NOTES: CH 41 Animal Nutrition & Digestion
|
|
- Richard Brice Copeland
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 NOTES: CH 41 Animal Nutrition & Digestion
2 NUTRITION *Nutrition is the study of nutrients and how the body utilizes them!
3 *ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS: nutrients that human cells cannot synthesize (i.e. certain amino acids)
4 CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate sources: -starch -glycogen -disaccharides -monosaccharides -cellulose (not digested, but provides FIBER)
5 CARBOHYDRATES How are carbohydrates used? -they are broken down (oxidized) which releases energy from glucose -excess glucose is stored as glycogen or converted to fat -most carbohydrates supply ENERGY
6 CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrate requirements: -recommended that carbs make up 60% of a person s diet -physically active individuals require more fuel than sedentary ones -cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that humans cannot digest; provides FIBER
7 LIPIDS Lipid sources: -plant oils (unsaturated): corn oil, olive oil -animal products (saturated): butter, lard
8 LIPIDS How are lipids used? -the liver and adipose (fat) tissue work together to regulate triglyceride metabolism -lipids supply energy (long-term) -lipids are used to build cell structures -cholesterol is present in membranes and is also used to synthesize certain hormones
9 LIPIDS Lipid requirements: -recommended that not more than 30% of diet is fat intake -saturated fats should comprise no more than 10% of diet -must be sufficient to carry fat-soluble vitamins
10 PROTEINS Protein sources -meats, fish, poultry, dairy products, cereals, legumes -complete proteins have adequate amounts of all essential amino acids -incomplete proteins lack adequate amounts of one or more essential amino acids
11 PROTEINS How are proteins used? -structural (collagen, elastin, keratin) -enzymes (lactase, lipase, amylase) that control metabolic reactions -antibodies (fight infection) -messengers (hormones) -transport (hemoglobin; cell membrane proteins) -may provide energy
12 PROTEINS Protein requirements: -should make up about 10% of diet -must supply essential amino acids -pregnant and nursing women should increase their protein intake
13 VITAMINS (organic compounds required in small amounts)
14 VITAMINS Fat-soluble vitamins: -dissolve in (and stored in) fat -include vitamins A, D, E, and K -resist the effects of heat (therefore cooking does not destroy them)
15 VITAMINS Water-soluble vitamins: -dissolve in water -include the B vitamins and vitamin C -cooking or processing food destroys some water-soluble vitamins
16 MINERALS (elements, other than carbon, needed in small amounts for normal metabolism)
17 MINERALS Characteristics: -most are stored in the bones and teeth -can be incorporated into organic molecules (parts of enzymes, vitamins, etc.) -can be in the form of free ions (example: Ca 2+ ions in muscle cells)
18 MINERALS Mineral functions include: -structural materials -can function as part of enzymes -play vital roles in metabolic processes -maintaining ph of body fluids
19 MINERALS Examples of Major Minerals: -calcium (Ca) -chlorine (Cl) -phosphorus (P) -magnesium (Mg) -potassium (K) -sulfur (S) -sodium (Na)
20 MINERALS Examples of Trace Elements: -iron (Fe) -cobalt (Co) -manganese (Mn) -zinc (Zn) -copper (Cu) -fluorine (F) -iodine (I) -selenium (Se)
21 ADEQUATE DIETS an adequate diet provides sufficient: Energy Essential nutrients
22 *essential nutrients are necessary to support optimal growth, maintenance, and tissue repair malnutrition is poor nutrition due to: -Lack of food -Failure to make the best use of available food
23 MALNUTRITION *Malnutrition may be due to: UNDERNUTRITION (deficiency diseases) OVERNUTRITION (excess diseases)
24
25 Food processing occurs in 4 stages: 1) Ingestion (act of eating) 2) Digestion (into smaller molecules) 3) Absorption (of nutrients) 4) Elimination (of wastes)
26 DIGESTION Digestion is the process of mechanically and chemically breaking down foods and absorbing the breakdown products. The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs.
