs (Experiment I). Treatment No. per Treatment No. of Deaths Percent Mortality SGOT SF-units* Control (4)t Vitamin E (3)t Se (3)t E + Se *Normal value 20 to 40 SF units. tno. of observations. Two weeks after treatments were Initiated, blood samples were withdrawn from the anterior vena cava from 10 pigs to determine blood SGOT (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) levels (high levels indicate tissue damage or degeneration). The results of this experiment are shown in Table 1. Experiment II; The same sows which reared the pigs in experiment I were bred and fed a conventional gestation diet. The diet did not contain a supplemental source of Vitamin E. At 4 weeks of age, pigs from these sows were placed on one of the treatments shown below. Because the response to vitamin E injection in the first experiment produced only a slight reduction in death loss, a larger dose (200 I.U.) was injected. Treatment Identification Control no injection given Vitamin E* Seleniumt Vitamin E + Selenium** *200 International Units of alpha-tocopherol injected intramuscularly. tone milligram of elemental selenium as sodium selanate injected intramuscularly. **Treatment 2 plus treatment 3. Pigs from several litters were bled via heart puncture at biweekly intervals to determine SGOT levels. Autopsies were performed on animals which died and tissues were saved for histological examination when appropriate. The results of this experiment are shown in Table

33 TABLE 2. Effects of Vitamin E and Selenium on Nursing and Weaned Pigs (Experiment II). Treatment No. per Treatment No. of Deaths Percent Mortality 4 SCOT SF-uni ts* 6 (Week) 8 10 Control Vitamin E Selenium (Se) E + Se *Normal values 20 to 40 SF-units. Results 1. Nursing pigs from sows fed conventional gestation and lactation diets developed vitamin E~selenium deficiencies, 2. Pigs which received an injection of vitamin E had a lower death loss than control pigs. A single 200 I.U. injection of alpha-tocopherol at 4 weeks of age reduced but did not eliminate the death loss. 3. No deaths occurred when pigs were injected with selenium or a combination of vitamin E and selenium. 4. Of those pigs which died during the experiment, autopsies revealed white striated muscle bands in the ham and loin, edema of the gastrointestinal tract and pericardial cavity, necrotic lesions in the liver, and a yellow body fat. All of the animals did not exhibit all symptoms. 5. SCOT values were elevated in control pigs and those given an injection of vitamin E. Normal values were obtained from pigs given an injection of selenium or selenium plus vitamin E. H-373

34 EFFECTS OF PROTEIN LEVEL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING-FINISHING SWINE* D, C. Mahan, L. A. Swiger, J. H. Cline, W. J. Tyznik, and R. F. Wilson Department of Animal Science It is well established that the meat-type pig has changed greatly during recent years. In 1954 at the Ohio Swine Evaluation Station, the average lean cut percentage of hogs was 50.7* loin eyes were 5,7 square inches, and backfat measured 1.64 inches. By 1970, the lean cut percentage had increased 9%, loin eyes had increased to 5.0 square inches, and backfat had decreased to 1.27 inches. The nutritional requirements of animals with these differences in carcass composition are suspected to be different than those of their predecessors. The additional need for protein for the meat-type pig has been recognized by most researchers. This need has resulted in the National Research Council (1968) raising the recommended level of protein during the finishing phase from a 12% crudeprotein diet to 13%. Several workers in the area of protein nutrition have found that the level of protein required by finishing gilts is approximately 2% greater than that required by barrows. An experiment to re-evaluate the nutritional requirement of the meat-type pig was initiated at the Western Branch with the growing-finishing pig. E x pe r1men ta1 P ro c e d u r e One-hundred twenty pigs were allotted to three replicates on the basis of litter, sex, and weight to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary protein levels during the growth phase on swine performance. Four protein levels were evaluated with pigs from 40 to 120 Ib, liveweight, with all receiving the identical protein level from 120 Ib. to market weight. The treatments tested in this experiment were: Treatment Identification 14/13 14% protein diet to 120 Ib., then 13% protein 16/13 16% protein diet to 120 Ib., then 13% protein 18/13 18% protein diet to 120 Ib,, then 13% protein 20/13 20% protein diet to 120 Ib., then 13% protein The percentage composition of the diets fed is shown in Table 1. All hogs were sonorayed for backfat measurements at approximately 120 Ib. and again at 200 Ib. liveweight. These measurements were taken at five locations along the back approximately 1-inch off the midline and read to the bottom of the second fat layer. This procedure is similar to that used by Isler and Swiger (1970) for establishing the lean-cut percentage for swine. When pen weights averaged 200 Ib., five hogs were selected from each and slaughtered (two barrows, three gilts) for the determination of carcass characteristics. *Appreciation is expressed to Larry Mangan (swine herdsman), Dick Rogers, Edward Barney, Steve Locke, and Loren Huffman for their help in conducting this research at the Western Branch, and to the Ohio State Meat Laboratory and Drs, N. Parrett and R. Borton for their assistance in the collection of slaughter data, -32-

