BIOCHEMISTRY Protein Metabolism
|
|
- Wesley Juniper Cameron
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BIOCHEMISTRY Protein Metabolism BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 25
2 Session Plan Digestion & Absorption of Proteins Amino Acid Utilization Amino Acid Degradation Transamination Oxidative Deamination The Urea Cycle Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons Amino Acid Biosynthesis B Vitamins & Protein Metabolism
3 Protein Digestion & Absorption Protein digestion starts in the stomach involves denaturation & hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Dietary protein entering the stomach promotes release of hormone Gastrin stimulates secretion of Pepsinogen & HCl. HCl has 3 functions in the stomach: Denatures proteins, exposing peptide bonds Kills most bacteria (ph = ) Activates Pepsinogen (inactive) to Pepsin (active) Pepsin (enzyme) hydrolyzes about 10% peptide bonds
4 Protein Digestion & Absorption Small batches of acidic chyme containing large polypeptides enter the small intestine (SI) & stimulate secretion of hormone Secretin Secretin promotes pancreatic production of bicarbonate ions (HCO 3- ) help neutralize acidic chyme SI ph = 7-8 allows activation of pancreatic enzymes Trypsin, Chymotrypsin & Carboxypeptidase. Proteolytic enzymes in the SI: Break peptide bonds in proteins, liberating amino acids Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase & Aminopeptidase are produced in inactive forms as zymogens & are activated at their site of action. Trypsin, Chymotrypsin & Carboxypeptidase produced by the pancreas Aminopeptidase secreted by intestinal mucosal cells The free amino acids are absorbed via intestinal wall into bloodstream.
5 Summary of protein digestion in the human body Stoker 2014, Figure 26-1 p9541
6 Amino Acid Utilization AAs produced from protein digestion enter the amino acid pool in the body the total supply of free AAs available for use in the human body. The amino acid pool is derived from 3 sources: Dietary protein Protein turnover = a repetitive process in which proteins are degraded & re-synthesized within the human body Biosynthesis of non-essential AAs in the liver
7 Nitrogen Balance The state that results when the amount of nitrogen taken into the human body as protein equals the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body in waste materials. In a healthy adult the nitrogen intake equals the nitrogen excretion. 2 types of nitrogen imbalance can occur in human body: Negative nitrogen balance protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis the amount of nitrogen in urine exceeds the amount of nitrogen ingested (dietary protein), leading to tissue wasting (starvation, protein-poor diet, wasting illness). Positive nitrogen imbalance protein synthesis (anabolism) exceeds protein degradation (catabolism) results in large amounts of tissue synthesis (during growth & pregnancy).
8 Amino Acids There is no specialized storage form of AAs in the body, hence a constant source of AAs is needed to maintain normal metabolism. The AAs from the AA pool are used for: Protein synthesis about 75% of AAs are used to continuously replace old tissues (protein turnover) & to build new tissues (growth). Synthesis of non-protein N-containing compounds (purine & pyrimidine bases, haeme, neurotransmitters & hormones). Synthesis of non-essential AAs Energy production as AAs are not stored in the body, any excess is degraded each AA has a different degradation pathway. All degradation pathways involve the removal of N atom & its excretion as urea. The remaining carbon skeleton is broken down into CMP intermediates & used for energy production or storage.
9 Possible fates for amino acid degradation products Stoker 2014, Figure 26-3 p955
10 Amino Acid Degradation AA degradation takes place in the liver in 2 stages: Removal of the NH 2 group Degradation of the remaining carbon skeleton Removal of the NH 2 group is a 3 step process: 1. Transamination 2. Oxidative Deamination 3. The Urea Cycle
11 Transamination Transfer of the NH 2 group of an α-aa to an α-keto acid. Involves 2 AA (1 as a reactant & 1 as a product) & 2 keto acids (1 as a reactant & 1 as a product) 2 keto/amino acid pairs are involved, each pair has a common C-chain base. 2 most encountered keto/amino acid pairs: α-ketoglutarate / Glutamate Oxaloacetate / Aspartate Stoker 2014, p958
12 Key keto/amino acid pairs encountered in Transamination reactions Stoker 2014, Figure 26-4 p957
13 Generalized Transamination Reaction Stoker 2014, p956
14 Transamination Catalyzed by enzyme Transaminase / Aminotransferase. Transamination involves several steps & requires pyridoxal phosphate (coenzyme derived from Pyridoxine).
