Tablets and Capsules Oral Liquids Alligation

Transcription

1 9 Oral Drug Dosages OUTLINE Overview Equipment Used in Oral Dosage Measurement Medicine Cups Calibrated Droppers Calibrated Spoons Oral Syringes OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Identify equipment for the medication, dosage, and delivery of oral drug administration. 2. Measure drugs using the calibrations on the equipment. 3. Calculate the amount of the drug to be given. Tablets and Capsules Oral Liquids Alligation D 4. Use the formula to calculate drug dosage. H * Q = X 5. Calculate liquid drugs by using alligation. GLOSSARY alligation A method of solving problems using arithmetic that involves the mixing of solutions or mixtures of solids possessing different percentage strengths.

2 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 79 OVERVIEW There are many different forms of medication that can be administered orally, which include tablets, capsules, and liquids. Administration of medications by mouth is abbreviated as p.o., which comes from the Latin phrase per os. The oral route is the most convenient and usually the safest and least expensive route of medication administration. It is the one most often used. However, it has limitations because of the way a drug typically moves through the digestive tract. EQUIPMENT USED IN ORAL DOSAGE MEASUREMENT Pharmacy technicians should be familiar with calibrations of devices that are used in the calculation of dosages. The oral utensils that are used include the medicine cup, cali- brated droppers and spoons, and oral syringes. There are also various pediatric syringes such as 1 ml and 3 ml sized syringes. Medicine Cups Medicine cups are plastic and measure up to 1 fluid ounce, or its equivalent. They are the most common type of device used to measure liquids for oral administration. Figure 9-1 shows the 30 ml and 1 oz. medicine cups that are the approximate equivalents of the metric, apothecary, and household systems. The calibrations for milliliters, tablespoons, teaspoons, ounces, and drams appear in this figure. Calibrated Droppers Calibrated droppers are used to measure and administer small amounts of liquid medication via the oral route. Figure 9-2. Calibrated dropper. per. Droppers are commonly used to deliver certain medica- tions to the eyes, ears, and nose. They are also used for oral pediatric doses. Droppers are used for liquid medications that are less than 2.5 ml. Figure 9-2 shows the calibrated dropper. The amount of one drop may vary according to the diameter of the hole at the tip of the dropper. It is calibrated according to the way the drug is ordered. Medications are given in milliliters, cubic centimeters, or drops (Figure 9-3). Calibrated Spoons Calibrated spoons are usually used with pediatric or elderly patients. There are various sizes for calibrating different doses (Figure 9-4). 8 DR 6 DR 4 DR 2 DR 1 DR 1 OZ 3/4 OZ 1/2 OZ 1/4 OZ 1/8 OZ 2 TBS 1 TBS 2 TSP 1 TSP 1/2 TSP 30 ML 25 ML 20 ML 15 ML 10 ML 7.5 ML 5 ML 2.5 ML Figure 9-1. Medicine cup with approximate equivalent measures. Figure 9-3. Furosemide Oral Solution label. (Used with permission of Roxane Laboratories, Inc.)

3 80 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages Figure 9-4. Calibrated spoon. Figure 9-5. Oral syringe. Oral Syringes Oral syringes are also calibrated for ml (cc) and teaspoons. These devices are used when medication dosages are less than 5 ml. Oral syringes have a different shape and size compared to hypodermic syringes. They may be tinted in color, whereas hypodermic syringes are clear (Figure 9-5). TABLETS AND CAPSULES For drugs that are administered orally, absorption may begin in the mouth and stomach, but usually most of the drug is absorbed from the small intestine. When a drug is taken orally, food and other drugs in the digestive tract may affect how much and how fast the drug is absorbed. Thus, some drugs should be taken on an empty stomach. Others should be taken with food. Some drugs should not be taken with certain other drugs, and still others cannot be taken orally at all. When a prescriber orders medications in tablet or capsule form, the pharmacy technician must determine if the strength or dosage on hand is the same strength as the dosage ordered or in multiples of the dosage ordered. Sometimes patients should divide the tablet in half or into quarters. Figure 9-6 shows Biaxin tablets in two different strengths. EXAMPLE 1: The doctor s order reads: Biaxin 500 mg p.o. q12h. Biaxin comes in tablet strengths of 250 milligrams per tablet (or filmtab), and 500 milligrams per tablet. When both strengths are available, the pharmacy technician should select the 500-milligram strength, and give one whole tablet for each dose. EXAMPLE 2: The order reads: Klonopin 1.5 mg p.o. t.i.d. Klonopin comes in strengths of 0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 2 mg tablets (Figure 9-7). When the three strengths are available, the pharmacy technician should select one 1 mg tablet and one 0.5 mg tablet (1 mg 0.5 mg 1.5 mg). This provides the ordered dosage of 1.5 mg and is the least number of tablets (2 tablets total) for the patient to swallow. However, another option would be to give three 0.5 mg tablets, which also equal 1.5 mg.