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36 Resu]ts The results of these trials are shown in Table As protein level increased, gains were greater, but similar for hogs fed the 16 and 18% crude-protein diet from 40 to 120 Ib., than those fed the 14% and the 20% protein diets. 2. From 120 Ib. to market weight, gains were similar for the 14/13, 16/13, and 18/13 treatment groups and were greater than those on the 20/13 diet. 3. Feed efficiency was shown to increase (40 to 120 Ib.) as dietary protein level increased to 18%, but it did not increase with the 20% protein diet. 4. When all pigs were switched to a constant diet (13% protein), those hogs fed the 14% diet during the growth phase utilized the feed more efficiently than those fed the other diets. These data indicate that although protein deposition was curtailed during the growth phase in pigs fed the 14% diet, the finishing pig from this treatment could utilize the feed and consequently the protein in the feed more efficiently, thus compensating for the inadequacy of the early diet. 5. Sonoray values at 120 Ib, showed that as protein level increased, backfat measurements were lower up to 18% crude protein. No additional improvement was shown when the 20% diet was fed. These data and those for feed efficiency indicate that additional protein was deposited when pigs were fed protein diets up to 18%. 6. Sonoray values at 200 Ib. showed that when dietary protein levels were constant from 120 Ib. to 200 Ib., no response resulted from earlier treatment differences. As noted above, these results suggest that the pig was able to compensate for the protein deficiency and thus had similar backfat readings, 7. Carcass information from pigs slaughtered at 200 Ib. showed no difference in carcass traits resulting from the treatments imposed on the animals. H

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38 needs during lactation are Increased, with this need depending largely on litter size. This experiment was initiated to evaluate the effects of protein level upon gestation and lactation performance. Sixty gilts were selected from the crossbred herd at the Western Branch and placed at random on one of three gestation protein levels (9%, 13%, 17% protein diet). Gilts were bred and daily fed 4.0 Ib. of their respective diet until farrowing. At farrowing, half of the sows on each of the respective gestation protein levels were fed a 12% protein diet, while the remaining sows were fed an 18% protein diet. The percentage composition of all diets is shown in Table 1. Sows were equalized to eight pigs per litter at 7 days. Sows had access to the lactation diet once daily during the first week, but were self -fed from 7 days to weaning (28 days). Feed intake was not recorded from farrowing to 7 days but was recorded thereafter. The litter was not supplied with creep feed at any time. Results 1. Sows fed the 13 and the 17% protein diets during gestation gained more weight during gestation than those fed the 9% protein diet. Lactation gains decreased as protein level fed the sow during gestation increased. TABLE 1. Percentage Composition Experimental Diets Ingredient 9* Gestation Wo \n Lactation 13$ 18% Corn Soybean meal, 44% Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Trace-mineral salt Vitamin mix 100* Antibiotic"'' ^Potency per Ib, of premix: Vitamin A, 600,000 I.U.; vitamin D s 90,000 I. U.; vitamin E, 10,000 I.U.; Riboflavin, 1.2 grams; Calcium pantothenate, 5,0 grams; Niacin* 6.0 grams; vitamin B-^* 5 mg; Choline, 100 grams, ^Aureo SP