15 Glutamate Production via Transamination The most important transamination reaction involves conversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate. There are at least 50 aminotransferases they are highly specific to the keto acid substrates they accept. Most aminotransferases accept α-ketoglutarate, others oxaloacetate, producing glutamate & aspartate, respectively. The effect of transamination = to collect the NH 2 group from a variety of AAs onto just 1 AA = glutamate, which acts a NH 2 donor for further processing of NH 2 group. Glutamate is further processed via 2 nd transamination with oxaloacetate forming aspartate or via oxidative deamination forming ammonium ion (NH 4+ ) both are NH 2 group carriers participating in the Urea cycle.
16 Glutamate Production via Transamination Stoker 2014, p959
17 Aspartate Production via Transamination Glutamate (AA) reacts with Oxaloacetate (keto acid) forming Aspartate (AA) & regenerating α-ketoglutarate. Aspartate now carries N atom into the Urea cycle. Stoker 2014, p959
18 Oxidative Deamination The removal of the NH 2 group from Glutamate in the form of ammonium ion (NH 4+ ) & α-ketoglutarate is regenerated for transamination. Occurs in liver & kidney mitochondria. Catalyzed by Glutamate dehydrogenase. Requires NAD + as coenzyme forming NADH enters ETC & forms ATP.
19 The Urea Cycle Urea A series of biochemical reactions, in which urea is produced from NH 4 + & Aspartate as nitrogen sources. The NH 4+ produced in oxidative deamination is relatively toxic it enters the Urea cycle (in mammals) & is converted to Urea. Urea cycle occurs in the liver urea is transported in the blood to the kidneys & eliminated from the body via urine. Urea is highly water-soluble but doesn t contribute to the odour or colour of urine). An adult with normal metabolism excretes about 30g of urea daily in urine, although the exact amount varies with dietary protein intake.
20 3 AA intermediates involved in the Urea cycle: Arginine Ornithine Citruline
21 Carbamoyl Phosphate The fuel for the Urea cycle. 1 molecule of carbamoyl phosphate is produced from NH 4+, CO 2, H 2 O & 2 ATP. Carbamoyl phosphate contains a high-energy phosphate bond. This reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
22 Steps of the Urea Cycle Part of the UC occurs in the mitochondrion & part in the cytosol. Ornithine & Citruline must be transported across the IMM. The Urea cycle is a series of 4 steps: 1) Transfer of carbamoyl group 2) Citrulline Aspartate condensation 3) Cleavage of arginosuccinate 4) Hydrolysis of arginine The 1 st step occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Steps 2,3 & 4 take place in the cytosol.
23 Step 1: Carbamoyl Group Transfer Carbamoyl phosphate transfers its carbamoyl group to Ornithine to from Citruline, releasing P i. Catalyzed by Ornithine transcarbamoylase.
24 Step 2: Citrulline Aspartate Condensation Citrulline is transported into cytosol & reacts with Aspartate (from transamination of Glutamate) to produce Argininosuccinate utilizing ATP. Catalyzed by Arginosuccinate synthase.
25 Step 3: Arginosuccinate Cleavage Argininosuccinate is cleaved to Arginine (standard AA) & Fumarate (CAC intermediate). Catalyzed by Argininosuccinate lyase.
26 Step 4: Hydrolysis of Arginine Produces Urea & regenerates Ornithine transported back into the mitochondria to participate in the Urea cycle again. Catalyzed by Arginase.
27 Stoker 2014, Figure 26-6 p963
28 Urea Cycle Net Reaction The equivalent of a total 4 ATP molecules are expended in the Urea cycle. 2 ATP molecules are used to produce Carbamoyl phosphate. The equivalent of 2ATP molecules is consumed in Step 2 of the Urea cycle, when ATP is hydrolyzed to AMP.
29 Stoker 2014, p967
30 The connection between Urea Cycle & Citric Acid Cycle Stoker 2014, Figure 26-8 p967
31 Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons The removal of NH 2 group from an AA in transamination & oxidative deamination produce an α-keto acid that contain the carbon skeleton from the original AA. Each of 20 AAs have a different carbon skeleton (CS) each CS undergoes a different degradation pathway, eventually forming 7 degradation products. The 7 degradation products formed are: Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Aacetoacetyl CoA, α-ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Fumarate & Oxaloacetate are all intermediates of the CAC.
