Integrated Control of Aphids. Michelangelo La Spina, PhD

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3 Integrated Control of Aphids Michelangelo La Spina, PhD

4 What is an aphid? Also named: plant lice; green flies Sap-sucking insects Soft bodies Small: mm Cornicles Feed on many hosts: Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Cauda

5 Life cycle: How do aphids reproduce? fundatrices Primary host Crop Spring - Summer Apterous virginoparae eggs Fall - Winter Females: oviparae male Herbaceous plants

6 Aphid damage Foliar and floral damage: Chlorosis Rolling Deformation Reduced photosynthesis: Honeydew Fungi Virus transmission: Cucumber mosaic virus Leaf mottling Stunting

7 Why are aphids a problem? Aphids can DOUBLE their population in as little as 2-3 days! Clonal reproduction: no males Telescoping generations They spread really fast

8 Aphid identification Hi! What s your name?

9 Aphid identification I m an adult

10 Aphid identification Look my head Myzus persicae: Green Peach aphid Aulacorthum solani: Foxglove aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae: Potato aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni: Chrysantemum aphid Aphis gossypii: Melon aphid

11 Aphid identification Look the length of my antennae Bigger than body Shorter than body Aulacorthum solani: Foxglove aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae: Potato aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni: Chrysantemum aphid Myzus persicae: Melon aphid Aphis gossypii: Melon aphid

12 Aphid identification Look my head again Myzus persicae: Green Peach aphid Aphis gossypii: Melon aphid

13 Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae

14 Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae

15 Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii

16 Foxglove Aphid, Aulacorthum solani Dark green spot above each cornicle

17 Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae

18 Chrysanthemum Aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni

19 Monitoring Early detection - scouting Sticky cards What and where to scout? Place in the plant Leaves and flowers Honeydew and/or white cast skins

20 Monitoring Sticky cards Only winged aphids Not for mass trapping Don t wait to see an aphid Early detection?

21 Monitoring Where to scout? Place in the plant Depends on the aphid and the crop Some aphids prefer substrate level, others flowers Bottom leaves deformation Yellow spot Aggregation on flowers

22 Monitoring Check underside of leaves Most of aphids prefer underside of leaf: to detect them -> turn leaves over Use an hand lens to identify them Check if they are alone: probably there are bios!!!!

23 Monitoring Honeydew and/or white cast skins Honeydew: small droplets Shiny Black fungi White cast skins: Aphids are around Aphids are on the leaf If you see these signs, aphid colony is quite big

24 Biological control Parasitoids Specialists on aphids Aphidius Aphelinus Lay egg(s) inside the aphid Larvae eat the aphid from inside Hyperparasitoids: inconvenient

25 Biological control Parasitoids 5-7 days and Surprise!!!!

26 Biological control Predators Generalists Disruptive searching behaviour Kill and eat Stealthy searching behaviour Anesthetize and eat Larvae and adults: eat aphids Adults eat pollen, larvae eat aphids

27 Biological control Ladybirds

28 Biological control Lacewings

29 Biological control Gall midge

30 Biological control Hoverfly

31 Biological control Matching Natural Enemy Natural Enemy Green Peach Aphid Melon Aphid Potato aphid Foxglove aphid A. colemani A. matricariae A. ervi Aphelinus Aphidoletes

32 Aphids and biocontrol agents Disruptive vs Stealthy bios Distribution of aphids after an attack Aphidius ervi causes aphid dropping behaviour Control Ervi Aphidoletes Adults Aphidoletes larvae Aphidoletes aphidimyza adults and larvae do not cause dropping behaviour Aphids on the leaf Aphids on the fluon cup Aphids Elsewhere

33 Biological control Release Recommendations Read the label release recommendations Check quality: Wasps alive Wasp walking Use bio-boxes Store products in the correct place (label) Aphidoletes is delicate: Release at dusk Don t remove from original container Photo: Betsy Lamb, Cornell

34 Biological control Biopesticides Botanigard: Beauveria bassiana containing insecticide Met52EC : insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae strain

35 Number of aphids Biopesticides in greenhouse Control BeLeaf Met52 EC Pea Protein Met52 EC and Pea protein have a good control of aphid population, especially at week 1. There are no differences between Met 52 EC and Pea protein week 0 week 1 week 2 Use Met52 EC or Pea protein as an alternative to chemicals.

36 Chemical control Systemic Pesticides Beleaf (flonicamid) Endevor (pymetrozine) Affects the aphid s feeding mechanism; starves to death in 3-4 days. Compatible with biocontrols Insect Growth Regulators Enstar II Prevents aphids from turning into adults slow population reduction Compatible with biological control

37 Aphid numbers IPM strategy Bio Bio Bio Crop Chemical

38 Temperatures and Bios Development time in days Pests 59 F (15 C) 62.6 F (17 C) 68 F (20 C) 71.6 F (22 C) 77 F (25 C) 82.4 F (28 C) 86 F (30 C) 91.4 F (33 C) 95 F (35 C) Green peach aphid Melon aphid Foxglove aphid Beneficials 59 F (15 C) Development time in days 62.6 F (17 C) 68 F (20 C) 69.8 F (21 C) 77 F (25 C) 86 F (30 C) Ervi Colemani Matricariae Aphidoletes

39 Number of A. ervi per block Number Aphids per block Preventative vs Curative Preventative vs Curative Curative Preventative Preventative vs Curative: Ervi Curative Preventative In the curative treatment A. ervi was able to reproduce in the greenhouse. In the preventative treatment A. ervi leave the greenhouse. Aphids numbers do not increase in the preventative treatment, however they increase in the curative treatment

40 Acknowledgements Sarah Jandricic Rose Buitenhuis Rebecca Eerkes Ashley Summerfield Taro Saito Michael Brownbridge

41 Thank you Michelangelo La Spina, PhD Research Associate, Biological Control

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