39 2. Gestation performance, as measured by number of pigs farrowed, and birthweight was similar for all dietary protein treatments. There was a slight indication of weaker pigs from those sows fed the 9% protein diet than from those fed the 13 or 17% protein diet. 3. Weaning weights of pigs were similar for all gestation protein levels fed. Weaning weights were higher from those sows fed the 18% protein lactation diet than from those fed the 12%. These results agree with those stated above that gestation protein levels are not as critical as those of lactation. 4. Sows gained weight during lactation when self-fed from 7 to 28 days. Those fed the 18% protein lactation diet gained more weight than those fed the 12% protein diet. 5. Lactation feed intake was lower for those sows fed the 9% protein gestation diet than for the 13 or 17% protein diets. Feed intake was higher for those sows fed the 18% protein lactation diet than for those fed the12%. TABLE Effect of Protein Level on Gestation and Lactation Performance Item Gestation treatments 73% T7% Lactation treatments 12% T8% No. sows Sow weight, Ib. Breeding day Gestation gain Farrowing Weaning (4 wk.) Lactation wt. change Av. daily feed (7-28 day) Pig data Total, av Live, av Birthweight, Ib Vigor classification Strong, % 82.0 Medium, % 6.0 Weak, % Av. wean weight, 28 days, Ib.* *Litters equalized to eight pigs per litter at seven days post partutn. -37-

40 EFFECTS OF VITAMIN AND MINERAL DEFICIENCIES ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF SWINE D. C. Mahan, J. H. Cline* and W. J. Tyznik Department of Animal Science Corn is the major cereal grain raised on Midwest farms and hence is generally the cheapest ingredient used for feeding swine. However, corn is deficient in certain nutrients essential for optimum swine growth and performance. These deficiencies must be met by adding and mixing the necessary nutrients in the proper proportion to provide a balanced diet. If the deficiencies of corn are not corrected by supplementation, the cost of pork production rises and thus becomes uneconomical. Table 1 shows diets currently recommended for growing and finishing swine in the Midwest. At various times premixes or other ingredients are intentionally or unintentionally left out of the mixer or perhaps a poor job of mixing results in <i diet which is not uniform. The resulting performance of the pigs is varied, depending on the nutrients which were not included. Each nutrient has a specific function, and each must be present in an adequate quantity to insure maximum productivity, Protein must be included for optimum muscle and tissue development. Inadequate protein intake results in poor growth and feed efficiency. Excess protein is used as an energy source, but that is considered too costly. Corn is deficient in protein, or more specifically, it is deficient in several amino acids (i.e., iysine, tryptophan, methionine). The cheapest protein source for swine producers is soybean meal which is a good source of the arnino acids listed above. Corn is also deficient in several vitamins, notably riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin B _2j ail d vitamins A and D. Generally, these vitamins are packaged together and sold as a commercial vitamin premix. These vitamins and others are essential for proper maintenance of body tissue and metabolism, Animals which are deficient are often times seen to be weak, slow-growing, and diarrhetic. Poor feed efficiency results from this condition, Minerals are an essential part of any diet as they are involved in bone development and body metabolism. Corn is deficient in all of the macro-minerals and many of the micro-minerals. Thus, to insure proper growth, a source of these minerals must be supplied. Limestone is a source of calcium and dicalcium phosphate is a source of both calcium and phosphorus. A trace-mineral salt will include a mixture of trace minerals and salt. These ingredients are mixed in the diet to meet NRC requirements. The specific deficiencies of corn and soybean meal which result when these ingredients are mixed in the proportion to meet the protein requirement are shown in Table 2. The recommended diets for swine as shown by Ohio~16 and Ohio-13 meet or exceed these requirements and will give optimum performance. -38-