27 Alimentary canal includes: mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus
28 Accessory organs are: salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas
29 THE ALIMENTARY CANAL *The alimentary canal is a muscular tube that passes through the body s ventral cavity. Different regions carry out different functions.
30 Movements of the tube: MIXING MOVEMENTS and PROPELLING MOVEMENTS (include a wavelike motion called PERISTALSIS)
31 MOUTH (Oral Cavity) *receives food and begins digestion Tongue: -rough projections (PAPILLAE) on surface of tongue provide friction to handle food -papillae also contain TASTE BUDS
32 MOUTH (Oral Cavity) TEETH: teeth are used to mechanically break food into smaller pieces (this increases the surface area of food allowing digestive enzymes to react more effectively with the food molecules)
33 SALIVARY GLANDS *3 pairs of salivary glands secrete SALIVA, which moistens food, helps bind food particles, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates, makes taste possible, and helps cleanse the mouth.
34 SALIVARY GLANDS secrete a watery fluid that contains the digestive enzyme AMYLASE (starts to break down starch and glycogen into smaller disaccharides) secrete a thick fluid called MUCUS, which binds food particles and lubricates during swallowing
35 Pharynx / Throat leads to esophagus and trachea when food is swallowed, trachea is blocked by EPIGLOTTIS (cartilage flap)
36 ESOPHAGUS ESOPHAGUS: a food passageway from the pharynx to the stomach -at distal end, circular smooth muscle fibers thicken and close the entrance to the stomach (prevents regurgitation); -if some of the acidic stomach contents are regurgitated (reflux) into the esophagus, may cause HEARTBURN
37 STOMACH *the stomach receives food, mixes it with gastric juice, initiates protein digestion, carries on a limited amount of absorption, and moves food into the small intestine.
38 Structure / Parts: STOMACH -has a capacity of about 1 L -separated from the small intestine by a powerful circular muscle: PYLORIC SPHINCTER
39 PYLORIC SPHINCTER
40 STOMACH Gastric secretions include: mucus digestive enzymes hydrochloric acid (HCl) *together, these secretions form GASTRIC JUICE
41
42 STOMACH PEPSIN: most important digestive enzyme in gastric juice -secreted in an inactive form: PEPSINOGEN -when it comes into contact with hydrochloric acid, it becomes the active PEPSIN (a protease)
43 STOMACH *a layer of thick mucus is produced by cells in the stomach s inner lining this protective coating prevents the stomach from digesting itself.
44 STOMACH Mixing and emptying actions: - CHYME = a mixture of food particles and gastric juice produced by mixing -chyme is emptied into the small intestine where chemical digestion continues
45 PANCREAS Structure of the pancreas: the pancreas produces PANCREATIC JUICE that is then secreted into the PANCREATIC DUCT, which leads to the DUODENUM (first portion of the small intestine)
46
47 PANCREAS Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that split or break down: carbohydrates proteins fats / lipids nucleic acids *pancreatic juice also has a high bicarbonate ion concentration that helps neutralize chyme and causes intestinal contents to be alkaline (basic).
48 Hormones regulate / control pancreatic secretion: as chyme enters the duodenum, the duodenal mucous membrane secretes the hormone SECRETIN stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice that has a high conc. of bicarbonate ions proteins and fats in the chyme within the duodenum cause the duodenal membrane to release the hormone CHOLECYSTOKININ! stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice that has a high conc. of digestive enzymes
49 CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) word #3 on my list!!!...let s see, so far we have: 1) Okazaki fragments 2) plasmodesmata 3) cholecystokinin 4) acetylcholinesterase 5)??? 6) rubisco 7) chaperonins 8) Islets of Langerhans 9) Batesian mimicry 10) nodes of Ranvier
50 LIVER Structure of the liver: The liver is divided into a large RIGHT LOBE and a smaller LEFT LOBE.
51
52 Liver functions include: metabolizing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; storage of some substances; filtering the blood; destroying toxins; secreting bile. **Bile is the only liver secretion that directly affects DIGESTION!!
53 Composition of BILE: BILE contains: *bile salts bile pigments cholesterol electrolytes *only the BILE SALTS have digestive functions!