4 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 81 (A) (B) Figure 9-6. Biaxin 250 mg and 500 mg tablets. (Courtesy of Abbott Laboratories) (A) (B) (C) Figure 9-7. Klonopin 0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 2 mg tablets. (Courtesy of Roche Laboratories, Inc.)

5 82 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages Another option for the pharmacy technician is to halve the 2 mg tablets to obtain two 1 mg parts, and pair one-half with a 0.5 mg tablet. This would also equal 1.5 mg, and would amount to 1 1/2 tablets. However, cutting any tablet in half may produce slightly unequal halves. It is preferable to give whole, undivided tablets when they are available. The medication container is labeled Lopressor 50 mg per tablet. Calculate one dose: D 100 mg * Q = H 50 mg * 1 tablet 100 mg 50 mg = 2 mg * 1 tablet = 2 * 1 tablet 1 mg 2 tablets, given orally, twice daily In some instances it may be necessary to convert between systems of measurement in order to accurately calculate the dosage. In Chapter 8, you learned a formula for dosage calculations, as follows: D (desired) H (have) D H * Q = X * Q (quantity) = X (amount) To convert dosages, ensure that all measurements are in the same system of measurement and the same size unit of measurement. eme If not, convert before proceeding. (Courtesy of fnovartis) EXAMPLE 3: The drug order reads: Ampicillin 0.5 g p.o. q6h. Available on hand: Ampicillin 500 mg per capsule. This medication order is written and supplied in the same system (metric) but in different size units (g and mg). A drug order written in grams but supplied in milligrams will have to be converted to the same size unit. You must convert 0.5 gram to milligrams, as follows: 1 g 1000 mg Remember, you are converting from a larger to a smaller unit. Therefore, you will multiply by the conversion factor of 1000, or move the decimal point three places to the right. 0.5 g mg, or 0.5 g mg Order: Ampicillin 500 mg p.o. q6h On hand: Ampicillin 500 mg per capsule You would give the patient one ampicillin 500 mg capsule by mouth every 6 hours. EXAMPLE 4: The drug order reads: Lopressor 100 mg p.o. b.i.d. EXAMPLE 5: The drug order reads: V-Cillin K 0.5 g p.o. q.i.d. Available on hand: V-Cillin K 250 mg per tablet How many tablets should you give to the patient per dose? (Copyright of Eli Lilly and Company. Used with permission.) As you know, 1g 1000 mg 0.5 g mg Now you have the ordered drug and the on-hand drug measured in the same size units. Ordered: V-Cillin K 0.5 g 500 mg On hand: V-Cillin K 250 mg tablets 500 mg 1 tablet 2 1 tablet 2 tablets, 250 mg given orally 4 times daily

6 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 83 EXAMPLE 6: The drug order reads: Codeine sulfate gr 3/4 p.o. q4h p.r.n., pain. The drug on hand is: Codeine sulfate 30 mg per tablet. Calculate one dose. EXAMPLE 7: The order is: Synthroid 0.05 mg p.o. q.d. 25 mcg tablets are available. How many tablets will you give? (Used with permission of Roxane Laboratories, Inc.) gr I 60 mg 3 * 60 gr 3/4 3/ mg 4 (Courtesy of Knoll Pharmaceutical Company) Therefore, order: Codeine gr 3/4 45 mg Then calculate: 1 mg 1000 mcg. Conversion factor is D H * Q = 45 = 1 1 * 1 tablet = 3 50 mcg 30 2 tablets 0.05 mg tablets Order: Synthroid 0.05 mg 50 mcg On hand: Synthroid 25 mcg tablets Tablets are to be given every 4 hours as needed Now you can calculate: for pain. D 50 mcg * Q = 2 tablets, given H 25 mcg * 1 tablet orally once a day EXAMPLE 8: A patient uses codeine gr ii orally. The label on the available codeine bottle tells you that each tablet provides 30 mg. How much will you give the patient? (Used with permission of Roxane Laboratories, Inc.)

