Nutrition in Heterotrophs
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1 Nutrition in Heterotrophs Required Nutrients Water Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins
2 Water Makes up ~90% of some animals Makes up a major portion of many body parts Humans require at least 1 L / day
3 Carbohydrates Main source of energy High in bulk fiber Refined carbohydrates do not supply need Obesity American consumption ~2 lb refined sugar/week
4 Lipids Parts of membranes Energy reserves Essential fatty acids (olive oil, canola oil) Saturated fats Roughly 40% of American diet
5 Proteins Consist of amino acids hooked together aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa- 20 amino acids 8 essential amino acids Animal protein contains all 20 amino acids Vegetables do not contain required balance of amino acids for humans
6 a vegetable does not provide complete protein Complementarities can supply all essential amino acids. Beans supply lysine corn supply methionine Vegetarian diet Fig. 41.4
7 Minerals 17 essential minerals Inorganic substances: Iron, iodine, zinc, calcium, sulfur, potassium, chloride, magnesium, etc. Required for growth, metabolism, survival Deficiencies stunted growth or weak
8 Vitamins 13 essential vitamins Complex organic compounds Play metabolic role cofactors and coenzymes Animals cannot synthesize themselves
9 Water Soluble vitamins Vitamins Taken in excess eliminated in urine generally do no harm C B complex (B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12, niacin) Fat Soluble vitamins Taken in excess stored in fatty tissues can cause serious health problems A D E K
10 Water Soluble Vitamins Need Source Too Little Too Much C collagen synth., inhibits free radicals, builds bone, & teeth Fruits and vegetables Scurvy, poor healing, impaired immunity diarrhea, digestive upsets B complex Coenzyme action meat, green leafy vegetables, whole grains Varies None in most Niacin - skin flushing B6 impaired coordination B 12 nervous function, coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism Meat, dairy, yeast vegan diet - limited Anemia, impaired nerve function non toxic
11 Fat Soluble Vitamins A D E K Need Source Too little Too much Vision, bone, teeth Bone growth; mineralization Ca absorption counters free radicals, maintains cell membranes Blood clotting, ATP formation Beta caroteneyellow or green leafy vegetables Formed in skin, fortified milk, yolks Whole grains, dark-green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil Enterobacteria, Leafy vegetables night blindness, dry skin, poor immunity bone deformities (Rickets) anemia, nerve damage skin changes, vomiting, bone & liver damage retarded growth, kidney damage muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, nausea Hemorrhage jaundice, liver damage, anemia
12 Simple Digestive Processes 1. Intracellular Digestion Amoeba Paramecium
13 Phagocytosis
14 Simple Digestive Processes 2. Extracellular Digestion carbohydrates simple sugar proteins amino acids lipids glycerol & fatty acids
15 Digestive Systems 1. Incomplete digestive system - Gastrovascular Cavity Hydra
16 Tentacles Mouth Phagocytosis Intracellular Digestion Gastrovascular Cavity Extracellular Digestion
17 Incomplete Digestive System Planaria
18 2. Complete Digestive System a tube within a tube construction Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop/gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus Annelids Segmented Worms
19 Complete Digestive System Mollusks Roundworms
20 Digestive System Functions 1. Mechanical Processing breakdown, mixing, and food movement 2. Secretion release of digestive enzymes that aid digestion 3. Digestion breakdown of food particles 4. Absorption passage of digested nutrients and fluid from the tube (extracellular space) into the body s cells 5. Elimination explusion of undigested materials
21 Bird Specializations Arthropods
22 Bird Specializations Gizzard Stomach Chordates - birds
23 Ruminant Specializations
24 Vertebrate Mouth Specializations
25 Teeth Specialization Incisors Canines Molars Carnivore
26 Herbivore: Teeth Specialization Incisors Molars Rodent Gnawing Grazing
27 Single-celled organisms Circulatory Systems O 2 & Food CO 2 & Waste
28 Circulatory Systems Rapidly transports substances to and from cells May carry gases, food, chemical messages, waste material and living cells Interstitial fluid bathes tissues Heart muscular blood vessel that acts as a pump
29 1. Open Circulatory Systems
30 Open Circulatory System Snails
31 Open Circulatory System Land Arthropods
32 2. Closed Circulatory System
33 1 ventricle 1 atrium Fish 2 chambered heart
34 Amphibians 3-chambered heart 1 ventricle 2 atria
35 2 ventricles 2 atria Atrium thin-walled; receives blood from body; pumps to ventricle Ventricle muscular wall; forces blood into major arteries Birds and Mammals 4-chambered heart
36 Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy Respiration in Water and Air aquatic environments terrestrial environments
37 Animal Gas Exchange Protists direct diffusion of gases
38 Gas Exchange surface exchange vascular exchange
39 Gas Exchange surface/vascular exchange Earthworms
40 Gas Exchange - Gills
41 Gas Exchange - Lungs
42 Gas Exchange - Trachea Terrestrial Insects
43 Gills Fish
44 Gill Filament
45 Countercurrent Exchange
46 Gas Exchange Lungs Amphibians
47 Gas Exchange Birds
48 Air Flow 34% efficient, no air mixing
49 Gas Exchange Human
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