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42 TABLE 1. Diets for Growing-Finishing Swine. Ohio to 120 Lb. Ohio to 220 Lb. Ingredient Percentage Composition To Mix 1 Ton Percentage Composition To Mix 1 Ton Corn, ground a a Soybean meal (44%) a Dicalcium phosphate d O b O b Limestone O b O b Trace-mineral salt^ O b O b Vitamin mix9»"i C C Antibiotic 11 ' C C Total Protein, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % a These materials can be weighed to the nearest 10 Ib. bjhese materials should be weighed to the nearest 1 Ib. c These materials should be weighed to the nearest 0.1 Ib. d Calcium = 20-24%, phosphorus = 18.5%. e Calcium = 37% f Composition; salt, 70.60%; copper, 0.201%; iron, 2,004%; iodine, 0.004%; manganese, 0.80%; zinc, 2.41%. 9Composition per Ib. of premix: vitamin A, 1,000,000 I.U.; vitamin D, 125,000 I.U.; vitamin E, 10,000 I.U.; vitamin K, 2.0 grams; riboflavin, 1.2 grams; calcium pantothenate, 5.44 grams; niacin, 6.0 grams; vitamin B^J 5.0 milligrams; choline, 100 grams; BHT (antioxidant), 30 grams. ^Withdrawal times on antibiotics should be followed. 1 These materials should be mixed with 20 to 30 Ib. of corn prior to dumping into the mixer to insure uniform mixing. -40-

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44 AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF LOW-PROTEIN DIETS FOR GROWING SWINE* D. P. Sharda, D. C. Mahan, R. F. Wilson, and J. H. Cline Department of Animal Science Protein is one of the more costly nutrients on a per unit basis in practical swine diets. Corn is generally the cheapest energy source for Midwest swine growers, while soybean meal is often the cheapest protein source. Consequently, recommended diets generally include these two feedstuffs as the major ingredients in swine diet formulation. Swine do not require protein per se but require the amino acids from the protein for the synthesis of body tissue. Although soybean meal is the major dietary amino acid source, corn contributes approximately 40% of the amino acid needs for growing swine. The essential amino acids for optimum growth which are deficient in low protein corn-soybean meal diets are believed to be lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. Lysine is considered to be the most deficient and therefore is the one which first limits growth, since specific amino acids must be present for growth to proceed. The nutritional or biological value of a protein depends partially upon its amino acid composition. Corn and soybean meal are by themselves of relatively low biological value, but the combination of both in a swine diet results in a feedstuff of higher biological value, since a better balance of amino acids results in this combination. Recently, commercial firms have found that they can economically manufacture lysine so that it may now be used to supplement diets deficient in this amino acid. Other amino acids may become available in the future with new technology. The objective of the trials reported here is to evaluate the efficacy of amino acid supplementation of low-protein corn soybean meal diets for growing swine. Experimental Procedure Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of amino acid supplementation of low-protein corn-soybean meal diets and to establish the order of limitation. Experimental pigs were selected from the OARDC and OSU herds for each of two trials. The pigs were allotted to individual pens and allowed a 7-day adjustment period before being fed experimental diets. The percentage composition of positive and negative control diets is in Table 1. Ib. Trial I: Six dietary treatments were fed for 7 weeks to 42 pigs averaging 45 The treatments tested in this experiment were: 1. 16% protein corn-soybean meal (C-S) diet (positive control) % protein C-S diet (negative control) 14% protein C-S diet + lysine (0.77% total dietary level) *Appreciation is expressed to Merck Sharp $ Dohine Co, for supplying the lysine (Lyamine) and to Harold DeLong (swine herdsman, OSU) and his associates for their help in conducting these experiments,.42^