54 GALLBLADDER the gallbladder stores bile between meals and releases bile into the small intestine via the CYSTIC DUCT and COMMON BILE DUCT cholesterol in the bile may form solid GALLSTONES which could block the ducts
55
56
57 Functions of Bile Salts: emulsify fats (surround and break them down into small droplets) aid in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain vitamins
58 SMALL INTESTINE *the small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver, completes nutrient digestion, absorbs the products of digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine.
59 SMALL INTESTINE the small intestine consists of the: DUODENUM (first 25 cm) JEJUNUM ILEUM
60 Structure of the small intestine wall: the wall is lined with VILLI that increase the surface area and aid in mixing and absorption (these, in turn, are covered with smaller extensions called MICROVILLI) intestinal glands are located between the villi
61
62 Secretions of the small intestine: secretions include: MUCUS and DIGESTIVE ENZYMES digestive enzymes split molecules of SUGARS, PROTEINS, and FATS into simpler forms *these secretions are released when stimulated by gastric juice, chyme, and stretching of the small intestine s wall
63 Absorption in the small intestine: the intestinal villi absorb the products of carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion the villi also absorb electrolytes and water
64 **if food is rushed through the small intestine, not enough absorption of these things takes place and the result is DIARRHEA.
65 LARGE INTESTINE *the large intestine reabsorbs water and electrolytes, and forms and stores FECES
66 LARGE INTESTINE the large intestine consists of the: -CECUM -COLON (ASCENDING, TRANSVERSE, DESCENDING, and SIGMOID COLON) -RECTUM -ANAL CANAL
67 Functions of the Large Intestine: has little or no digestive function secretes mucus absorbs water and electrolytes forms and stores FECES
68 FECES consist of: -Water -Electrolytes -Bacteria -Undigested material -Mucus
NOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2)
NOTES: The Digestive System (Ch 14, part 2) PANCREAS Structure of the pancreas: The pancreas produces PANCREATIC JUICE that is then secreted into a pancreatic duct. The PANCREATIC DUCT leads to the The
More informationDigestive System. Digestive System. Digestion is the process of reducing food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body.
Digestive System Digestion is the process of reducing food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body. 2 Types of Digestion Mechanical digestion physical breakdown of food into small particles
More informationORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES: 1. List and describe the major activities of the digestive system. 2. Identify and give the functions of the organs in and along the digestive tract. MAJOR ACTIVITIES
More informationDigestive System 7/15/2015. Outline Digestive System. Digestive System
Digestive System Biology 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 15 Outline Digestive System I. Functions II. Layers of the GI tract III. Major parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
More informationDIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010
DIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010 DIAGRAM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Mouth Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Large Intestine Appendix Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Rectum Anus STAGES OF DIGESTION: 1. INGESTION Taking
More informatione. Undigested material is compacted and stored until the colon is full. When the colon is full, a signal to empty it is sent by sensors in the walls
Digestive System 1. General a. Animals obtain energy by breaking food molecules into smaller pieces. b. The basic fuel molecules are amino acids, lipids and sugars c. Digestion is the chemical breakdown
More informationBiology 20: Digestive System Did you get it? Questions and Answers
Biology 20: Digestive System Did you get it? Questions and Answers Mouth 1. What is the purpose of chewing? a. break food into smaller pieces so there is a greater SA for chemicals to work on. 2. Salivary
More informationLesson Overview The Digestive System
30.3 THINK ABOUT IT The only system in the body that food actually enters is the digestive system. So how does food get to the rest of the body after the process of digestion? Functions of the Digestive
More informationDigestive System. Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy
Digestive System Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy Nutrients Nutrient = chemical that must be obtained by an organism from it s environment in order to survive; nutrients
More informationIncludes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition Digestive System Brings Nutrients Into the Body The digestive system includes Gastrointestinal (GI) tract (hollow tube) Lumen: space within this tube Includes
More informationDigestive System. How your body obtains nutrients. Wednesday, March 2, 16
Digestive System How your body obtains nutrients Vocabulary Ingestion: food enters the system Physical and enzymatic breakdown begins Digestion: Further breakdown Chemical/enzymatic Vocabulary Absorption:
More informationANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 13 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system also known as the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract consists of a series of hollow organs joined in a
More informationChapter 8: Digestion. Structure and Functions of Digestive Organs Macronutrients Digestive Enzymes
Chapter 8: Digestion Structure and Functions of Digestive Organs Macronutrients Digestive Enzymes What organisms need Digestion? Heterotrophs - rely on ingestion of organic molecules for production of
More informationThe Digestive System. Chapter 25
The Digestive System Chapter 25 Introduction Structure of the digestive system A tube that extends from mouth to anus Accessory organs are attached Functions include Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption
More informationThe Digestive System. Prepares food for use by all body cells.