7 84 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages Approximate equivalent gr 1 60 mg. The conversion factor is 60. gr 1 60 * 60 = = 1 mg Ordered: Codeine gr ii orally p.r.n., pain On hand: Codeine 30 mg tablet Calculate how much you will give as needed for pain: D 120 mg * Q = H 30 mg = 4 tablets STOP AND REVIEW Calculating Dosages of Tablets and Capsules 1. Calculate the correct number of tablets or capsules to be administered per dose. Tablets are scored. a. Ordered: Telithromycin 800 mg p.o. q.d. On hand: Telithromycin tablets 400 mg b. Ordered: Pravachol 20 mg p.o. q.h.s. On hand: Pravachol 10 mg tablets c. Ordered: ferrous sulfate (FeS o4 ) 300 mg p.o. q.d. On hand: ferrous sulfate tablets 5 gr (324 mg) d. Ordered: Codeine 60 mg p.o.; q3h p.r.n. On hand: Codeine tablets 15 mg (1/4 gr) e. Ordered: Nitroglycerin 1/150 gr S.L. p.r.n. On hand: Nitrostat tablets 0.4 mg (1/150 gr) f. Ordered: Quinidine 0.6 g p.o. q4h On hand: Quinidine 200 mg tablets g. Ordered: Prednisone 7.5 mg p.o. q.d. On hand: Prednisone 5 mg scored tablets h. Ordered: Aldomet 250 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Aldomet 125 mg tablets i. Ordered: Duricef 0.5 g p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Duricef 500 mg tablets j. Ordered: Coumadin 5 mg p.o. q.d. On hand: Coumadin 2 mg scored tablets 2. Calculate one dose for each of the medication orders in questions a through i. The labels lettered A through I are the drugs you have available. Indicate the letter corresponding to the label you select. a. Order: verapamil sustained release 240 mg p.o. q.d. Select: Give: b. Order: carbamazepine 0.2 g p.o. t.i.d. Select: Give: c. Order: Lopressor 50 mg p.o. b.i.d. Select: Give: d. Order: potassium chloride 16 meq p.o. q.d. Select: Give: e. Order: Procanbid 1 g p.o. q6h Select: Give: f. Order: cephalexin 0.5 g p.o. q.i.d. Select: Give: g. Order: levothyroxine sodium 0.2 mg p.o. q.d. Select: Give: h. Order: digoxin 0.5 mg p.o. q.d. Select: Give: i. Order: allopurinol 0.1 g p.o. t.i.d. Select: Give: j. Order: procainamide hydrochloride 1000 mg q6h Select: Give:

8 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 85 (A) (Courtesy of Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc) (B) (Courtesy of G. D. Searle and Company) (C) (Courtesy of Monarch Phamaceuticals) (continues)

9 86 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages (continued) (D) (Courtesy of Knoll Pharmaceutical Company) (E) (Copyright Eli Lilly and Company. Used with permission.) (F) (Courtesy of Novartis)

10 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 87 (G) (Reproduced with permission of GlaxoSmithKline) (H) (Courtesy of Novartis) (I) (Courtesy of Ciba-Geigy Corporation)

11 88 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages ORAL LIQUIDS Oral liquids are usually ordered for children, elderly people, or patients who are not able to swallow tablets or capsules. Each oral liquid contains a specific amount of medication in a given volume as written on the label (Figures 9-8A through C, listed next). In solid form, the drugs can be calculated by the number of tablets or capsules that contain the prescribed dosage. In liquid form, pharmacy technicians must calculate the volume of the liquid that contains the prescribed dosage of the drug. The supply dosage is written on the label, indicating the amount of drug per 1 ml of solution; example amounts are as follows: 125 mg per 5 ml, 250 mg per 5 ml, or 375 mg per 5 ml. (A) (B) (C) Figure 9-8. Oral liquid: (A) Ceclor 125 mg per 5 ml; (B) Ceclor 250 mg per 5 ml; and (C) Ceclor 375 mg per 5 ml (Copyright Eli Lilly and Company. Used with permission.)