45 4. 14% protein C-S diet + lysine (0*90% total dietary level) 5. Treatment 3 + methionine (0.50% total sulfur containing amino acids) 6. Treatment 4 + methionine (0.50% total sulfur containing amino acids) Trial 2; Seven dietary treatments were fed for 7 weeks to 42 pigs (Hampshire, Duroc, and crossbred) averaging 45 Ib. The treatments tested in this experiment were: 1. 16% protein corn-soybean meal (C-S) diet (positive control) 2. 12% protein C-S diet (negative control) 3. 12% protein C-S diet + lysine (0.77% total dietary level) 4. 12% protein C-S diet * lysine (0.90% total dietary level) 5. 12% protein C-S diet * lysine (0.77%) + methionine (0.50% total sulfur amino acids) 6. 12% protein C-S + lysine (0.77%) + tryptophan (0.15% total dietary level) 7. 12% protein C-S + lysine (0.77%) + threonine (0.50% total dietary level) Trial 1 (Table 2) Results 1. An improvement in gain and feed intake was exhibited when the protein content of the diet was raised from 14 to 16% crude protein. 2. When lysine was added to the diet at a total dietary level of 0,77%, the amino acid fortified diet resulted in increased feed intake and gain. These results show that lysine is the amino acid which first limits growth of a 14% crude protein diet fed to growing swine. No additional improvement was shown when the diet was fortified with methionine. 3. When lysine was added to the diet (total 0.90%) at a level more than in the 16% positive control diet (0.77%), a depressed feed intake and gain performance resulted. These data indicate that a slight excess of lysine can imbalance the amino acid composition of the diet, resulting in lowered performance. Trial JJ (Table 3) 1. A marked improvement in gain resulted when the crude protein content of the diet was raised from 12% to 16%. 2. The addition of lysine to the 12% protein diet resulted in increased gain performance, but it was below that of the positive control diet. 3. The addition of methionine and threonine did not result in an additional gain response when these amino acids fortified the 12% corn-soybean meal + lysine (0.77%) diet. However, when tryptophan was added to the diet, an additional improvement in gain resulted. These results indicate that lysine is the amino acid which first limits growth (first-limiting) in a 12% corn-soybean meal diet and that tryptophan is the amino acid which next limits growth (second-limiting). -43-

46 TABLE 1.--Percentage Composition of Experimental Diets Ingredient Positive control Trial I, II Trial I a Negative control Trial II b Corn Soybean meal, 44% Trace-mineral salt Limestone Biophos Vitamin mix 100 C Antibiotic Crude protein, % a Lyamine and DL-methionine were added to the negative control, at the expense of corn5 to provide the dietary levels indicated in experimental procedure for trial I. Lyamine, DL-methionine, L-tryptophan and DL-threonine were added to the negative control, at the expense of corn, to provide the dietary levels indicated in experimental procedure for trial II. c Potency per Ib. of premix: vitamin A, 600,000 I.U.; vitamin D, 90,000 I.U.; vitamin E, 10,000 I.U.; Riboflavin, 1.2 grams; Calcium pantothenate, 5.0 grams; Niacin, 6.0 grams; vitamin B^* 5 m 9-** Choline, 100 grams. d Aureo SP-250.

47 TABLE 2.--Growth and Feed Data of Swine Fed Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Ami no Acids Trial I. 1 2 Treatment identification Crude protein, % L-lysine, % L-methionine, % Item L-cystine, % Initial wt., Ib Final wt., "Ib Av. daily gain, Ib Av. daily feed, Ib Feed per Ib. gain TABLE 3.--Growth and Feed Data of Swine Fed Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Ami no Acids Trial II. 1 2 Treatment identification Crude protein, % L-lysine, % L-methionine, % L-cystine, % L-tryptophan, % Item L-threonine, % Initial wt., Ib Final wt., Ib Av. daily gain, Ib Av. daily feed, Ib Feed per Ib. gain