32 Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons Glucogenic Amino Acids The AAs that are converted to CAC intermediates can be used to produce glucose via Gluconeogenesis. Ketogenic Amino Acids The AAs the are converted to Acetyl CoA or Acetoacetyl CoA can be used to produce ketone bodies. AA that are degraded to Pyruvate are either Glucogenic or Ketogenic, as pyruvate can be metabolized into Oxaloacetate (glucogenic) or Acetyl CoA (ketogenic). Purely Ketogenic AAs = Leu & Lys.
33 Glucogenic & Ketogenic Amino Acids Stoker 2014, Figure 26-9 p970
34 Amino Acid Biosynthesis Different species synthesize AAs in different ways. In microorganisms: Non-essential AA can be produced in 1-3 steps. Essential AA biosynthetic pathways require 7-10 steps. Most bacteria & plants can synthesize all the AA via the biochemical pathways not present in humans. In humans: Non-essential AAs can be made in the body from other compounds. Essential AAs the human body can not synthesize them & they have to by supplied in the diet!
35 Stoker 2014, Table 26-2 p954
36 Amino Acid Biosynthesis Non-essential AA in humans are synthesized from: Glycolysis Intermediates 3-Phosphoglycerate & Pyruvate CAC Intermediates Oxaloacetate & α-ketoglutarate The essential AA Phenylalanine produces Tyrosine via oxidation with molecular O 2, NADPH & phenylalanine hydroxylase lack of this enzyme causes the metabolic disease Phenylkenonuria (PKU).
37 Stoker 2014, Figure p972
38 Phenylketonuria (PKU) Timberlake 2014, The genetic disorder, in which the gene that codes for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is defective therefore Phenylalanine forms Phenylpyruvate (transamination), which is converted to Phenylacetate (decarboxylation). High levels of Phenylacetate cause severe mental retardation. A diet low in phenylalanine and high in tyrosine is recommended.
39 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 3 non-essential AA (Alanine, Aspartate & Glutamate) are biosynthesized by transamination of the appropriate α-keto acid.
40 B Vitamins & Protein Metabolism Many B vitamins function as coenzymes in protein metabolism without these the body would be unable to undertake the various degradation & biosynthesis pathways of amino acids. B vitamins involved in protein metabolism: Niacin as NAD + & NADH in oxidative deamination Pyridoxine as PLP in transamination reactions All 8 B viamins involved in degradation & biosynthesis of AAs
41 Stoker 2013, Figure p982
42 Stoker 2014, p980
43 Readings & Resources Stoker, HS 2014, General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, 7 th edn, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA. Stoker, HS 2004, General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, 3 rd edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. Timberlake, KC 2014, General, organic, and biological chemistry: structures of life, 4 th edn, Pearson, Boston, MA. Alberts, B, Johnson, A, Lewis, J, Raff, M, Roberts, K & Walter P 2008, Molecular biology of the cell, 5 th edn, Garland Science, New York. Berg, JM, Tymoczko, JL & Stryer, L 2012, Biochemistry, 7 th edn, W.H. Freeman, New York. Dominiczak, MH 2007, Flesh and bones of metabolism, Elsevier Mosby, Edinburgh. Tortora, GJ & Derrickson, B 2014, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14 th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Tortora, GJ & Grabowski, SR 2003, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10 th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
44
Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle
Metabolism Gluconeogenesis/Citric Acid Cycle BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 21 Session Plan Gluconeogenesis Cori Cycle Common Metabolic Pathway The Citric Acid Cycle Stoker 2014, p859 Gluconeogenesis
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company In the cytosol of a cell amino groups from amino acids
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 30 Amino Acid Degradation and the Urea Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 30 Outline Amino acids are obtained from the
More informationLecture: Amino Acid catabolism: Nitrogen-The Urea cycle
BIOC 423: Introductory Biochemistry Biochemistry Education Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of New Mexico Lecture: Amino Acid catabolism: Nitrogen-The Urea cycle OBJECTIVES Describe
More informationBioenergetics and metabolic pathways
Bioenergetics and metabolic pathways BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 17 Session Plan Introduction to Bioenergetics Metabolism Metabolic Pathways Metabolism & Cell Structure Mitochondria Compounds
More informationBIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 25
BIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 25 General topics for week 14 Session 25 The metabolism of proteins Students are asked to draw the concept map showing all details of protein metabolism 1 Instructions:
More informationLecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism
Lecture 10 - Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism Chem 454: Regulatory Mechanisms in Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire 1 Introduction 2 Proteins are degraded into amino acids. Protein
More informationBioenergetics and metabolic pathways
Bioenergetics and metabolic pathways BIOB111 CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY Session 17 Session Plan Introduction to Bioenergetics Metabolism Metabolic Pathways Metabolism & Cell Structure Mitochondria Compounds
More informationNITROGEN METABOLISM An Overview
1 University of Papua New Guinea School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology PBL Seminar & Health Sciences NITROGEN METABOLISM
More informationPart III => METABOLISM and ENERGY. 3.5 Protein Catabolism 3.5a Protein Degradation 3.5b Amino Acid Breakdown 3.5c Urea Cycle
Part III => METABOLISM and ENERGY 3.5 Protein Catabolism 3.5a Protein Degradation 3.5b Amino Acid Breakdown 3.5c Urea Cycle Section 3.5a: Protein Degradation Synopsis 3.5a - Dietary proteins are degraded
More informationAmino acid Catabolism
Enzymatic digestion of dietary proteins in gastrointestinal-tract. Amino acid Catabolism Amino acids: 1. There are 20 different amino acid, they are monomeric constituents of proteins 2. They act as precursors
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal
More informationFate of Dietary Protein
Fate of Dietary Protein Dietary protein Stomach: l, pepsin Denatured and partially hydrolyzed protein (large polypeptides) small intestine: proteases Amino acids and dipeptides intestinal lining: proteases
More informationNITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview
NITROGEN METABOLISM: An Overview University of PNG School of Medicine and Health Sciences Division of Basic Medical Sciences Discipline of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology VJ Temple 1 How are nitrogen-containing
More informationAmino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle
Amino Acid Oxidation and the Urea Cycle Amino Acids: Final class of biomolecules whose oxidation contributes significantly to the generation of energy Undergo oxidation in three metabolic circumstances
More information18 Amino Acid Oxidation and Production of Urea W. H. Freeman and Company
18 Amino Acid Oxidation and Production of Urea 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company 1 Last Class of Biomolecules For Energy 1. Production of acetyl-coa. Glucose. To pyruvate via glycolysis. To acetyl-coa by
More informationAMINOACID METABOLISM FATE OF AMINOACIDS & UREA CYCLE
AMINOACID METABOLISM FATE OF AMINOACIDS & UREA CYCLE SOURCE & FATE OF AA The aminoacids obtained from DIETARY SOURCE or BODY PROTEIN TURNOVER are utilized for protein biosynthesis and the production of
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Metabolism The continuous degradation and synthesis of cellular proteins occur in all forms of life. Each day humans turn over 1 2% of their total body protein, principally muscle protein. Approximately
More informationAMINO ACIDS NON-ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL
Edith Frederika Introduction A major component of food is PROTEIN The protein ingested as part of our diet are not the same protein required by the body Only 40 to 50 gr of protein is required by a normal
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Overview
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationAMINO ACID METABOLISM
AMINO ACID METABOLISM Synthesis of Urea in Liver The series of reactions that form urea is known as the Urea Cycle or the Krebs-Henseleit Cycle. The urea cycle operates only to eliminate excess nitrogen.
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationNitrogen Metabolism. Overview
Nitrogen Metabolism Pratt and Cornely Chapter 18 Overview Nitrogen assimilation Amino acid biosynthesis Nonessential aa Essential aa Nucleotide biosynthesis Amino Acid Catabolism Urea Cycle Juicy Steak
More informationJana Novotná, Bruno Sopko. Department of the Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry The 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles Univ.