The Digestive System Prepares food for use by all body cells. Digestion The chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts. Lipids to fatty acids Proteins to individual amino
More informationLearning Targets. The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract. Also known as the alimentary canal. Hollow series of organs that food passes through
Digestion the multistep process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use Learning Targets Describe the path food takes through the digestive system. Identify the major organs of the digestive
More informationAll organisms must obtain and process essential nutrients (food) *** Exception: Venus Fly Traps undergo photosynthesis but needs source of nitrogen
All organisms must obtain and process essential nutrients (food) AUTOTROPHS self feeder makes their own food eg. Plants do not require a digestive tract *** Exception: Venus Fly Traps undergo photosynthesis
More informationChapter 21 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
Chapter 21 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION Stages of Food Processing 1. Ingestion: The act of eating. Usually involves placing food in mouth or oral cavity. 2. Digestion: Macromolecules in food (fats, proteins,
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS. Mar 16 10:34 PM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS Mar 16 10:34 PM 1 I. Digestive System Functions > Ingestion the taking in of food > Propulsion movement caused by force > Digestion breakdown
More informationChapter 9: Digestion Review Assignment
_ Date: Mark: /45 Chapter 9: Digestion Review Assignment 45 Multiple Choice = 45 Marks Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following roles do
More informationThe Digestive System (11.1 and 11.2) Mar 27 9:53 AM. Section 11.1 The chemical Foundation of Digestion
Chapter 11 The Digestive System (11.1 and 11.2) Biology 2201 Section 11.1 The chemical Foundation of Digestion All organisms need food, and all foods contain nutrients. Nutrients are the substances that
More informationTopic 6: Human Physiology
Topic 6: Human Physiology 6.1 Digestion and Absorption D.1 Human Nutrition D.2 Digestion Essential Understandings: The structure of the digestive system allows it to move, digest, and absorb food. A balanced
More informationSummary of chemical breakdown of food by hydrolytic enzymes (Protein enzymes).
Biology 12 Digestive System Digestion Overview: The digestive process can be divided into 4 phases: 1. ingestion - includes swallowing and peristalsis 2. digestion - the physical (by teeth) and chemical
More informationChapter 15 Food and Digestion
Chapter 15 Food and Digestion Activity: Use Qualitative Observations (5 senses) to describe: What happens when you see candy? How does it smell? How do you chomp it into smaller pieces or swallow candy
More informationTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Composed of two parts: 1. 2. There are 4 main parts of digestion: 1. Ingestion: 2. Digestion: a. Mechanical Digestion: Example: b. Chemical Digestion: Example: 3. Absorption: 4. Egestion:
More informationNutrients and Digestion
Nutrients and Digestion Nutrition what is needed to be taken in to keep the body healthy Essential Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water Carbohydrates Types of sugars combined in
More informationAFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by. broken down. the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!!
