Comparison of Trace Mineral Source on Cow Trace Mineral Status, Reproduction, and Calf Weaning Weight on Two Commercial Ranches
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1 Comparison of Trace Mineral Source on Cow Trace Mineral Status, Reproduction, and Calf Weaning Weight on Two Commercial Ranches M. Hersom 1, J. Yelich 1, M. Irsik 2 Synopsis Supplementation with organic trace mineral improved cow pregnancy rate and calf weaning weight compared to inorganic trace mineral sources. Liver trace mineral concentration varied over time in the production season regardless of trace mineral source. Summary Trace mineral source technology was evaluated using two, adjacent, large, south-florida ranch cowherds (designated as Ranch A and ). Over two consecutive years two mineral supplements containing either inorganic (ING, sodium selenite and salt sulfates) or full replacement with organic source (ORG, proteinates and yeast sources) trace minerals were compared. Trace mineral supplements delivered as loose mineral in a free choice application. Pregnant cows grazed bahiagrass pastures and were supplemented with other feedstuffs to maintain cow body condition score as determined by the participating ranches. Cow pregnancy rate was collected from both ranches in year 1 and only Ranch A in year 2. Calf weaning weight was collected from Ranch A in both years. Cow mineral liver status was collected from both ranches in year 1 and Ranch A in year 2. When evaluated over two years and both ranches, ORG cows had greater breeding season pregnancy rate (95.3%) compared to ING cows (92.6%). Calves from cows supplemented with ORG weaned an average of 548 lb calf compared to 523 lbs for calves from cows supplemented with ING (P = 0.009), an improvement of 25 lbs of weaning weight. Organic trace minerals appear to be permissive to positive cow and calf performance, but cow age and body condition score are influential drivers in the overall system. Introduction Trace minerals have traditionally been supplemented to cattle diets as inorganic salts. In spite of this tradition, recent attention has been placed on the use of organic or chelated trace mineral supplementation in the rumen diets. Organic trace minerals differ from inorganic forms as a result of their chemical association with an organic ligand. Numerous groups of these organic trace minerals are formed from this mineral-organic ligand combination, which are available in the animal feeding industry and include chelates, proteinates, and complexes (AAFCO, 2000). The recent attention towards organic mineral supplementation in ruminant diets has been fueled by numerous studies that have shown an increase in overall performance in cattle supplemented with organic minerals. It is generally accepted that this association is due to the increased bioavailability of organic minerals. Minerals play a significant role in many metabolic processes that affect growth performance, reproductive efficiency and immune function. Selecting the correct mineral supplement is crucial for maintaining these processes. With research clearly demonstrating across animal species that organic minerals are move bioavailable to the animal further investigation is imperative to determine whether the greater bioavailability of these organic mineral will have a more positive effect on the overall performance of beef cattle reproduction. The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre- and postpartum trace mineral supplement source on cow pregnancy rate, cow liver mineral status, and calf weaning weight in a commercial beef cattle production setting. Materials and Methods Trace mineral source technology was evaluated using two, adjacent, large, south-florida ranch cowherds (designated as Ranch A and ). Over two consecutive years two mineral supplements containing either inorganic (ING, sodium selenite and salt sulfates) or full replacement with organic source (ORG, 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
2 proteinates and yeast sources) trace minerals were compared. Trace mineral supplements delivered as loose mineral in a free choice application. Pregnant cows grazed bahiagrass pastures and were supplemented with other feedstuffs to maintain cow body condition score as determined by the participating ranches. In year 1, supplementation began approximately 90 days prior to calving and continued to weaning on both ranches. In the year 2 only Ranch A participated and trace mineral supplementation occurred from conception through weaning. Cow pregnancy rate was collected from both ranches in year 1 and only Ranch A in year 2. Calf weaning weight was collected from Ranch A in both years. Cow mineral liver status was collected from both ranches in year 1 and Ranch A in year 2. Ranch A utilized cows between 3 to 10 years of age, used predominately older mature cows. In total over 2 years using 3 groups of cows, 973 cows were allotted to inorganic trace mineral treatment and 916 cows were allotted to the organic trace mineral treatment. Breeding seasons were days and pregnancy was determined 60 days after the breeding season at each ranch. The ING trace mineral supplement was formulated to meet the mature beef cow mineral requirements based on NRC recommendations (Table 1). The ORG trace mineral supplement was formulated to meet beef cow NRC requirements based on the assumption of greater bioavailability for organic sources of minerals. A subset of cows was used to collect liver biopsies for liver mineral analysis. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for trace mineral concentration of cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) and was carried out using ICP-Spectroscopy-MS (DCPAH, Lansing, MI) on three collection points: pre-calving (PreC), post-calving (PostC), and weaning. Cow data were analyzed with the Mixed procedure of SAS using a repeated measures analysis. Fixed effects included mineral source treatment, time, and appropriate interactions. Calf weaning weight was data was adjusted to account for differential sizes of groups weighed at weaning and analyzed with the Mixed procedure of SAS. Fixed effects included mineral source treatment. Results Pregnancy rate, a key driver for cattle enterprise profitability was exceptionally good for both ranches (Table 2). There were no differences (P<0.44) between trace mineral sources for Ranch A in either year. Whereas had greater (P = 0.006) pregnancy rate in cows supplemented with ORG compared to ING cows. When evaluated over two years and both ranches, ORG cows had greater (P = 0.01) breeding season pregnancy rate (95.3%) compared to ING cows (92.6%). There was also a significant mineral source effect on weaning weights collected from Ranch A. Calves from cows supplemented with ORG weaned an average of 548 lb calf compared to 523 lbs for calves from cows supplemented with ING (P = 0.009), an improvement of 25 lbs of weaning weight. The majority of this improvement came in heifers from ORG that weighed 31 lbs more (P = 0.02) than heifers from ING. The difference between mineral sources for steer weaning weight was significant (P = 0.17), but 18 lbs greater for ORG mineral steers. Cow liver cobalt concentration was not affected by source, time, or year (P>0.05), mean cobalt concentration was 0.22 μg/g. Liver copper concentration exhibited a year x source x time effect (P<0.05). Copper declined over time within Year 1 for both ranches. Liver copper concentration in Ranch A cows was less in Year 2 compared to Year 1. Cow liver iron concentration was greater (P<0.05) at Pre-calving compared to other sampling dates. Manganese demonstrated a time effect (P<0.05) and a year effect (P<0.05). A clear time pattern for manganese is not evident at either ranch, but liver concentrations were greater in Year 1 than Year 2. Molybdenum demonstrated no statistical differences (P>0.05). Selenium exhibited a year x source x time (P<0.05) effect. Selenium concentration in the liver were greater in ORG than ING, was lowest at Post-calving compared to Pre-calving, and greater in Year 1 than Year 2. Zinc liver concentration exhibited a year x time (P<0.05) and source x time (P<0.05) effects. In Year 2 liver
3 concentrations were greater at weaning compared to post-calving. Throughout the production cycle liver zinc concentration changed in a different patter for ORG compared to ING cows. Organic trace minerals appear to be permissive to positive cow and calf performance, but cow age and body condition score are influential drivers in the overall system. Literature Cited AAFCO Official Publication. Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc.
4 Table 1. Composition of trace mineral supplement provided to cows Component Inorganic Organic Dry matter, % Ca, % P, % NaCl, % Mg, % K,% S,% Co, ppm Cu, ppm 1,012 1,003 I, ppm Fe, ppm 7,565 7,567 Mn, ppm 1,087 1,104 Se, ppm Zn, ppm 3,239 3,246 F, ppm Vitamin A, IU/lb 206, ,464 Vitamin D, IU/lb 5,670 5,670 Vitamin E, IU/lb Table 2. Effect of trace mineral source on cow pregnancy and calf weaning weight Trace Mineral Supplement Source Organic Inorganic P-value Cow Pregnancy Rate Ranch A, year % (337/356) 93.3% (334/358) 0.65 Ranch A, year % (368/380) 94.9% (262/275) 0.44, year % (268/280) 90.6% (306/340) Total 95.3% (873/916) 92.6% (901/973) 0.01 Calf Weaning Weight, lbs Heifers Steers Average
5 Table 3. Effect of trace mineral supplement source and time on cow liver trace mineral concentration (μg/g) Year 1 Year 2 Pre Calve Post Calve Wean Post Calve Wean SEM Effect Cobalt Ranch A ORG ING ORG ING Copper Ranch A ORG ING ORG ING Iron Ranch A ORG ING ORG ING Manganese Ranch A ORG , 2 ING ORG ING Molybdenum Ranch A ORG ING ORG ING Selenium Ranch A ORG ING ORG ING Zinc Ranch A ORG , 4 ING ORG ING Year effect P< Time effect, P< Year x Time effect, P< Source x Time effect, P< Year x Source x Time effect, P<0.05.
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