2/8/2012. Cellular Respiration. Chapter 5 Outline. Glycolysis
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1 /8/0 Chapter 5 Outline Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Lactic Acid athway Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis Occurs in a series of reactions:.. (aka TCA or Kreb s Cycle). transport system 5- General to the Specific Break down of large Molecules to simple molecules Break down simple molecules to Acetyl Oxidation of Acyetl to H0 and CO produce E- and make AT 5-4 Carbohydrate Catabolism (AT generated by ETC) (AT generated by breaking bonds) Figure
2 /8/0 (General) In glycolysis ATs are added and 4 are produced for a net gain of AT Event - hosphorylation Two s added to glucose Requires AT Event Splitting (cleavage) 6-carbon glucose split into two -carbon molecules (Specific) hase priming hase cleavage hase oxidation and formation of AT and release of high energy electrons Dihydroxyacetone Glucose AD AT AT AD Fructose-,6-di Glyceraldehyde yruvic acid Glyceraldehyde yruvic acid O O NAD Carbon atom hosphate NAD 5-8 To citric acid Lactic acid and electron transport chain (aerobic pathway) 8 Event roduction of NADH and AT H atoms released Bind to to produce NADH NADH delivers H+ to ETC AD is phosphorylated to AT pyruvic acid are produced AT are generated (4 [used to start] = ) hase priming hase cleavage hase oxidation and formation of AT and release of high energy electrons Dihydroxyacetone Glucose AT AD Fructose-,6-di Glyceraldehyde yruvic acid AD AT Glyceraldehyde yruvic acid O O NAD Carbon atom hosphate NAD To citric acid Lactic acid and electron transport chain (aerobic pathway) Aerobic Respiration 5-6
3 /8/0 Carbohydrate Catabolism In mitochondria Cycle (General) Begins with acetyl combining with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid In a series of reactions citric acid converted back to oxaloacetic acid to complete the pathway Figure Matrix Reactions (Specific) yruvic acid (C) 6 CO 7 NAD yruvic acid from glycolysis AT AT AT Acetyl Acetyl group (C) 8 Acetyl-Co A Coenzyme A HO 9 (C6) (C4) 0 HO NAD (C6) Citric 8 acid HO (C4) NAD CO 7 (C5) HO H 6 (C4) (C4) Occurs in 4 (C4) NAD CO i = Inorganic i 5 = Coenzyme A GT GD AD 6-5 AT Figure 4.7 yruvic acid from glycolysis yruvic acid from glycolysis AT AT AT Acetyl AT AT AT Acetyl i = Inorganic = Coenzyme A i = Inorganic = Coenzyme A Figure 4.7 Figure 4.7
4 /8/0 yruvic acid from glycolysis yruvic acid from glycolysis AT AT AT Acetyl AT AT AT Acetyl Succinyl- i = Inorganic = Coenzyme A i = Inorganic = Coenzyme A Figure 4.7 Figure 4.7 yruvic acid from glycolysis yruvic acid from glycolysis AT AT AT Acetyl AT AT AT Acetyl H Fumaric acid Succinic acid Succinyl- Succinic acid Succinyl- GT GD + i GT GD + i i = Inorganic i = Inorganic = Coenzyme A AD AT = Coenzyme A AD AT Figure 4.7 Figure 4.7 yruvic acid from glycolysis yruvic acid from glycolysis AT AT AT Acetyl AT AT AT Acetyl Malic acid Malic acid Fumaric acid Fumaric acid H H Succinic acid Succinyl- Succinic acid Succinyl- GT GD + i GT GD + i i = Inorganic i = Inorganic = Coenzyme A AD AT = Coenzyme A AD AT Figure 4.7 Figure 4.7 4
5 + e Relative free energy (kcal/mole) /8/0 Cycle lease note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in resentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in resentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash layer, which is available at Summary of Matrix Reactions Transport Chain pyruvate + 6 H O 6 AD + i AT H 6 NAD 6 (+ NADH produced during glycolysis) + H H NAD FMN Fe-S H Enzyme complex Co F AD carbon atoms of glucose have all been carried away as and exhaled Also, citric acid is a source of substances for synthesis of fats and nonessential amino acids (later) Cyt b Fe-S Enzyme complex Cu Cyt a Cyt a ½ O Reaction progress Enzyme complex HO Transport System NADH and H carry electrons to the ETS ETS is a series of electron carriers (proteins) (in cristae of mitochondria) Energy from electrons transferred to AT synthase AT synthase catalyzes the of AD to AT Water is formed Transport and Oxidative hosphorylation The electron is a linked series of proteins on the cristae of mitochondria roteins are FMN, coenzyme, and cytochromes AD + NAD + e H AT synthase Energy Energy Energy AT e O H O 9 5-5