12 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 89 EXAMPLE 1: The prescriber orders Ceclor 100 mg p.o. q.i.d. To calculate this prescription, look at the label of Ceclor available in Figure 9-8A. You should choose Ceclor 125 mg per 5 ml. D H * Q = X 100 mg 125 mg * 5 ml = 4 5 given orally 4 times a day * 5 ml = 20 5 = 4 ml EXAMPLE 2: If you select the same drug order as in Example 1, Ceclor 100 mg p.o. q.i.d., as a stronger solution (Ceclor 250 mg per 5 ml), you must calculate as follows: D 100 mg * Q = H 250 mg * 5 ml 2 * 5 ml = 2 ml 5 given orally 4 times a day You realize that in both Example 1 and Example 2, the supply quantity is the same (5 ml), but the dosage strength (weight) of the drug is different (125 mg per 5 ml vs. 250 mg per 5 ml) because of each liquid s concentration. The more concentrated solution must be given to the patient, offering less volume per dose for the same dosage. STOP AND REVIEW Calculating Liquid Dosages 1. Calculate the following drugs ordered for one dose. a. Ordered: Zovirax susp 400 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Zovirax 200 mg / 5 ml suspension 10 ml ml b. Ordered: Artane 3 mg p.o. t.i.d. a.c. On hand: Artane Elixir 2 mg / 5 ml ml c. Ordered: Depakene syrup 125 mg p.o. q12h On hand: Depakene syrup 250 mg / 5 ml ml d. Ordered: Amoxil 100 mg p.o. q.i.d. On hand: 80 ml bottle suspension (125 mg per 5 ml) ml e. Ordered: Zofran 8 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Zofran liquid 4 mg / 5 ml ml f. Ordered: Compazine syr 10 mg p.o. t.i.d. On hand: Compazine syrup 5 mg / 5 ml ml g. Ordered: erythromycin suspension 600 mg p.o. q6h On hand: erythromycin 400 mg / 5 ml ml h. Ordered: Ceclor suspension 225 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Ceclor suspension 375 mg per 5 ml ml i. Ordered: Dilantin mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Dilantin-125 suspension 125 mg / 5 ml ml j. Ordered: digoxin elixir 0.25 mg p.o. q.d. On hand: digoxin elixir 50 mcg / ml ml k. Ordered: Pepcid 20 mg p.o. q.i.d. On hand: Pepcid 80 mg / 10 ml ml l. Ordered: Grifulvin V 500 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Grifulvin V suspension 125 mg / 5 ml ml m. Ordered: Mycostatin 250,000 U p.o. q.i.d. On hand: Mycostatin 100,000 units per ml ml n. Ordered: Dicloxacillin: 100 mg q.i.d. On hand: Dicloxacillin 62.5 mg per 5 ml ml o. Ordered: Augmentin 0.5 g, p.o. t.i.d. On hand: Augmentin 250 mg / 5 ml p. Ordered: Vistaril 10 mg p.o. q.i.d. q. Ordered: Keflex 50 mg p.o. q.i.d. (continues)

13 90 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages (continued) (A) (Label reproduced with permission of Pfizer Inc.) (B) (Courtesy of Dista Products Company) r. Ordered: Lanoxin elixir 0.25 mg p.o. q.d. ml s. Ordered: OxyFast (oral solution concentrate) 15 mg p.o. q.i.d. p.r.n. ml (Reproduced with permission of GlaxoSmithKline) (Courtesy of Purdue Pharma L.P.)