Amino acid metabolism II. Urea cycle Jana Novotná, Bruno Sopko Department of the Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry The 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles Univ. Nitrogen balance Tissue proteins
More informationPROTEIN METABOLISM: SPECIFIC WAYS OF AMINO ACIDS CATABOLISM AND SYNTHESIS
PROTEIN METABOLISM: SPECIFIC WAYS OF AMINO ACIDS CATABOLISM AND SYNTHESIS SPECIFIC WAYS OF AMINO ACID CATABOLISM After removing of amino group the carbon skeletons of amino acids are transformed into metabolic
More informationMetabolism of proteins and amino acids
BIOQUÍMICA E BIOLOGIA CELULAR António Ascensão, José Magalhães Metabolism of proteins and amino acids Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, 1º Ciclo, 1º Ano 202_2013 Humans degradation of ingested
More informationAMINO ACID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
AMINO ACID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Amino acids derived from dietary protein absorbed from intestine through blood taken up by tissues used for biosynthesis
More informationMetabolism of amino acids. Vladimíra Kvasnicová
Metabolism of amino acids Vladimíra Kvasnicová Classification of proteinogenic AAs -metabolic point of view 1) biosynthesis in a human body nonessential (are synthesized) essential (must be present in
More informationUrea is the major end product of nitrogen catabolism in humans One nitrogen free NH3 other nitrogen aspartate. carbon oxygen CO2 liver,
Urea is the major end product of nitrogen catabolism in humans Urea is the major disposal form of amino groups derived from amino acids, and accounts about 90% percent of the nitrogencontaining components
More informationWelcome to Class 14! Class 14: Outline and Objectives. Overview of amino acid catabolism! Introductory Biochemistry!
Welcome to Class 14 Introductory Biochemistry Class 14: Outline and Objectives Amino Acid Catabolism Fates of amino groups transamination urea cycle Fates of carbon skeletons important cofactors metabolic
More information1 Digestion and absorption. Lecture #14 Lecturer: PhD Alexander N. Koval
1 Digestion and absorption Lecture #14 Lecturer: PhD Alexander N. Koval Presentation of Protein 12/22/2016 A. Koval (C), 2016 2 Lectures plan 12/22/2016 A. Koval (C), 2016 3 Overview of Protein Metabolism
More informationAmino acid metabolism
Amino acid metabolism The important reaction commonly employed in the breakdown of an amino acid is always the removal of its -amino group. The product ammonia is excreted after conversion to urea or other
More informationLipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
CHEM 3331 Fundamentals of Biochemistry Chapter 14 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism Organic and Biochemistry for Today Spencer L. Seager / Michael R. Slabaugh Mr. Kevin A. Boudreaux Angelo State University
More informationMidterm 2 Results. Standard Deviation:
Midterm 2 Results High: Low: Mean: Standard Deviation: 97.5% 16% 58% 16.3 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Dietary (Exogenous) Proteins Hydrolyzed
More informationPROTEIN METABOLISM: NITROGEN CYCLE; DIGESTION OF PROTEINS. Red meat is an important dietary source of protein nitrogen
PROTEIN METABOLISM: NITROGEN CYCLE; DIGESTION OF PROTEINS Red meat is an important dietary source of protein nitrogen The Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen is needed for amino acids, nucleotides,
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism Metabolism is a continuous process. Thousands of reactions occur simultaneously in order to maintain homeostasis. It ensures a supply of fuel, to tissues at all times, in fed
More informationChapter 24 Lecture Outline
Chapter 24 Lecture Outline Carbohydrate Lipid and Protein! Metabolism! In the catabolism of carbohydrates, glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate, which is then metabolized into acetyl CoA. Prepared
More informationMidterm 2. Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98. Standard Deviation: 17.7
Midterm 2 Low: 14 Mean: 61.3 High: 98 Standard Deviation: 17.7 Lecture 17 Amino Acid Metabolism Review of Urea Cycle N and S assimilation Last cofactors: THF and SAM Synthesis of few amino acids Dietary
More informationPhysiology Unit 1 METABOLISM OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS
Physiology Unit 1 METABOLISM OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS Alternate Fuel Sources When glucose levels are low Proteins and Triglycerides will be metabolized Tissues will use different fuel sources depending on:
More informationendopeptidases aminopeptidases carboxypeptidases hydrolyzes a peptide bond somewhere in the middle of the polypeptide
1 Amino Acid Metabolism: The primary purpose for s in the body is to provide the building blocks for proteins R other s. owever, if there is no protein synthesis occurring, the s can be broken down (i.e.