6 /8/0 AT AT AT AT AT AT NAD H NAD (carrying Transport Chain Transport Chain Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 AT AT AT AT AT AT e- e- H NAD (carrying H NAD (carrying Transport Chain Transport Chain AT Synthase Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 AT AT AT AT AT AT e- e- H NAD (carrying AD + i AT H NAD (carrying + O H O AD + i AT Transport Chain AT Synthase Transport Chain AT Synthase Figure 4.8 Figure 4.8 6
7 /8/0 lease note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in resentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in resentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash layer, which is available at lease note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in resentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in resentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash layer, which is available at ETC Chemiosmotic AT Synthesis Matrix Cristae Outer Matrix NAD NAD+ e Co e 6 ½ O + HO e AD + i AT Enzyme complex Enzyme Enzyme complex complex AT synthase H+ Outer AT Generated by Oxidation of Glucose Anaerobic Reactions Glucose + AT (net) NAD pyruvate Mitochondria NAD CO 6 NAD 6 H AT If oxygen is not available: ETC cannot accept electrons from NADH yruvic acid is converted to lactic acid is inhibited Less AT produced hase Glucose priming Carbon atom hosphate AT AD Fructose-,6-di hase cleavage Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde hase oxidation and NAD formation of + AD AT and release NAD of high energy AT electrons yruvic acid 6-4 H -transport chain O HO O O NAD 4 AT To citric acid Lactic acid 8 0 AT and electron transport chain (aerobic pathway) Total 6 8 AT 4 7
8 /8/0 Lactic Acid athway In absence of O - - NAD H gives its Hs to pyruvic acid creating lactic acid Anaerobic metabolism or Lactic acid fermentation) Lactic Acid athway Only yields a net gain of ATs per glucose RBCs don t have mitochondria; use only lactic acid pathway Occurs in skeletal and heart muscle when oxygen supply falls below critical level During heavy exercise or vascular blockage Break down of large Molecules to simple molecules Break down simple molecules to Acetyl Oxidation of Acyetl to H0 and CO produce E- and make AT Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis For osmotic reasons cells can t store lots of free glucoses in cells we change it to glycogen Glycogen = polymers of glucose Glucose to Glycogen = (Glycogenesis) lace a group on glucose and take it back off olymerizes glucose to glycogen Skeletal muscle & liver store glycogen Glycogenolysis = glycogen to glucose Add the back to Glucose (glucose 6 ) Most cells can use for glycolysis If attached to Glucose it can t leave cell 5- Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis Skeletal muscles use trapped glucose-6- for own energy needs - i.e., uses it for glycolysis - cannot release into blood Only liver has glucose-6- phosphatase that removes groups So it can secrete free glucose into blood glycogenisis (Glycogen synthase) Glucose-6 phosphotase Rule to remember - - Org. molecules w/ groups can not pass through plasma Glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase) Cori Cycle Some skeletal muscle lactic acid goes to liver Gluconeogenesis: convert non-carb molecules (e.g. lactic acid) back through pyruvic acid to glucose and glycogen (Lactic acid dehydrogenase)
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