Chemical Digestion ***ANSWERS**** Name Period Date AFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!! Special
More informationChapter 11 The Digestive System. Biology 2201
Chapter 11 The Digestive System Biology 2201 Section 11.1 The chemical Foundation of Digestion All organisms need food, and all foods contain nutrients. Nutrients are the substances that provide the energy
More informationAn overview of the digestive system. mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus
An overview of the digestive system mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus Why GIT? What are the main steps in the digestive process? Ingestion intake of food via the
More informationWhat is Digestion? The break down of food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed and used by the body
Digestive System What is Digestion? The break down of food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed and used by the body What is Digestion? This involves: Ingestion and propulsion of food along
More informationObjective 4- Digestion
Objective 4- Digestion 1. Describe why cells require nutrients Supply energy for metabolism (cell activities), matter for synthesis of new materials, cell reproduction, secretion and to regulate cell processes
More informationChapter 26 The Digestive System
Chapter 26 The Digestive System Digestive System Gastroenterology is the study of the stomach and intestine. Digestion Catabolism Absorption Anabolism The actions of the digestive system are controlled
More information10/23/2013 ANIMAL NUTRITION ANIMAL NUTRITION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: AMINO ACIDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter
More informationHuman Biology. Digestive System
Human Biology Digestive System Digestion - Defined Prepares food for use by all body cells The physical and/or chemical breakdown of food Did you know: the average person eats more than 500kg of food per
More informationDigestive System. What happens to the donut you ate for breakfast this morning?
Digestive System What happens to the donut you ate for breakfast this morning? Free Tutoring and Extra Credit!!! Digestive System: Is the basic process of breaking down the food you eat into individual
More information11/1/2008. The Digestive System. April 2008
Chapter 11 The Digestive System Biology 2201 April 2008 Section 11.1 The chemical Foundation of Digestion All organisms need food, and all foods contain nutrients. Nutrients are the substances that provide
More informationCh41 Animal Nutrition
Ch41 Animal Nutrition Digestive system Purpose = break down food into smaller nutrients to be used in the body for energy and raw materials for biosynthesis Overview of food processing Ingestion: act of
More informationAN ANIMAL S DIET MUST SUPPLY CHEMICAL ENERGY, ORGANIC MOLECULES, AND ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
1 ANIMAL NUTRITION 2 3 4 5 6 7 Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores eat mainly plants and algae Carnivores
More informationDigestive System Notes. Biology - Mrs. Kaye
Digestive System Notes Biology - Mrs. Kaye Digestion There are two kinds of digestion: Mechanical digestion - the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces to increase surface area for more enzyme
More informationBIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ORGANS MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE SALIVARY GLANDS PANCREAS LIVER
More informationHuman Digestive System
3.3.4 Human Digestive System Need to know The functions of the main parts of the alimentary canal and the associated glands Function of teeth. The human dental formula Role of mechanical digestion and
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System s Big Book of Handouts Digestion and nutrition Specific Learning outcomes B11-2-01: Identify major structures and functions of the human digestive system from a diagram, model, or
More informationThe digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs. The Digestive System
The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs. The Digestive System The Digestive System The digestive system mechanically and chemically breaks down food. Mechanical
More informationDigestive System. Unit 6.11 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.11 (7 th Edition)
Digestive System Unit 6.11 (6 th Edition) Chapter 7.11 (7 th Edition) 1 Learning Objectives Identify the major organs of the digestive system. Explain the locations and functions of three organs in the
More informationNURSE-UP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA G.I. SYSTEM
NURSE-UP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA G.I. SYSTEM The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body.
More informationChapter 15 Food and Digestion
Chapter 15 Food and Digestion 15.1A Food and Energy Functions of Nutrients 1. 2. 3. 4. Calories = amt. of energy in food RDA depends on age, gender, size and activity level Types of Nutrients (includes
More informationDigestive System Lecture Notes Read Ch 14; review questions start on page 477 S/A # 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 35
The PRINCIPLE structure of the digestive system is the Alimentary Canal (Gastrointestinal Tract) = hollow tube much like a hallway in a home. I. Functions of the Digestive System a. Ingestion: Putting
More informationThe Digestive System. Basic process of digestion. Mouth and Teeth 10/30/2016
The Digestive System Basic process of digestion 1. Ingestion: animal eats food. 2. Digestion: animal body breaks food down. Mechanical digestion: chewing (mastication). Chemical digestion: enzymes and
More informationAFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by broken down. the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!!