48 EFFECT OF BLIGHTED (HEWIE^ FUNGUS) CORN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GESTAT1NG SOWS R. F. Wilson, D. C. Mahan, 1. A* Swiger and I. E, Williams Departments of Animal Science and Plant Pathology Within the past year, southern corn leaf blight (Helminthosporium maydis) has affected many corn fields in the Midwest, resulting in decreased yields. Infection of corn with this fungus lowered its test weight and increased its protein content slightly. Southern corn leaf blight was shown to have little or no effect on the feedlot performance of growing-finishing pigs, but its effects on the reproducing hog are unknown, I[xj3j^ To study the effects of feeding blighted corn to sows during their breeding and gestation periods, two lots of 17 Yorkshire sows being bred for their second litters were placed in pasture lots each with two boars on October 12, The forage in the pasture lots consisted of a mixture of largely orchard grass with alfalfa. One group of sows was fed a control diet made up of supplement and ground shelled "control" corn obtained from the OARDC feed mill at Wooster. This corn was reportedly from the 1969 Ohio corn crop and was not subjected to southern corn leaf blight. The second group of sows received feed which contained corn grown at the Western Branch of OARDC and displaying considerable blight damage in the ear. The control corn contained a number of different molds but none of the blight (Helminthosporium maydis), while the blighted corn contained many of the same molds in addition to the blight mold. Both corn samples contained Fusarium moniliforme, but it was present in the largest quantity in the blighted corn. The diets offered to the sows are shown in Table 1. Self-feeders having four feeding cups per side were placed in each lot. The lids of the feeding cups were fastened down so that sows could be limit-fed. The sows were given access to feed twice weekly from 5 p.m. Monday and Thursday evenings until 8 a.m. the next morning. On November 30, feeding times were lengthened to 24 hours starting at 8 a.m. on Monday and Thursday. This feeding procedure was then followed until the sows were brought into the farrowing barn to farrow. Farrowing and weaning data for this experiment is shown in Table 2. Thirteen of the 17 sows in the blighted corn lot farrowed an average of 11.4 live pigs (11.85 total pigs), while 15 sows in the control lot farrowed an average of 10.5 live pigs (10.73 total pigs). Sows fed the blighted corn during gestation weaned 9.23 pigs while those fed the control feed weaned 8,13. Average 38 to 40 day weaning weight per pig in the blighted corn lot was 17.2 Ib. and in the control lot was 18.5 Ib. None of these differences were statistically significant (P<.05), indicating that the blight did not interfere with the performance of these sows. re *Appreciation is expressed to Larry Mangan for care of the sows, to James Foster for his interest and assistance with arranging for the blighted corn, and to R. M. Ritter, Plant Pathology Department, OARDC, for the mold analysis of the corns used. -46-

49 TABLE 1. Percentage Composition of Diets. Ingredient % of feed mixture Ground shelled corn (normal or blighted) Ground oats Soybean meal (44% C.P.) 6.00 Meat and bone scraps (50% C.P.) 5.30 Alfalfa meal (17% C.P.) Calcium-phosphorous supplement (Biophos) 0.50 Trace mineral salt (0.8% Zn.) 0.50 Merck 1407 vitamin mix* Merck vitamin E mix 0.05** *Supplies the following per pound: riboflavin, 3,000 mg.; d - pantothenic acid, 12,000 mg.; niacin, 16,000 mg.; vitamin B 1? activity, 10 mg.; vitamin A, 3,000,000 U.S.P. units; vitamin D^f 200,000 U.S.P. units. **Supplies 10,000 I.U, per Ib. of complete feed. TABLE 2. Farrowing and Weaning Results Item Control corn Blighted corn No. sows exposed to boars No. sows farrowed Av. no. pigs farrowed, total Av. no. pigs farrowed, alive Av. wt. of pigs at bi rth, Ib Av. no. of pigs per 1itter at weaning Av. age of pigs at weaning, da Av. wt. of pigs at weaning, Ib H