14 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 91 t. Ordered: Valproic acid 0.5 g p.o. t.i.d. ml (Courtesy of Abbott Laboratories) u. Ordered: Biaxin 75 mg p.o. b.i.d. (Courtesy of Abbott Laboratories) ALLIGATION Alligation is defined as a method of arithmetic that involves the mixing of solutions or mixtures of solids possessing different percentage strengths. Sometimes it is necessary to obtain the desired strength of a medication by compounding, mixing higher and lower concentrations of medications in order to be able to fill a specific prescription or medication order. This method is known as alligation alternate and offers a rapid method of calculation that is useful to pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. All concentrations must be in a percentage form and the strength of the desired solution must lie between the stronger and weaker solutions available. In other words, the final mixture will be an average of the individual strengths. These will be calculated as proportional parts. If the concentration is not expressed in the percentage form, it must be converted to the percentage form. For example, a solution strength expressed as 1: 200 must be converted to a percentage * 100 = 0.5% By using alligation, the number of parts of each component needed to prepare the correct percentage concentration may be calculated. Lines are drawn during calculation to bind quantities together. The substance with a higher value than what is required is the one with the lower amount. The increase in the value or amount of one of the substances balances the decrease in value or amount of the other substances.

15 92 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages EXAMPLE: Percentage of products available HIGHER LOWER DESIRED Parts Higher Desired Lower Desired TOTAL PARTS The upper and lower right corners of the X-shaped diagram are achieved by calculating the difference between the higher percentage and the desired percentage as well as between the lower percentage and the desired percentage. The difference between these two figures is placed in the upper right corner of the X. Then, by adding the higher and lower parts, the total number of parts is calculated. Alligation is useful in solving any type of dilution or concentration problem. Concentrations expressed in mg/ ml, ratios, and even mixtures of liquids of known specific gravities may be solved using alligation. ligation. The strengths of the preparations para being mixed, as well as the final mixture, have to be expressed in a common on denomination nwhen the alligation formula is being set up. When diluting a preparation, the diluent s strength is considered as 0%. When the strength of a mixture is increased by adding more drug, the strength of this component is 100%. The final proportion allows a distinct correlation between the parts in the mixture and any specific denomination needed. Remember Use alligation to determine the proper mixtures of solutions or solids with different percentage strengths. By using alligation the final mixture will be an average of the individual strengths expressed as a percentage. The substance with a higher value than what is required is the substance with the lower amount. The increase in value of one of the substances balances the decrease in value of the other substances. Calculate the upper and lower right corners by calculating the difference between the higher percentage and the percentage desired. Add the higher and lower parts to determine the total number of parts. EXAMPLE 1: The quantities of the higher and lower percentages of products may be achieved by using the following formula: HIGHER quantity: LOWER quantity: Number of HIGHER Parts Total Number of Parts X Total Quantity for Compounding Number of LOWER Parts Total Number of Parts X Total Quantity for Compounding EXAMPLE 2: To find what proportion is required for a preparation containing 70% alcohol mixed with another that contains 20% alcohol, to produce a mixture of 35% strength, the following owing steps are taken: Percentages Parts 70% 35% 20% Remember, Higher concentration parts Lower concentration parts Percentages Parts 70% 15 parts HIGHER 35% 20% 35 parts LOWER 50 PARTS TOTAL Therefore, the result will be as follows: 70% : 15 X 300 ml of 70% solution 50 = X ml 1000 ml 20% : = X ml 1000 ml EXAMPLE 3: X 700 ml of 20% solution To find what proportion is required for a preparation containing 10% of a drug mixed with another that contains 15% of a drug, to produce a mixture of 12% strength, the following steps are taken: = =