More informationAmino acid metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen
Amino acid metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD All images were taken from Lippincott s Biochemistry textbook except where noted Textbook Amino acid metabolism: Biochemistry
More informationAmino Acid Metabolism Parts I-III
M1 - Biochemistry Amino Acid Metabolism Parts I-III Dr. Diegelmann 10/2, 10/3, 10/7 1 Biochemical Pathways; If you know all of this you can get an A 2 OBJECTIVES After studying the material presented in
More informationChemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide
Chemistry 1120 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 12 12.1 Identify and differentiate between macronutrients (lipids, amino acids and saccharides) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Master Tutor Section
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationAmino acid metabolism I
Amino acid metabolism I Jana Novotná Department of the Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry The 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles Univ. Metabolic relationship of amino acids DIETARY PROTEINS GLYCOLYSIS
More informationIntegrative Metabolism: Significance
Integrative Metabolism: Significance Energy Containing Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Catabolism Energy Depleted End Products H 2 O NH 3 ADP + Pi NAD + NADP + FAD + Pi NADH+H + NADPH+H + FADH2 Cell
More informationLecture 17: Nitrogen metabolism 1. Urea cycle detoxification of NH 3 2. Amino acid degradation
Lecture 17: Nitrogen metabolism 1. Urea cycle detoxification of NH 3 2. Amino acid degradation Reference material Biochemistry 4 th edition, Mathews, Van Holde, Appling, Anthony Cahill. Pearson ISBN:978
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 27 Fatty Acid Degradation Dietary Lipid (Triacylglycerol) Metabolism - In the small intestine, fat particles are coated with bile
More informationCH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003
CH395G FINAL (3 rd ) EXAM Kitto/Hackert - Fall 2003 1. A cell in an active, catabolic state has a. a high (ATP/ADP) and a high (NADH/NAD + ) ratio b. a high (ATP/ADP) and a low (NADH/NAD + ) ratio c. a
More informationSIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM
SIMPLE BASIC METABOLISM When we eat food such as a tuna fish sandwich, the polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are digested to smaller molecules that are absorbed into the cells of our body. As these
More information-Acetyl-coA and glucose-6-phosphate are examples of key compounds of biochemistry because they are involved in more than one pathway.
Nitrogen metabolism made by : enas omar corrected by: LINA AL-HIARY date: 20-11-2016 -nitrogen is fertilized by bacteria which converts it into nitrite and nitrate. plants absorb nitrite and nitrate, convert
More informationAmino acid metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen
Amino acid metabolism: Disposal of Nitrogen Dr. Diala Abu-Hassan, DDS, PhD Medical students-first semester All images were taken from Lippincott s Biochemistry textbook except where noted Amino acids (AAs)
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course First Edition CHAPTER 19 Harvesting Electrons from the Cycle 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 19 Outline The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl
More informationCitric acid cycle and respiratory chain. Pavla Balínová
Citric acid cycle and respiratory chain Pavla Balínová Mitochondria Structure of mitochondria: Outer membrane Inner membrane (folded) Matrix space (mtdna, ribosomes, enzymes of CAC, β-oxidation of FA,
More informationAmino acid oxidation and the production of urea
Seminar 10 Urea cycle Amino acid oxidation and the production of urea Oxidation Waste or Reuse Ammonia has to be eliminated ammonia originates in the catabolism of amino acids that are primarily produced
More informationChapter 26. Outline. Nitrogen. Nitrogen and Amino Acid Metabolism. BCH 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 26 Lecture Notes. Slide 1. Slide 2
BCH 4054 Spring 2001 Chapter 26 Lecture Notes 1 Chapter 26 Nitrogen and Amino Acid Metabolism 2 utline No time to cover entire chapter, therefore concentrate on a few focal points Assimilation of inorganic
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose
8/29/11 Metabolism Chapter 5 All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer. Can be divided into: Cell Respiration and Metabolism Anabolism: requires the input of energy to synthesize large
More informationTCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle)
TCA CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) TCA CYCLE The Citric Acid Cycle is also known as: Kreb s cycle Sir Hans Krebs Nobel prize, 1953 TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle The citric acid cycle requires aerobic conditions!!!!
More informationCITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM /19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG
CITRIC ACID CYCLE ERT106 BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 1 2018/19 BY: MOHAMAD FAHRURRAZI TOMPANG Chapter Outline (19-1) The central role of the citric acid cycle in metabolism (19-2) The overall pathway of the citric
More informationIII. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular
III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways
More informationDay Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed. Protein digestion and AA absorption
Day Date Title Instructor 5 th Ed 6 th Ed 1 Tuesday 18 April 2017 Protein digestion and AA absorption D S Jairajpuri 250 256 250 256 2 Wednesday 19 April 2017 Removal of nitrogen and urea cycle D S Jairajpuri
More informationINTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY. BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BI 28 Second Midterm Examination April 3, 2007 Name SIS # Make sure that your name or SIS # is on every page. This is the only way we have of matching you with your exam after
More information2. When a muscle depletes its supply of ATP, the next molecule used as an energy source is: a) pyruvate b) muscle glycogen c) blood glucose d) GTP
Chapter 34: Carbohydrate Metabolism Multiple Choice 1. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is known as: a) glycogenolysis b) gluconeogenesis c) glycogenesis d) the Embden-Myerhof pathway 2. When a muscle
More informationMarah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh
8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon
More informationCitric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism. Entry of Pyruvate into the TCA cycle
Citric Acid Cycle: Central Role in Catabolism Stage II of catabolism involves the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and aminoacids into acetylcoa In aerobic organisms, citric acid cycle makes up the final
More informationTransfer of food energy to chemical energy. Includes anabolic and catabolic reactions. The cell is the metabolic processing center
Metabolism There are a lot of diagrams here. DO NOT, I repeat, DO NOT get overly anxious or excited about them. We will go through them again slowly!! Read the slides, read the book, DO NOT TAKE NOTES.
More informationProtein & Amino Acid Metabolism
Pathophysiology 101-823 Unit 4 Metabolism & Metabolic Disease Protein & Amino Acid Metabolism Paul Anderson FALL 2008 Learning Objectives 1. List the metabolic functions of proteins & amino acids. 2. Explain
More informationGlycolysis Part 2. BCH 340 lecture 4
Glycolysis Part 2 BCH 340 lecture 4 Regulation of Glycolysis There are three steps in glycolysis that have enzymes which regulate the flux of glycolysis These enzymes catalyzes irreversible reactions of
More informationAMINO ACID METABOLISM
AMINO ACID METABOLISM PHL-285 Biochemistry-2 Mahmoud N. Nagi, Ph.D. Professor of Biochemistry Overview of amino acid metabolism. Classification of amino acids. Biosynthesis of nonessential amino acids.
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationBASIC SCIENCES & BIOCHEMISTRY FOR BETZPAENIC BRIMBLERS
BASIC SCIENCES & BIOCHEMISTRY FOR BETZPAENIC BRIMBLERS Lymphatic Vessels One main lymph vessel receives lymph from the right upper arm and the right side of the head and the thorax and empties into the
More informationBiochemistry 7/11/ Bio-Energetics & ATP. 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM
Biochemistry 5. Bio-Energetics & ATP 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration Prof. Dr. Klaus Heese OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM 1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates/ glucose /sugar, lipids/fat, proteins),
More informationChap 3 Metabolism and Growth
Chap 3 Metabolism and Growth I. Metabolism Definitions: Metabolism includes two parts: anabolism and catabolism Catabolism: Anabolism: Aerobic metabolism: catabolism anabolis m catabolis anabolis m Anaerobic
More informationBiol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy to form ATP Cellular Respiration and Metabolism Glucose ATP Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl CoA NAD + Introducing The Players primary substrate for cellular respiration
More informationMETABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS
Dr. M. Sasvari METABOLISM OF AMINO AIDS 1. The fate of the amino group OO - 3 N 24 1 Key structure s Glutamine (Gln), 5 Gln Glutamate (Glu), 5 Glu a-keto-glutarate, 5 akg AMIDE N 2 O - O - 2 2 2 3 N 2
More informationOVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM
Biochemistry 5. Bio-Energetics & ATP 5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM 1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates/ glucose /sugar, lipids/fat, proteins), are our only source
More informationLecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III
Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS
More informationUniversity of Palestine. Final Exam 2016/2017 Total Grade:
Part 1 : Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 1)Which of the following statements about Michaelis-Menten kinetics is correct? a)k m, the Michaelis constant, is defined as the concentration of substrate required