Chemical Digestion Name Period Date AFTER mechanical digestion, the pieces of food are still to be used by broken down the cells. They MUST be EVEN MORE!!!!!! Special
More information10/18/2017 ANIMAL NUTRITION ANIMAL NUTRITION ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS AN ANIMAL S DIET MUST STUPPLY: AMINO ACIDS
ANIMAL NUTRITION Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal nutrition In general, animals fall into three categories: Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores ANIMAL NUTRITION Chapter
More informationChapter 15 Digestion and Nutrition
Chapter 15 Digestion and Nutrition Digestive System: Digestion refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods so that nutrients can be absorbed by cells. The digestive system consists of the
More informationKRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi
KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi Prof, Dept. Of Pharmacology KTPC The Digestive System Food undergoes six major processes: 1. Ingestion : process
More informationUnit 3 Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium I Topic: Human Digestive System Page 1 of 13. The Chemical Foundation of Digestion
Page 1 of 13 The Chemical Foundation of Digestion All organisms, regardless of size or complexity, have some method to obtain the essential nutrients they need for survival. Heterotrophs: Organisms that
More informationThe process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood. ABSORPTION AS RELATED TO DIGESTION
ABSORPTION AS RELATED TO DIGESTION The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood. 3 FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTION Breaks down food into molecules the body
More informationNutrition and Digestion
Nutrition and Digestion Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water Macronutrients Carbon-containing compounds Energy and raw material Includes carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins
More informationDigestive Lecture Test Questions Set 4
Digestive Lecture Test Questions Set 4 1. Which of the following is not associated directly with the small intestine: a. villi b. circular folds c. microvilli d. haustrae e. secretin 2. The largest (longest)
More informationTHE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The Human Digestive System We will divide the Human Digestive System into two main topics: 1. Nutrition and what our body needs 2. How the human body breaks down food and makes
More informationNutrition. Autotrophs. plants, some protists & bacteria producers
Nutrition Autotrophs plants, some protists & bacteria producers Nutrition Heterotrophs animals, fungi, some protists & bacteria consumers Animal Nutrition Most obtain food by ingestion take in their food
More informationTwo main groups Alimentary canal continuous coiled hollow tube Accessory digestive organs
Digestion Breakdown of ingested food Absorption of nutrients into the blood Metabolism Production of cellular energy (ATP) Constructive and degradative cellular activities Two main groups Alimentary canal
More informationFull file at
An. Dif. Page(s) Multiple Choice Chapter 2 Digestion and Absorption c K 39 1. Another name for the digestive tract is the: a. urinary tract. b. exocrine system. c. gastrointestinal system. d. muscular
More informationThe Small Intestine. The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach opens, squirting small amounts of food into your small intestine.
The Small Intestine The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach opens, squirting small amounts of food into your small intestine. approximately six metres (the longest section of your digestive
More informationSphincters heartburn diaphragm The Stomach gastric glands pepsin, chyme The Small Intestine 1-Digestion Is Completed in the Small Intestine duodenum
Sphincters are muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves. The tubes close when the sphincters contract and they open when the sphincters relax. When food or saliva is swallowed, the sphincter relaxes
More information1. Three Main Functions. Chapter 19: 2. Two Groups of digestive organs. 2. Two Groups of digestive organs 6/1/2015. The Wall of the Digestive Tract
1. Three Main Functions Chapter 19: General Structure and Function of the Digestive System Digestion-breakdown of food into small particles for transport to blood Absorption- into bloodstream to take to
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System Key words Pharynx oesophagus stomach intestine epiglottis gall bladder Pancreas peristalsis liver enzyme rectum sphincter Pyloric duodenum jejunum ileum bile lipase Amylase trypsin
More informationHarvesting energy from food. Digestion: A Closer Look. Where digestion begins. Salivary Glands 4/17/13. Or how food gets from
Harvesting energy from food Or how food gets from to and body structures Cheese protein (a polymer of amino acids in a specific sequence) Breakdown of protein by human digestive system Amino acid monomer
More informationDigestive Tract. Also called alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract. stomach small intestine large intestine - anus
Digestive Tract Also called alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract Mouth pharynxepiglottis- esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine - anus Digestive Tract Digestion: The mechanical and chemical
More informationNutrition, part 2. Because 1 part isn t enough!
