Monitoring and Assessment of Heavy Metals in Pulses & Cereals

Transcription

1 Jitender Pal et al. 2015, Volume 3 Issue 3 ISSN (Online): ISSN (Print): International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology An Open Access Journal Monitoring and Assessment of Heavy Metals in Pulses & Cereals 1 Jitender Pal, 2 Priyanka Abstract The aim of present study is to monitor and assessment the levels of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) in pulses [Massor (Lens culinaris), Chana (Chickpea), Urad (Vigna mungo), Arhar (Cajanus cajan), Moong (Vigna rodiata)] and cereals [Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Rice (Oryza sativa)] sold in three cities (Hisar, Rewari and Rohtak) of Haryana. The maximum concentration of Zn (75.48mg/kg) was found in all pulses and cereals at Hisar city and minimum concentrations of Cr were noticed in all selected pulses and cereals. The daily intakes of Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr through pulses and cereals have also been estimated. The higher value of ADD (mg/kg/person/day) for adults in Zn for consumption is in massor in Rohtak city. They are found to be below the reference dose and safe limits proposed by [FAO/WHO]. The hazard quotient of all the metals is less than one in all the pulses and cereal samples of all the selected locations and may not constitute any health hazards by consumption of pulses and cereals. Key words: Heavy metals, Daily intake, Cereals and Pulses, Food Introduction Many anthropogenic actions and industrial effluents which is rich with harmful chemicals and heavy metals in sufficient amount to cause toxicity to soil as well as crop plants [1] [2] [3]. Heavy metals are nonbiodegradable and exist in the environmental. Heavy metals are taken up by the plants absorbing them from the air polluted environments [4] [5] as well as from contaminated soils [6]. Heavy metal accumulation in crops may also due to irrigation with contaminated water [7] [8]. Soil contains various heavy metals in trace amount and most of these heavy metals are essential elements for living organisms, but their excess amount is generally harmful to plants, animals and human health [9]. Heavy metals are essential with a human requirement of not more than a few milligrams per day, are known as dietary minerals. However, micronutrients may become harmful when their ingestion rates are too high [10]. Metal concentrations in agricultural food items depend on soil characteristics, such as content of organic matter, ph and mineralogy of soil, which can affect the bioavailability of elements [10] [11]. Soil behaves like a sink for all chemicals through the aerials deposition, emitted by urban and industrial activities as well as agricultural activities. The high accumulation of metals in soil can lead to phytotoxicity and ultimately enter into the human diet through crop uptake or soil ingestion [12]. Metals uptake by plants may depend on plant species, types of soil and soil conditions [13] [14] [15]. Pulses and cereals are the important crops that serve as stable food in many countries. Pulses and cereals are necessary for a healthy diet due to their content in fiber, trace minerals and vitamins, which are supposed to prevent various diseases [16]. Bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals in food chain can be highly dangerous to human health. Thus information on the intake of toxic heavy metals through the food chain is important in assessing risk to human health [17]. Many researchers reported that heavy metals are accumulated in vital organs in the human body such as the kidneys, bones and liver and are associated with numerous serious heath disorders [18]. The present study is conducted with an aims to explore the possibility of heavy metals in pulses and cereals and health effects from these heavy metals Materials and Methods Pulses and cereals sampling 2015 Jitender Pal et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited /ijset

2 In present study, five pulses [Massor (Lens culinaris), Chana (Chickpea), Urad (Vigna mungo), Arhar (Cajanus cajan), Moong (Vigna rodiata)] and two cereals [Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Rice (Oryza sativa)] were selected and collected from local market of three cities [Hisar, Rewari and Rohtak] of Haryana on random basis. Each of pulses and cereal samples were washed with distilled water and oven dried at 100 C for 24 hr until a constant weight was achieved. The dried pulses and cereals samples were grounded and kept in polythene container for further analysis. Digestion of samples One gm of dried sample of each pulses and cereals (in triplicate) was accurately weighed and placed in a flask. 10 ml of perchloric and sulphuric acid (in 1:9 ratios) was added. The samples were digested on the hot plate at 100 o C and filtered. Each sample solution made to a final volume of 50 ml with distilled water and stored in polyethylene container for further analysis. All samples were prepared identically in triplicates. Health Risk Associated With Heavy Metals The health risk was assets using Average Daily Dose (ADD) and Hazards Quotient (HQ). ADD for heavy metal referred to intake of that particular metal from all food groups and is an important indicator of health risk in the population exposure. Average Daily Dose (ADD) The quantity of heavy metals per kilogram of body weight per day was estimated according to Arora et al., [19]. Average Daily Dose (ADD) = M c. C f. D i / B w (i) Where, Mc is metal concentration in pulses and pulses and cereals (mg/kg), C f is conversion factor consider one in all cases, D i is daily intake of cereal (kg), B w is body weight for adult (55kg). Daily intakes of pulses and cereals were considered on the basis of survey conducted with 10 house wives and average daily intakes were found 50gms/person/day. Hazards Quotient (HQ) Hazards Quotient (HQ) is the ratio of Average Daily Dose (ADD) to the reference dose (Rd) is defined as the maximum tolerable daily intake of a particular metal that does not result in any harmful effects [19]. If the value of HQ < 1, the exposed population is safe and if HQ > 1, it indicates that there is a potential risk related to that metal and was calculated by equation: Hazards Quotient (HQ) = Average Daily Dose (ADD) / Reference dose (Rd) (ii) Results and Discussions Heavy metal concentration in pulses and cereals In present study, five pulses (massor, moong, arhar, urad, chana) and two cereals (rice and wheat) samples were collected from local market of from Hisar, Rewari and Rohtak cities for heavy metal analysis. The reference dose and safe limits for studied heavy metals are given in table 1. Table 1: Reference dose and safe limits of heavy metals Heavy Metals Ni Cd Cr Pb Zn Cu References Reference dose [20] Note: All units are in mg/kg Safe limit [21] The levels of heavy metals concentrations were found to be in decreasing order of Zn Cu Ni Pb Cd Cr in selected pulses and cereals of three cities i.e. Hisar, Rewari and Rohtak. Except this trend was found different in case of wheat (Zn Cu Ni = Pb Cd Cr) in Hisar city. The estimated heavy metals concentration was noticed as (Zn Cu Ni Cd Pb Cr) for urad. The levels of concentrations were determined in order of (Cu Zn Ni Pb Cd Cr) for chana and rice in Rewari city. The concentrations were obtained in order of (Zn Cu Ni Pb = Cd Cr) for rice and (Zn Cu Ni Cd Pb Cr) for wheat in Rohtak city. The maximum concentration of Zn was found in pulses and cereals, except Cu in chana and rice in Rewari city. The /ijset

