Nutritional Improvement of Food Crops
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1 Nutritional Improvement of Food Crops Gerard Barry International Rice Research Institute, The Philippines IMPROVING FOOD PLANT DEVELOPMENT FOR BETTER FOODS Organized by the International Food Biotechnology Committee (IFBiC) Tuesday, 22 January 2013, 2:00 pm 5:30 pm
2 Outline The need: micronutrient deficiencies How to tackle through agriculture/food? Why focus on rice? 2
3 Global Zinc Micronutrient Deficiency (World Health Organization) Vitamin A Iron
4 Health outcomes of micronutrient deficiencies for different groups Target group Iron deficiency Zinc deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Children Impaired physical ability Impaired mental development Child mortality (related to maternal deaths) Women Impaired physical activity Maternal mortality Diarrhea Pneumonia Stunting Child mortality Child mortality Measles Night blindness Corneal scarring Blindness Night blindness in pregnant and lactating women Men Impaired physical activity Source: Stein et al. (2005)
5 Supplementation Commercial Fortification Dietary Diversity Biofortification = breeding crops for better nutrition
6 #1 Breeding must increase nutrient to levels that improve nutrition Photo: Wolfgang Pfeiffer
7 #2 Will extra nutrients be bioavailable at sufficient levels to improve micronutrient status?
8 Photos: Neil Palmer (CIAT) #3 Farmers must adopt crops and consumers must buy & eat these.
9 One Crop Released Orange Sweet Potato (OSP) Beta-carotene for Vitamin A Mozambique Uganda 24,000 Households (HHs) reached Up to 68% of project HHs adopted OSP. Up to 47% increase in share of OSP in total sweet potato area. Up to a 100% increase in vitamin A intakes for infants, children and women.
10 Impact on vitamin A intakes
11 Crops for Africa & Release Dates Cassava Provitamin A Nigeria DR Congo Beans Iron (Zinc) Rwanda DR Congo Maize Provitamin A Zambia Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.
12 Crops for Asia & Release Dates Pearl Millet Iron (Zinc) India Rice Zinc (Iron) Bangladesh India Wheat Zinc India Pakistan Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.
13 Reducing Vitamin A Deficiency Nutrition education & behavior change Home Fortification Large-scale Fortification Dietary Diversification Promotion of Optimal Breastfeeding Vitamin A Capsule Supplementation 13
14 The need for additional tools to address vitamin A deficiency Vitamin A deficiency continues to adversely affect many, especially the last 10-20% of young children in the hardest-to-reach areas. The most vulnerable children and women are often missed by vitamin A supplementation and fortification programs. Helen Keller International 14
15 Complementary strategies to reduce vitamin A deficiency Supplementation Food fortification Population Protected Dietary improvement Time Monitoring vitamin A programs. Cervinskas, Jenny and Houston, Robin. Micronutrient Initiative, 1998
16 Why focus on rice? 16
17 Rice consumption by the Philippine population Mean wt/person/day = 307g Rice Intake - Philippines (2008) Population group and ages Raw; g Children 6 mo to 5 yr yr to 12 yr 229 Adolescents 13 yr to 19 yr 335 Adults 20 yr - 59 yr yr+ 248 Women pregnant 287 lactating National Nutrition Survey, Philippines
18 Rank List of commonly consumed foods: Philippines (National Nutrition Survey, 2008) Food Item % of Households Mean wt, as purchased consuming (raw), in gs 1 Rice Sugar Coconut oil Salt, coarse Instant coffee Garlic Bread Onion Chicken eggs Soysauce Coffee creamer Tomato Powdered milk Stringbeans Noodles
19 A staple rice diet and micronutrient malnutrition 160 Rice based diet % RECOMMENDED INTAKE From: Oyarzun et al Vit A Vit C Folate Fe Zn Slide courtesy of Ricardo Uauy 19
20 Percentage contribution of rice to the Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes among Philippine households. RENI Recommended Amount Contribution RENI Recommended Amount Contribution Energy 1827 kcal 57.9% Protein 57.1g 39.1% Fats 36g 4.5% Carbohydrates 328g 74.3% Iron 9.7mg 31.9% Calcium 0.42g 19.4% Thiamin 0.85mg 36.2% Riboflavin 0.73mg 20.7% Niacin 21.3mg 45.1% Ascorbic Acid 47.1mg 0% Vitamin A 451.6meq 0% National Nutrition Survey,