Nutrition, part 2 Because 1 part isn t enough! 4. Calories and Caloric Intake Calories per gram of our Macro and Micro nutrients Macro Carbohydrates: 4 cal/g Fats: 9 cal/g Proteins: 4 cal/g Micro Vitamins:
More informationThe Digestive System and Body Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 14PART C Accessory Digestive Organs Teeth Salivary glands
More informationThe Digestive System. Chapter 16. Introduction. Overview of Digestive System. Histological Organization. Movement and Mixing of Digestive Materials
The Digestive System Chapter 16 Introduction Structure of the digestive system A tube that extends from mouth to anus Accessory organs are attached Functions include Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption
More informationEnergy, Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Phosphorylation Hydrolysis Energy, Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chapter 2 (selections) What is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Chemical Bond Energy Like a rechargeable
More informationI. The Alimentary Canal (GI track)
A. About 9 meters long B. Passes through the ventral cavity. C.Movements of the Tube 1. Mixing movements- smooth muscles contract rhythmically. 2. Propelling movements- a wavelike motion called peristalsis.
More informationDigestion and Nutrition. Chapter 40
Digestion and Nutrition Chapter 40 Impacts, Issues Hormones and Hunger Fat cells secrete leptin, which reduces appetite; an empty stomach secretes ghrelin, which makes you hungry the goal is healthy nutrition
More informationThe Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy
The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology W: www.wsbht.co.uk E: holistics@wsbht.co.uk T: 07824 337333 Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology
More informationSNC4M The Digestive System
SNC4M The Digestive System What is digestion? Chemical and mechanical breakdown of organic molecules into units small enough for the body to absorb These molecules provide: 1. Energy resources 2. Essential
More informationDigestion, Absorption, and Transport
Digestion Digestion, Absorption, and Transport Chapter 3 Breaking down foods into nutrients Prepare for absorption Challenges of digestion Accessing Nutrients digestion Getting nutrients through the body
More information- Digestion occurs during periods of low activity - Produces more energy than it uses. - Mucosa
Introduction Digestive System Chapter 29 Provides processes to break down molecules into a state easily used by cells - A disassembly line: Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus Digestive functions
More informationMCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System
MCAT Biology Problem Drill 20: The Digestive System Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. During the oral phase of swallowing,. Question #01 A. Initially, the food bolus is moved to the back of the tongue and
More information1. Three Main Functions. Chapter 19: 2. Two Groups of digestive organs. 2. Two Groups of digestive organs. 1. The Teeth 5/18/2015
1. Three Main Functions Chapter 19: General Structure and Function of the Digestive System Digestion-breakdown of food into small particles for transport to blood Absorption- into bloodstream to take to
More informationPPL2O Human Digestion The human digestive system is a complex process that consists of breaking down large organic masses into smaller particles that
PPL2O Human Digestion The human digestive system is a complex process that consists of breaking down large organic masses into smaller particles that the body can absorb and use. The breakdown of the nutrients
More informationRebel Biology - Nutrition. organisms need a variety of nutrients to perform life s activities. carbs, proteins. vitamins, water,
Rebel Biology - Nutrition organisms need a variety of nutrients to perform life s activities the most important ones are fats, carbs, proteins vitamins, water, these either provide direct value(fats/carbs/proteins)
More information1) Four main feeding mechanisms of animals a) Suspension feeders i) (1) Humpback whales b) Substrate feeders i)
1 AP Biology March 2008 Digestion Chapter 41 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal s energy budget. 1) Four main feeding mechanisms of animals Suspension feeders (1) Humpback whales Substrate feeders
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES. tube along with several
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES Digestion Breakdown of food and the of nutrients in the bloodstream. Metabolism Production of for and cellular activities. The digestive system is composed of the canal which
More informationa. parotid b. sublingual c. submandibular
Bozeman Science/ Nature The Digestive System Watch the videos, and answer the questions below. Please write your answers in complete sentences, and explain all concepts thoroughly. 1. What are the four
More informationA. Incorrect! The esophagus connects the pharynx and the stomach.