16 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 93 A. Understand that the 10% drug is 2% too weak. The 15% drug is 3% too strong. The excess strength of 3 parts of the stronger drug can be calculated to balance the deficient strength of 2 parts of the weaker drug, as follows: 15% minus 2 Parts of 15% from12% 10% 3 Parts of 10% 5 Parts of 12% The figure obtained from 12% 10% is placed across from 15% on the right side of the equation. This is labeled as 2 parts of 15%. The figure obtained from 15% 12% is placed across from 10% on the right side of the equation. This is labeled as 3 parts of 10%. This calculation produces a drug mixture of 5 parts of 12%, which is the desired strength. Alligation calculations ation used to mix solutions ons may be checked by using the following formula: milliliters percent (as a decimal) grams EXAMPLE 4: Prepare 250 ml of dextrose 7.5%. To do this, you are required to use dextrose 5% (D 5 W) and dextrose 50% (D 50 W). Determine how many milliliters of each will be required As discussed previously, subtract the center number from the upper-left number and put it at the lower right. Then, subtract the lower-left number from the center number, and put it at the upper right The sum of the two numbers written at the right side of the equation, , equals 45, which is the total number of parts of the 7.5% solution. Put in the terms of ratios, the ratio of the 5% solution to the 7.5% solution is 42.5 : 45. The ratio of the 50% solution to the 7.5% solution is 2.5 : 45. Therefore, much less of the 50% solution is needed to make the 7.5% solution. To calculate the volume needed of each dextrose solution, use the following equations: 50% Dextrose x ml 2.5 parts = 250 ml 45 parts (2.5 parts) * 250 ml x ml = 45 parts x ml ml D 50 W 5% Dextrose x ml 250 ml = 42.5 parts 45 parts (42.5) * 250 ml x ml = 45 parts x ml ml D 5 W Add the volumes of the two solutions; the sum should equal the required volume of 7.5% dextrose ml ml ml Check your answer using the formula below. The number of grams of solute should equal the sum of the grams of the solutes of the 50% solution and the 5% solution. ml % g 250 ml g ml g ml g Now, add: g g g STOP AND Alligations REVIEW 1. There are 10% and 3% of ammoniated mercury ointment available. A technician needs to prepare 450 g of a 5% ointment. How many grams of each of the 10% and 3% ointment will be needed? (continues)

17 94 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages (continued) 2. How many ml of each of a 20% stock solution and a 30% stock solution will a technician need to make 500 ml of a 28% solution? 3. An order for 6 liters of 0.9% sodium chloride solution is to be prepared from 23.4% concentrated NaCl solution and sterile water for injection. How many milliliters of each will be used? 4. A technician is to prepare 250 ml of a 40% solution from a 60% stock solution and purified water. How many milliliters of each are needed? 5. A liter of 1/3 NS is to be prepared from 23.4% concentrated sodium chloride solution and sterile water for injection. How many milliliters of each are to be used? 6. Stock solutions of 27% and 31% are available in the pharmacy. How many milliliters of each stock solution are needed to prepare 2 L of a 29% solution? 7. From two stock solutions, 18% and 42%, you are to prepare 1.5 L of a 34% solution. How many milliliters of each of the stock solutions do you need? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Calculate the following drugs ordered for one dose. 1. Ordered: Xanax 1.5 mg p.o. t.i.d. On hand: Xanax 2 mg tablets scored into fourths 2. Ordered: Prilosec 40 mg p.o. t.i.d. On hand: Prilosec 20 mg delayed-release capsules 3. Ordered: Clozaril 50 mg p.o. q.d. On hand: Clozaril 25 mg tablets 4. Ordered: Ceftin liq 500 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Ceftin suspension 125 mg per 5 ml 5. Ordered: Zovirax 800 mg p.o. q4h On hand: Zovirax suspension 200 mg per 5 ml 6. Ordered: Motrin 600 mg p.o. t.i.d. On hand: Motrin liquid 100 mg / 5 ml ml 7. Ordered: Decadron 1.5 mg p.o. q.d. On hand: Decadron 0.75 mg unscored tablets 8. Ordered: Isoptin SR 240 mg p.o. q12h On hand: Isoptin SR 120 mg tablets 9. Ordered: penicillin G 400,000 U p.o. q.i.d. On hand: penicillin G 250 mg (400,000 U) tablets 10. Ordered: Aspirin grv p.o. q.d. On hand: Aspirin 325 mg tablets 11. Ordered: Minipress 2 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Minipress 1 mg capsules 12. Ordered: Tegretol 0.2 g p.o. t.i.d. On hand: Tegretol 100 mg chewable tablets 13. Ordered: thyroid gr ss p.o. q.i.d. On hand: thyroid 30 mg tablets 14. Ordered: Nalfon 300 mg p.o. On hand: Nalfon 600 mg tablets 15. Ordered: Elixir of phenobarbital 30 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Elixir of phenobarbital 20 mg per 5 ml 16. Ordered: Atarax 30 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Atarax syrup 10 mg per 5 ml 17. Ordered: Vibramycin 100 mg p.o. b.i.d. On hand: Vibramycin 50 mg / 5 ml 18. Ordered: Inderal 30 mg p.o. q.i.d. p.c. On hand: Inderal 20 mg tablets