21 The Philippines Diet and Meeting the Recommended Intakes for Vitamin A and Iron Adapted from Table D, B18 23, Facts and Figures 2008, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Dec Group Intake (ug RE) Vitamin A % meeting 80% RENI Nutrient Intake (mg) Iron % meeting 80% RENI Adults; 20 to 69 yrs Pregnant women; <19 - >36 yrs Lactating women; <19 - >36 yrs Children; 6 mos - 5 yrs School age (6-12 yrs) Adolescents; (13 19 yrs) Elderly; >60 yrs
22 Healthier Rice Varieties projects at the International Rice Research Institute Countries: Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and India Higher beta carotene (Golden Rice): Current level: ~ 0 ppm Target level: 6-8 ppm = +50 % of the estimated average requirement Higher Iron Rice: Current level: 2 ppm Target level: ppm = +30 % of the estimated average requirement Higher Zinc Rice: Current level: 16 ppm Target level: 24 ppm = +40 % of the estimated average requirement
23 What is Golden Rice? Golden Rice is unique because it contains beta carotene, which gives it a golden color. Golden Rice was developed using genetic modification techniques, with genes from maize and common soil microorganism. Beta carotene is converted to vitamin A as needed by the body. 23
24 The current project Leading nutrition and agricultural research organizations are working together to further develop and evaluate Golden Rice as a potential new way to reduce vitamin A deficiency. Because rice is consumed so widely, Golden Rice could reach many people and help alleviate vitamin A deficiency. 24
25 Potential Contribution of Golden Rice to Vitamin A intake in Philippines
26 Vitamin A needs and rice consumption of the Philippine population Recommended Intakes (RENI, 2002) Population group and ages Vitamin A (mg Retinol Equivalents; RE) Infants Birth - < 6 mo mo - < 12 mo 400 Children 1 9 y Males Females Pregnant women all trimesters 800 Lactating women 1st and 2nd 6 mo 900 Rice Intake - Philippines (2008) Population group and ages Raw; g Children 6 mo to 5 yr yr to 12 yr 229 Adolescents 13 yr to 19 yr 335 Adults Women 20 yr - 59 yr yr+ 248 pregnant 287 lactating National Nutrition Survey, Philippines
27 Factors used Golden Rice is expected to contain at least 3μg β-carotene per gram of uncooked rice (i.e. 3 parts per million) Loss of β-carotene in cooking: 20% Conversion factor used: Children 6 mo 12 years: 2.3 β-carotene to 1 retinol Population groups > 12 years: 3.8 β-carotene to 1 retinol AJCN, 2009 and 2012
28 Potential Contribution of Golden Rice to Vitamin A intake in Philippines (at 3ppm) Population Group Children 6 mo 5 y 6 y 12 y Adolescents (13-19 y) Female Male Adults y 60 y + RENI Rice Consumption (uncooked) Total β- carotene, (cooked rice) Vitamin A activity % Contribution to RENI Pregnant women Lactating women A. Osei HKI and G. Barry IRRI, unpublished
29 Golden Rice: Highlights Participating organizations: International Rice Research Institute, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Helen Keller International Multilocation trials completed in the Philippines to produce the data for biosafety review Regulatory dossier under preparation; submission in 2013 Bioefficacy trial planned if biosafety approval obtained Advanced surveys on farmers, consumers, and key influencers being used to guide the development plan
30 Nutritionally improved rice in confined field test (CFT) 2012 (IRRI) Micronutrient concentration in popular indica rice IR64 with rice NAS and Soybean FER transgenes ppm Iron >50 ppm Zinc Inez Slamet-Loedin, IRRI
31 Financial support Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Rockefeller Foundation U.S. Agency for International Development Department of Agriculture Philippines HarvestPlus 31
32 Thank you!
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