How is an organism made up? (Use the levels or organization and explain their relationship to each other.)

Transcription

1 Unit 11 Test Review Chapter 28 a. List and describe the systems of the body and their functions (Respiratory, circulatory, digestive, immune, reproductive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, muscular, skeletal, lymphatic) System Major Tissues and Organs Primary Function Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes, Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes; helps regulate body lymphatic vessels temperature, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and Digestive Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, liver Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes returns it to circulatory system Breaks down and absorbs nutrients, salts, and water; eliminates some wastes Endocrine Influences growth, development, metabolism; helps maintain homeostasis Excretory Skin, lungs, kidneys, bladder, large intestine Eliminates waste products; helps maintain homeostasis Immune White blood cells, thymus, spleen Protects against disease, stores and generates white blood cells Integumentary Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands Acts as a barrier against infection, injury, UV radiation; helps regulate body temperature Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles Produces voluntary and involuntary movements; helps to circulate blood and move food through digestive system Nervous Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves Regulates body s response to changes in internal and external environment; processes information Reproductive Male: testes, penis, associated ducts and glands Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina Respiratory Nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs Bring in O 2, expels CO 2 and water vapor Produces reproductive cells; in females, provides and environment for embryo Skeletal Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons Supports and protects vital organs; allows movement; stores minerals; serves at the site for red blood cell production b. Describe how the various systems interact as a cohesive unit All the organ systems have to work together in order to maintain homeostasis. c. Describe the levels of biological organization (cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism) How is an organism made up? (Use the levels or organization and explain their relationship to each other.) Cells > tissue > organs > organ system > organism The level below makes up the level above it. A group of similar cells make up tissue. A group of organs working together make up an organ system. d. Explain the role of feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis. What is feedback? Feedback is the body s response to a change in internal or external environments.

2 Describe the parts of a feedback loop (sensor, control center, communication system, target). A sensor gathers information and relays it to the control center. The control center, often part of the brain, receives this information and processes it. The control center sends a message through the communication system, often part of the nervous or endocrine systems. The message is sent to the target which changes its level of activity to either restore homeostasis or increase a change. What is negative feedback? Feedback that restores homeostasis. What is positive feedback? Feedback that increases a change. Does negative or positive feedback maintain homeostasis? negative What happens if homeostasis is not maintained (short-term and long-term disruption)? Short-term disruption (flu/cold) is temporary and usually does not leave lasting effects. Long-term disruption (diabetes) can be deadly if homeostasis cannot be maintained artificially. e. Compare and provide examples of positive and negative feedback What is an example of positive feedback? Examples: growth, creating clotting agents for a cut, childbirth What is an example of negative feedback? Examples: sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature, breathing harder when exercising. How are negative and positive feedback similar and how are they different? They both are in response to a stimulus and both work through feedback loops. Negative feedback continues until homeostasis occurs. (ie: A person will continue to sweat until they have cooled down.) Positive feedback occurs until the change the body is making is complete. (ie: A baby s head pushing on cervix stimulates the brain to continue contractions. Once the baby is born, the stimulus is no longer there and childbirth ends.) Chapter 30 f. Describe the role of capillaries for absorption and exchange between cells and their surroundings What gasses are exchanged between the alveoli and capillaries? Carbon dioxide and oxygen What process allows gasses to be exchanged between alveoli and capillaries? Diffusion What is hemoglobin and why is it important? An iron-rich protein that allows more oxygen to enter a red blood cell