18 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages Ordered: Urecholine 50 mg p.o. t.i.d. On hand: Urecholine 25 mg tablets 20. Ordered: Halcion 0.25 mg p.o. h.s. On hand: Halcion mg tablets See the three medication administration records and accompanying labels on the following pages for questions 21 through 35. Calculate one dose of each of the drugs prescribed. Labels A O provided on the following pages are the drugs you have available. Indicate the letter corresponding to the label you select /5 Tegretol 200 mg b.i.d. PO GP 9 MS 1/5 Allegra 60 mg b.i.d. PO GP 9 MS 1/5 sucralfate 1000 mg b.i.d. PO GP 1/5 Naprosyn 0.5 g q.i.d. PO GP 1 GP 9 5MS MS 9 MS GP G. Pickar, R.N. MS M. Smith, R.N. Patient, Mary Q. NKA (A) (continues)

19 96 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages (continued) /5 GP Synthroid 0.2 mg q.d. PO 9 9 1/5 GP Diabeta 5 mg q.d. PO 9 9 1/5 erythromycin 12 GP MS 0.8 g q.12h PO /5 GP MS Klonopin 500 mcg t.i.d. PO /5 GP MS Aldactone 0.1 g q.d. PO GP G. Pickar, R.N. MS M. Smith, R.N. Patient, J ohn Q. (B)

20 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages /5 digoxin 0.5 mg q.d. 9 PO 9 GP 1/5 potassium chloride meq c iv juice b.i.d. PO 9 9 GP MS 1/5 Lopid 0.6 g b.i.d. ac PO GP MS 1/5 Furosemide 40 mg q.d. PO 9 GP 9 1/5 Lopressor 100 mg b.i.d. PO GP MS 35. PRN 1/5 Percocet 1 tab 7 30 GP q.4h p.r.n. headache PO GP GP G. Pickar R.N. MS M. Smith, R.N. Doe, Jane Q. NKA (C) (continues)

21 98 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages (continued) (A) (Courtesy of Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc.) (B) (Courtesy Roche Laboratories, Inc.) (C) (Courtesy of Aventis Pharmaceuticals) (D) (Courtesy of Ciba-Geigy Corporation)

22 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 99 (E) (Courtesy of Pharmaceutical Associates, Inc.) (F) (Courtesy of Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.) (G) (Courtesy of Aventis Pharmaceuticals) (H) (Courtesy of Abbott Laboratories) (I) (Courtesy of Knoll Pharmaceuticals) (continues)

23 100 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages (continued) (J) (Courtesy of Aventis Pharmaceuticals) (K) (Label reproduced with permission of Pfizer Inc.) (L) (Reproduced with permission of GlaxoSmithKline) (M) (Courtesy of Pharmacia Corporation, Peapack, NJ)

24 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 101 (N) (Courtesy of Novartis) (O) (Courtesy of Endo Pharmaceuticals) Calculate one dose of the medications indicated on the MAR. Labels A C provided on the following page are the drugs available. Indicate the letter corresponding to the label you select. (continues)

25 102 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages (continued) 3/8/xx /8/xx 3/8/xx 3/8/xx Inderal 80 mg b.i.d. PO GP 9 MS Lasix 20 mg b.i.d. PO GP 9 MS Slow-K 600 mg q.d. PO 9 9 GP GP G. Pickar R.N. MS M. Smith, R.N. (A) (Courtesy of Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, PA) (B) (Courtesy of Aventis Pharmaceuticals)

26 CHAPTER 9 Oral Drug Dosages 103 CRITICAL THINKING (C) (Courtesy of Novartis) 1. The physician ordered Inderal 120 mg p.o. q.d. The pharmacy technician supplied 20 mg tablets. The nurse did not think about the reasonable amount that should be taken in a 1-day period and mistook q.d. for q.i.d., then calculated the dosage as follows: Desired Have * Quantity = Amount 120 mg 4 24 tab (incorrect) 20 mg If the nurse gave the patient 24 tablets of 20 mg per tablet Inderal, how many milligrams will the patient receive over a 24-hour period? Is it the correct dosage?