Bioenergetics and Digestion

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1 Bioenergetics and Digestion

2 Core Concepts Nutritional requirements Animals are heterotrophs that require food for fuel, carbon skeletons, and essential nutrients. Metabolic rate provides clues to an animal s bioenergetic strategy. Evolutionary adaptations of feeding mechanisms and digestive systems Diverse feeding adaptations have evolved among animals. Structural adaptations of digestive systems are often associated with diet. Symbiotic microorganisms help nourish many vertebrates. Overview of food processing The four main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Digestion occurs in specialized compartments. The oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus initiate food processing. The stomach stores food and performs preliminary digestion. The small intestine is the major organ of digestion and absorption. Reclaiming water is a major function of the large intestine. Hormones regulate digestion. Reclaiming water is a major function of the large intestine. Nutrition and disorders of the human digestive system A healthful diet provides both fuel and building materials. Nutritional disorders damage health.

3 Keywords absorption alimentary canal amebocytes anorexia bile bolus brush border bulimia cecum chyme complete digestive tract crop digestion duodenum elimination endocytosis enzyme esophagus essential nutrient extracellular digestion filter feeders gallbladder gastrovascular cavity gizzard heterotroph ileum incomplete digestive tract ingestion intracellular digestion jejunum large intestine liver malnutrition microvilli minerals nutrition obesity pancreas peptic ulcers peristalsis phagocytosis pharynx salivary glands small intestine sphincters stomach undernutrition vesicles villus vitamins

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5 Bioenergetics of an animal 1. Food Fuel C-skeletons essential nutrients 2. ATP resting metabolism activity temperature regulation 3. Excess for biosynthesis % of energy from food is lost as heat

6 Do plants have digestive systems? Carnivorous plants with primitive digestive systems Habitats with N- poor soils Adaptation: occasionally feed on animals Pitcher plant Heliamphora nutans Flypaper trap Pinguicula gigantea Sundew Drosera capensis Venus fly trap Dionaea muscipula Insect traps Glands in trap secrete digestive enzymes Nutrients absorbed by leaves

7 Evolution of digestion Different types depending on diet and lifestyle All must accomplish 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion Mechanical breakdown Chemical breakdown 3. Absorption 4. Elimination Digestion occurs in specialized compartments

8 Intracellular digestion (evolved in singlecelled protists, retained in simplest animals) PROTISTS Paramecium

9 Intracellular digestion (Protists, Porifera) SPONGES

10 Extracellular digestion FUNGI Sedentary heterotrophs living in or on food supply Saprotroph/parasites No internal cavity release digestive enzymes Image from

11 Extracellular and intracellular digestion Incomplete digestive system CNIDARIANS Hydra Image from

12 Extracellular and intracellular digestion Incomplete digestive system PLATYHELMINTHES Planaria

13 Extracellular digestion Animals with complete digestive systems NEMATODA to VERTEBRATES Earthworms 20 cm long with ~ 100 segments 1 st mouth Last anus Eats its way through soil

14 Feeding adaptations for ingestion Suspensionfeeders Deposit-feeders Substrate feeders Fluid feeders Bulk feeders Vertebrate dentition

15 Comparison of vertebrate digestive systems

16 Mammalian digestion General plan Organs of the GI tract ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS

17 Comparison of mammalian digestive systems (Diet plays an important role in the length and structure)

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