3 What is the function of the capillaries in the rest of the body? Capillaries allow blood to travel to all tissue of the body. This brings oxygen and nutrients to tissue. g. Describe the flow of blood through the two pathways (pulmonary and systemic) Describe how a heart functions. (How it pumps, where it pumps to) The heart takes in deoxygenated blood from the body (via a vein) and pumps it to the lungs where it gets oxygenated and sent back to the heart. The heart then pumps the blood to the rest of the body (via an artery). The heart makes a double pump but we count it as one heartbeat. (Think about it, you only would feel the pump going to your body if you are checking your pulse.) Compare and contrast the pulmonary and systemic pathways. (What organ do they have in common? Where do they go?) The pulmonary pathway is from your heart to your lungs. The systemic pathway is from your heart to your body. Both involve the heart. h. Describe the three types of blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillary) Artery- large vessels that go away from the heart. They are usually oxygenated except for the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Vein- large vessels that go back to the heart and have valves. They are usually deoxygenated except for the pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Capillary- The most numerous vessels in the body. They are very tiny and bring oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body. Which have valves? Veins have valves. Which go away from the heart, usually bringing oxygen? Arteries go away. Which are the most plentiful? Capillaries i. Describe the composition of blood (plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells) Plasma- half of more of blood is plasma. It is a yellow/clear liquid that carries proteins and stabilizes the blood volume. Molecules can diffuse into and out of the plasma. Platelets- help form clots that control bleeding Red blood cells- transport oxygen to cells and carry away carbon dioxide. They do not have nuclei. They contain hemoglobin which helps them carry oxygen. White blood cells- part of the immune system; fight pathogens and destroy foreign matter What is the function of bone marrow? Manufactures most of blood components

4 Chapter 32 j. Describe the six types of nutrients needed to maintain homeostasis (water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals) Water- digests food, eliminates waste, maintains blood volume, regulates body temp, keeps skin smooth, involved in chemical reactions Carbohydrates- main source of energy Proteins- raw materials for growth and repair; make up all enzymes and many hormones Fats- provide energy; key component in cell membranes, neuron, and certain hormones Vitamins- work with enzymes to regulate cell functions, growth, and development Minerals- used to carry out cell processes and to build or repair tissue k. Identify the role of teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, villi, microvilli, large intestine, rectum and anus) Teeth- chew food Tongue- move food around Stomach- begins digestions of protein; mixes and churns food into chyme Liver- produces bile to digest fat Gallbladder- stores bile Pancreas- produces alkaline substance that neutralizes chyme so it s able to enter the small intestine Small intestine- completes digestion of proteins and sugars; digests fats; absorbs nutrients Villi- increase surface area in small intestine to absorb nutrients Microvilli- increase surface area even more (little villi on the villi) Large intestine- water is removed to form solid waste Rectum/anus- eliminates solid waste from body l. Give examples of how enzymes aid in digestion What does amylase do? Begins digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth (saliva)

5 What organ produces enzymes to digest fat? Liver produces bile to break down fats; stomach has pepsin which breaks down proteins, fats, and some sugars m. Explain how food/nutrients go from their original form to one that can enter the blood stream Describe the process of digestion. Food is chewed in mouth where amylase begins digestion of carbs. It passes through the esophagus to the stomach to digest proteins. Food is then passed to duodenum where products from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas help digest fats and carbs. The small intestine absorbs the nutrients and water is removed from the large intestine. Solid waste is passed from the rectum/anus. Where are nutrients absorbed? (3 areas of intestine) Duodenum, jejunum, ileum n. Describe how the muscular system aids in digestion (peristalsis) What is peristalsis? Involuntary movements throughout the digestive system that keep food moving. Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? Smooth o. Examine and describe the three muscle types (smooth, skeletal, cardiac) and tell whether they are voluntary or not Smooth- Involuntary muscles of the digestive organs. Skeletal- Voluntary muscles that attach to the skeleton by tendons and allow for movement. Cardiac- Involuntary muscle of the heart. p. Describe how the excretory system uses filtration, reabsorption, and excretion to remove waste and maintain homeostasis What are the main organs involved in waste removal through urine? Kidneys filter the blood. Urine is made and passed through the ureters to be stored in the bladder. How else is waste removed from the body by the excretory system? Sweating removes water and salt through the skin. Exhaling removes CO 2 and water vapor. Where does filtration occur? In the nephron. Why are materials reabsorbed? The glomerulus filters more than it needs to so some materials are reabsorbed by the capillaries. What is excretion? The eliminating or expelling of waste