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site. Still having trouble understanding the material? Check
More informationChemistry B11 Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production
Chapter 17 Metabolic pathways & Energy production Metabolism: all the chemical reactions that take place in living cells to break down or build molecules are known as metabolism. The term metabolism refers
More informationMetabolism of amino acids I. Josef Fontana
Metabolism of amino acids I Josef Fontana EC Overview of the lecture Introduction to protein and amino acids metabolism Metabolic pathways of amino acids Transamination Conversion glutamate - glutamine
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr.Diala
number 32 Done by Mousa Salah Corrected by Bahaa Najjar Doctor Dr.Diala 1 P a g e In the last lecture we talked about the common processes between all amino acids which are: transamination, deamination,
More informationBiological oxidation II. The Cytric acid cycle
Biological oxidation II The Cytric acid cycle Outline The Cytric acid cycle (TCA tricarboxylic acid) Central role of Acetyl-CoA Regulation of the TCA cycle Anaplerotic reactions The Glyoxylate cycle Localization
More informationAP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration =
1 AP BIOLOGY Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration = Day 1 p. I. Overview A. Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration breathing, exchange of O 2 for CO 2 2. Cellular respiration aerobic harvesting of energy from food
More informationCHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions
CHE 242 Exam 3 Practice Questions Glucose metabolism 1. Below is depicted glucose catabolism. Indicate on the pathways the following: A) which reaction(s) of glycolysis are irreversible B) where energy
More informationDr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college
Dr. Abir Alghanouchi Biochemistry department Sciences college Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate(the product of glycolysis) passes by special pyruvatetransporter into mitochondria which proceeds as follows:
More informationVocabulary. Chapter 19: The Citric Acid Cycle
Vocabulary Amphibolic: able to be a part of both anabolism and catabolism Anaplerotic: referring to a reaction that ensures an adequate supply of an important metabolite Citrate Synthase: the enzyme that
More informationMetabolism Lecture 10 AMINO ACID DEGRADATION Restricted for students enrolled in MCB102, UC Berkeley, Spring 2008 ONLY
Bryan Krantz: University of California, Berkeley MCB 102, Spring 2008, Metabolism Lecture 10 Reading: Ch. 18 of Principles of Biochemistry, Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea. Syllabus Adjustment.
More informationTutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
Tutorial 27: Metabolism, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain Goals: To be able to describe the overall catabolic pathways for food molecules. To understand what bonds are hydrolyzed in the digestion
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationChemistry 3503 Final exam April 17, Student s name:
Chemistry 3503 Final exam April 17, 2008 Student s name: THIS EXAM IS FOR STUDENTS IN D. CRAIG S SECTION. IF YOU ARE IN M. EZE S SECTION THIS EXAM IS NOT FOR YOU. Part I /40 Part II Question 1 /4 Question
More informationMajor Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Major Pathways in Carbohydrate Metabolism 70 Stage 1: Digestion of Carbohydrates In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller
More informationChapter 8 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of
More informationMetabolism. Metabolism. Energy. Metabolism. Energy. Energy 5/22/2016
5//016 Metabolism Metabolism All the biochemical reactions occurring in the body Generating, storing and expending energy ATP Supports body activities Assists in constructing new tissue Metabolism Two
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More informationLecture 16. Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III
Lecture 16 Finish lipid metabolism (Triglycerides, Isoprenoids/Steroids, Glyoxylate cycle) Amino acid metabolism (Urea cycle) Google Man III The Powertrain of Human Metabolism (verview) CARBHYDRATES PRTEINS
More informationKrebs cycle Energy Petr Tůma Eva Samcová
Krebs cycle Energy - 215 Petr Tůma Eva Samcová Overview of Citric Acid Cycle Key Concepts The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a multistep catalytic process that converts acetyl groups derived from carbohydrates,
More informationBiochemistry: A Short Course
Tymoczko Berg Stryer Biochemistry: A Short Course Second Edition CHAPTER 28 Fatty Acid Synthesis 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 28 Outline 1. The first stage of fatty acid synthesis is transfer
More informationCatabolism of Carbon skeletons of Amino acids. Amino acid metabolism
Catabolism of Carbon skeletons of Amino acids Amino acid metabolism Carbon skeleton Carbon Skeleton a carbon skeleton is the internal structure of organic molecules. Carbon Arrangements The arrangement
More information