2 5.1 Roots of Withania somnifera Structure of Withanolide G 99. A- C 22 -O- β-d-glucoside) Structure of Withaferin A 100

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1 LIST OF FIGURES Standardization and Quality Evaluation of Herbal Drugs Roots of Withania somnifera Structure of Withanolide G Structure of Sitoindosides IX (withaferin-a-c 22 -Oβ-D-glucoside) Sitoindosides X (6 -O-palmitoyl- 99 A- C 22 -O- β-d-glucoside) Structure of Withaferin A Video-images of TLC plates showing Component I and Chloroform fraction of Ashwagandha HPTLC chromatogram of reference standard withaferin A (R f 0.85) HPTLC chromatogram of Component I (R f 0.86) HPLC profile of reference standard: RT min HPLC profile of Component I: RT min HPLC chromatogram of standard withaferin A using the optimized parameters HPLC chromatogram of methanol extract of Ashwagandha using the optimized parameters Linearity graph of withaferin A (r 2 = ) Fruits of Momordica charantia Structure of Beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside Structure of Momordicin Video-images of TLC plates showing methanol fraction of Karela and Component II HPTLC chromatogram of reference standard Betasitosterol-D-glucoside ( R f = 0.48) HPTLC chromatogram of component II (R f = 0.47) 140 iii

2 HPLC profile of reference standard: RT min HPLC profile of Component II: RT min HPTLC Chromatogram of Beta-sitosterol-Dglucoside using optimized parameters HPTLC profile of methanol extract of Karela using optimized parameters HPTLC profile of formulation containing Ashwagandha using optimized parameters Calibration curve of Beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside HPTLC Chromatogram of Withaferin A and Beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside HPTLC Chromatogram of methanol extract of Ashwagandha showing peaks of Withaferin A and 162 Beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside Calibration curve of Withaferin A Calibration curve of Beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside Whole plant of Bacopa monnieri Structures of some saponins from Bacopa monnieri Structure of major saponins of Bacoside A Videoimage of chloroform fraction of Brahmi showing the Bacoside A band at R f Videoimage of TLC plate showing component III and chloroform fraction of Brahmi HPTLC chromatogram of reference standard Bacoside A ( R f = 0.44) HPTLC chromatogram of component III (R f = 0.44) HPLC profile of reference standard HPLC profile of Component III 196 iv

3 Mass Spectrum of Peak Mass Spectrum of Peak Mass Spectrum of Peak Mass Spectrum of Peak HPTLC Chromatogram of bacoside A using optimized parameters HPTLC profile of methanol extract of Brahmi vati using optimized parameters Calibration curve of Bacoside A Stem bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica Structure of Conessine Video-image of TLC plates showing Component IV and Reference standard Conessine HPTLC Chromatogram of standard Conessine HPTLC chromatogram of isolated conessine HPTLC Chromatogram of Standard Conessine using optimized chromatographic parameters HPTLC Chromatogram of chloroform extract of Kutja using optimized chromatographic parameters Calibration curve of Conessine Young plant of Phyllanthus niruri Structure of Kaempferol Structure of Rutin Structure of Quercetin Video-images of TLC plates showing Component V, VI and VII HPTLC chromatogram of standard Kaempferol HPTLC chromatogram of Component V HPLC profile of reference standard Kaempferol: RT= min 265 v

4 HPLC profile of Component V: RT= min Proton NMR spectrum of Component V CNMR spectrum of Component V HPTLC chromatogram of standard Quercetin HPTLC chromatogram of Component VI HPLC profile of reference standard Quercetin : RT=8.107 min HPLC profile of Component VI : RT=8.134 min Proton NMR spectrum of Component VI CNMR spectrum of Component VI HPTLC chromatogram of standard Rutin HPTLC chromatogram of Component VII HPLC profile of reference standard rutin : RT=4.422 min HPLC profile of Component VII: RT=4.419 min Proton NMR spectrum of Component VII C NMR spectrum of Component VII HPTLC chromatogram of Kaempferol, quercetin and rutin using optimised parameters Calibration curve of Kaempferol Calibration curve of Rutin Calibration curve of Quercetin 290 HPTLC chromatogram of Bhuiamla extract showing all three markers using optimized 301 parameters HPTLC chromatogram of Amla extract showing all three markers using optimized parameters HPTLC chromatogram of Aprajita extract showing Kaempferol marker using optimized parameters 303 vi

5 HPTLC Chromatogram of rutin after acid 311 HPTLC Chromatogram of rutin after base 312 HPTLC Chromatogram of rutin after oxidative stress 313 UV spectrum of rutin (standard) and degraded product after oxidative stress 314 HPTLC Chromatogram of rutin after wet 315 UV spectrum of rutin (standard) and product after wet 315 HPTLC Chromatogram of rutin after dry HPTLC Chromatogram of rutin after UV exposure UV spectrum of rutin (standard) and product after UV exposure 318 HPTLC Chromatogram of quercetin after acid 321 HPTLC Chromatogram of quercetin after base 322 HPTLC Chromatogram of quercetin after oxidative stress 323 HPTLC Chromatogram of quercetin after wet 324 UV spectrum of quercetin (standard) and degradant (UV exposed condition) 325 HPTLC Chromatogram of quercetin after dry 326 for 3 hr at 100 C vii

6 HPTLC Chromatogram of quercetin after dry for 24 hr at 60 C 326 UV spectrum of quercetin (standard) and degradant (Dry for 24 hr at 60 C) 327 HPTLC Chromatogram of quercetin after UV exposure 328 HPTLC Chromatogram of conessine after acid 331 HPTLC Chromatogram of conessine after base 332 HPTLC Chromatogram of conessine after oxidative stress 333 HPTLC Chromatogram of conessine after wet 334 HPTLC Chromatogram of conessine after dry for 3 hr at 100 C 335 HPTLC Chromatogram of conessine after dry for 3 hr at 60 C 336 UV spectrum of conessine(standard) and degradant (dry for 3 hr at 100 C) 336 HPTLC Chromatogram of conessine after UV exposure HPTLC chromatogram of conessine in rat plasma D display of conessine peak for all time intervals AUC v/s time intervals for Kutja vati AUC V/s time intervals for Kutjarishta Calibration curve of Conessine 350 viii