Human Physiology - Problem Drill 19: Digestive Physiology and Nutrition Question No. 1 of 10 Instructions: (1) Read the problem and answer choices carefully, (2) Work the problems on paper as 1. This organ
More informationPHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Student Name CHAPTER 26 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM D igestion is the process of breaking down complex nutrients into simpler units suitable for absorption. It involves two major processes: mechanical
More informationChapter 15 Digestive System and Nutrition
Chapter 15 Digestive System and Nutrition 15.1 Introduction (Fig. 15.1) A. Digestion refers to the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods so that nutrients can be absorbed by cells. B. The digestive
More informationThe Human Digestive Tract
The Human Digestive Tract The Mouth salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submaxillary) - produces saliva --->lubricate food ---> dissolves food particles ---> allows us to taste food --->contains amylase
More informationTHE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Ingested food may be stored or first subjected to physical fragmentation Chemical digestion occurs next Hydrolysis reactions liberate the subunit molecules
More information(*) (*) Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Uptake of nutrients by body cells (intestine)
Human Digestive System Food is pushed along the digestive tract by peristalsis the rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the canal Accessory glands. Main stages of food processing
More informationThe Digestive System and Body Metabolism
14 PART C The Digestive System and Body Metabolism PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB
More informationChapter 14: The Digestive System
Chapter 14: The Digestive System Digestive system consists of Muscular tube (digestive tract) alimentary canal Accessory organs teeth, tongue, glandular organs 6 essential activities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
More informationChapter 2 Digestion and Absorption
314 Chapter 2 Digestion and Absorption Multiple Choice 1. Another name for the digestive tract is the: a. urinary tract. b. exocrine system. c. gastrointestinal system. d. muscular system. 2. The digestive
More informationName Date Class. 2. Is the following sentence true or false? Food is required for the body to. maintain homeostasis, keeping a steady internal state.
CHAPTER 11 FOOD AND DIGESTION SECTION 11 1 Food and Energy (pages 370-380) This section tells about the six nutrients needed by the body. It also describes the Food Guide Pyramid and how to read labels
More informationCHAPTER 22: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Jayda Cortez Kimberly Navarro
CHAPTER 22: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Jayda Cortez Kimberly Navarro Objectives - Describe the functions of the organs that make up the digestive system - Identify and describe the four stages of food processing
More informationThe Digestive System
Digestive System 1 Name The Digestive System Purpose: To describe how food moves through the digestive system. To identify the parts of the digestive system. Background Information: Food provides us with
More information1. Animals are heterotrophs that require food for fuel, carbon skeletons, and essential nutrients: an overview
1. Animals are heterotrophs that require food for fuel, carbon skeletons, and essential nutrients: an overview A nutritionally adequate diet satisfies three needs: fuel (chemical energy) for all the cellular
More informationBody Basics Chapter 4
Body Basics Chapter 4 1 Chapter 4- Body Basics (Nutrition) Chapter Learning Outcomes 1. Define key basic chemistry terms, including atom, element, ion, chemical bond, solution, solvent, solute, acid, base,
More informationMonday, October Pick up a little man from the front table. Color and glue it into your journal on the next available page.
1. Pick up a little man from the front table. Color and glue it into your journal on the next available page. 2. Answer the following question on the same page: How do proteins, lipids and carbs impact
More information10.2 The Human Digestive System (textbook p )
10.2 The Human Digestive System (textbook p411 418) Learning Goal: Label and explain the anatomy of the Digestive System See text p411 Fig.10.6: Label "Organs of Digestive System": See text p411 Fig.10.6:
More informationBIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB ANALOGY PAGES 248-265 MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D. DIGESTIVE ORGANS ALIMENTARY CANAL MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE
More information