50 TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS OF SWINE E. H. Bohl Department of Veterinary Science Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine is a very serious intestinal disease of newborn pigs, causing severe diarrhea and death loss of almost 100 percent In pigs under 7 days of age. However, death is rare in pigs more than 3 weeks old. The disease is caused by a virus and there is no specific treatment. The disease can be especially harmful if it occurs in a central farrowing house at a time when numerous animals are farrowing. Research on this disease has been conducted by the Department of Veterinary Science for several years. The Western Branch has played an important role in this research by supplying many of the experimental animals. For example, pregnant swine of known breeding date are transported to Wooster and are subsequently used for a variety of research studies. One such study has been to develop vaccination procedures on pregnant swine so their suckling pigs will be immune to TGE. Only partial success has been accomplished, although useful information on the unique nature of the immune mechanism has been found which should prove helpful in developing appropriate vaccination procedures. Methods for accurately diagnosing TGE have been developed and evaluated. One method is known as a serologic test or blood test. By testing the blood serum of swine for the presence of specific antibodies, it is possible to determine if the animal has been infected with the TGE virus. TGE has occurred at the Western Branch in the winter during recent years-- December 1968, January 1970, and February Fortunately, these outbreaks did not involve pigs under 3 weeks of age and very few pigs died. These outbreaks occurred at a time when there was a great influx of starlings in the feeding areas of the swine, and it is believed that starlings were probably responsible for introducing the TGE virus into the herd. The course and pattern of the disease was followed after each outbreak. The February 1971 outbreak occurred in feeder pigs and was immediately thought to be TGE by the attending personnel. Strict precautions were instantly taken to prevent the spread of the disease to the two farrowing houses which contained young pigs. Success was obtained and the infection did not occur in the two farrowing houses. H

51 I- CQLI SCOURS OF BABY PIGS E. M. Kohler Department of Veterinary Science Scours caused by E. coli Is most prevalent in pigs less than 7 to 10 days of age. Death losses are quite variable but not as great as in TGE. E. coli scours, often called colibacillosis, is more prevalent in herds where intensive farrowing systems are used and may occur each farrowing season. It has been possible to reproduce the disease by feeding certain strains of E. coli to susceptible baby pigs. E. coli organisms are present in the intestinal tracts of most species of animals and most strains are harmless. The harmful strains, called enteropathogenic, may cause disease depending on the age and susceptibility of the pigs. Healthy pigs and sows can carry these strains but be unaffected by them. When baby pigs have diarrhea, they lose body fluids and become dehydrated. They may be weakened and become more susceptible to death caused by starvation, overlaying by the sow, chilling, and infection with other bacteria and possibly viruses, Survivors often do not gain well for several days or more. Swine from the Western Branch have been used to produce experimental animals for use by the OARDC Department of Veterinary Science to conduct research on this disease. Some of the findings are discussed below. Good management practices in the farrowing barn can reduce the losses from E. coli infections. It is important that pigs nurse the sow immediately after birth. Research has shown that it is easy to cause diarrhea of baby pigs by infecting them before they nurse the first time. However, after they have nursed they are usually quite resistant as long as they continue to receive sow f s milk frequently. Farrowing facilities must be clean, dry, and well ventilated. A larger number of bacteria are present in damp, poorly ventilated houses and this means the pigs will be more heavily exposed. Sows must be in a good state of health and be comfortable in order to provide a good milk supply. The sows should not be too fat and should be fed a well-balanced ration. A bulky ration should be fed for a few days before and after farrowing. It usually does not help the pigs to feed drugs to the sows unless there is a disease problem in the sows which can be corrected by the particular drug used. Any cause of poor milk production will result in the pigs being more susceptible to diarrhea caused by E, coll. A veterinarian is best qualified to help establish a diagnosis and determine useful treatments. Samples can be collected for identification of the organisms and to determine what drugs are most likely to be useful in treatment of sick pigs. The veterinarian is in a position to provide different treatments to various groups of pigs to determine which will work best in a certain herd during a particular outbreak, After a suitable drug has been found, it usually is advisable~~-particularly in herds with a major problem to give each pig a dose within a few hours after birth and again 24 hours later. This will often prevent them from getting scours and will also keep them from spreading extremely large numbers of the enteropathogenic K* coli,.49-

52

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