6 q. Identify and label a nephron (glomerulus, Bowman s capsule, loop of Henle) Label glomerulus (C), Bowman s capsule (B), loop of Henle (F), and the collecting duct (E). What is the job of the -glomerulus- filters and cleans blood -Bowman s capsule- holds the filtrate and lets molecules be reabsorbed -loop of Henle- water can be reabsorbed here -collecting duct- collects urine and sends it to ureter Chapter 29 r. Identify the roles of brain, nerves, and neurons What is the roll of the brain? Process and interpret signals What is the roll of nerves? Send signals throughout the body What is neuron and how does it communicate? A single nerve cell. Sends electrical impulses from one to another. s. Draw and label the structure of a neuron (cell body, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, axon terminals) Label this neuron and describe how it passes information. An electrical impulse is sent out the axon terminal where a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) passes the message to the next neuron nucleus Myelin sheath dendrites Cell body (soma) axon Axon terminal t. Describe the differences between central and peripheral nervous systems (reflex arc- p. 851) What is the central nervous system? Brain and spinal cord What is the peripheral nervous system? All other nerves Describe the rolls of the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons as related to the reflex arc.

7 The sensory neurons (PNS) sense a stimulus. The sensory neuron passes the signal to an interneuron (CNS) which processes/interprets the signal and then it passes a signal to a motor neuron (PNS), which causes a response. u. Identify the role of hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid Hypothalamus- located in the brain; controls growth Pituitary Gland- located in the brain; controls growth and works with hypothalamus. Pancreas- secretes enzymes which aide in digestion Thyroid- regulates metabolism, body temperature Parathyroid- regulates calcium levels in the body Chapter 31 and 30.6 v. Identify the roles of blood, lymph, antibodies, T-cells, B-cells in the immune system What is the job of a T cell? Destroy infected cells What is the job of a B cell? Make antibodies What are phagocytes? WBCs that engulf foreign particles What are lymphocytes? WBCs, specifically T cells and B cells What is an antibody and what does it do? A blood protein that is produced in response to a certain antigen (foreign invader) How is blood involved in the immune system? Circulates WBCs which are part of the immune system What is the role of lymph? Filters waste from cells and helps to destroy pathogens What is tissue rejection? Tissue rejection occurs when a donated organ/tissue is not accepted by the recipient s body. The recipient s body then rejects the tissue by attacking the cells as though they were foreign. w. Describe nonspecific immunity (inflammation, fever) What is nonspecific immunity? Nonspecific immunity is the body s first line of defense against bacteria and viruses. It includes fever, inflammation, mucous membranes which trap foreign objects, cough reflex, skin (as a protective barrier). Phagocytes are also considered nonspecific because they are WBCs that don t target a specific invader but destroys anything foreign by engulfing it. x. Describe specific immunity (antigens, memory cells) What is specific immunity? A targeted response against a certain pathogen where B cells and T cells produce antibodies which attack and destroy foreign pathogens (which are referred to as antigens ) What is an antigen? Anything foreign that induces an immune response

8 What are memory cells and how are they created? a long-lived lymphocyte that has previously encountered a certain antigen and that on re-exposure to the same antigen rapidly initiates the immune response or produces large amounts of specific antibodies. y. Identify the structures of thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels in the lymphatic system What is lymph? Fluid that filters waste from cells and helps to destroy pathogens What is the function of the lymph nodes? Clean/filter lymph What is the basic function of the spleen? Clean/filter blood, recycles RBCs, store WBCs What is the basic function of the thymus? Produces T cells Chapter 34 z. Compare and contrast gametogenesis in females and males Describe gametogenesis in females (how many eggs are produced?) Egg productions begins during fetal development. The first round of meiosis occurs during fetal development, while the second round doesn t occur until fertilization. Each full round of meiosis produces one mature egg. Describe gametogenesis in males (how many sperm are produced?) Sperm are produced in the testes and are formed through meiosis. Each full round of meiosis produces four mature sperm. aa. Give examples of how hormones play a role in female and male reproductive systems What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle? FHS (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) and estrogen and progesterone What hormone is more abundant in males? Testosterone