3 concentration of heavy metal in different pulses and cereals of Hisar city is shown in Figure 1. Comparison of Heavy Metals concentrations The concentration of Ni was found in the range of ( mg/kg) in Hisar district in all pulses and cereals. The maximum concentration of Ni was found among pulses, moong (1.5 mg/kg) and chana (1.2mg/kg) and among cereal in rice (1.1mg/kg). The maximum concentration of Ni was found in massor (1.11mg/kg) and minimum concentration in urad (0.3mg/kg) among pulses in Rewari district. Similarly in case of Rohtak the maximum concentration was found in moong (0.9mg/kg) and minimum concentration was found in urad (0.4mg/kg). The concentration of Cd was found in the range of ( mg/kg) in Hisar district in pulses and cereals. Fig. 1: Concentration of heavy metals (a) Ni, (b) Cd, (c) Cr, (d) Pb, (e) Zn and (f) Cu at different locations The maximum concentration of Cd was found in wheat (0.013mg/kg) among cereals. The maximum concentration of Cd was found in moong (0.03mg/kg), urad (0.03mg/kg) among pulses and rice (0.029mg/kg) among cereals and minimum concentration in massor (0.01mg/kg) in Rewari district. Similarly in case of Rohtak the maximum concentration was found in arhar (0.3mg/kg) and rice (0.3mg/kg) and minimum concentration was found in moong (0.1mg/kg) and urad (0.1mg/kg). The concentration of Cr was found in the range of ( mg/kg) in Hisar district in all pulses and cereals. The maximum concentration of Cr was found in three cereal massor ( mg/kg), moong ( mg/kg) and urad ( mg/kg). The maximum concentration of Cr was found in moong (0.0021mg/kg) and minimum concentration in massor and chana ( mg/kg) of Rewari district. Similarly in case of Rohtak the maximum concentration of Cr was found in urad ( mg/kg) and minimum concentration of Cr was found in massor and chana (0.0011mg/kg). The concentration of Pb was found in the range of ( mg/kg) in Hisar district in all pulses and cereals. The maximum concentration of Pb was found in moong and chana (0.071mg/kg) among pulses. The maximum concentration of Pb was found in arhar (0.071mg/kg) and minimum concentration in urad (0.011mg/kg) in all cereal and pulses of Rewari district. Similarly in case of Rohtak the maximum concentration of Pb was found in arhar (0.061mg/kg) and minimum concentration of Pb was found equally in moong and urad (0.021mg/kg). The concentration of Zn was found in the range of ( mg/kg) in Hisar district in all pulses and cereals. The maximum concentration of Zn was found in chana /ijset

4 (75.481mg/kg) among pulses. The maximum concentration of Zn was found in moong (32.901mg/kg) among pulses and minimum concentration in chana (11.871mg/kg) of Rewari district. Similarly in case of Rohtak the maximum concentration of Zn was found in massor (65.481mg/kg) and minimum concentration of Zn was found in wheat (11.861mg/kg). The concentration of Cu was found in the range of ( mg/kg) in Hisar district in all pulses and cereals. The maximum concentration of Cu was found in cereal moong (26.51mg/kg).The maximum concentration of Cu was found in rice (23.21mg/kg) and minimum concentration in urad (7.91mg/kg) of Rewari district. Similarly in case of Rohtak the maximum concentration of Cu was found in massor (18.41mg/kg) and minimum concentration of Cu was found in wheat (3.61mg/kg). Assessment of Human Exposure Risk The average daily dose (ADD) The result indicate that the intake of the studied heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) through the consumption of pulses (massor, moong, arhar, urad, chana) and cereals (rice and wheat), it can be suggested that the consumption of average amounts of these contaminated pulses and cereals does not pose a health risk for the consumers as the values obtained are lower than the reference dose and below the FAO/WHO limits for heavy metals intake based on the body weight of an average adult (55 kg body weight). Table 2: The Average Daily Dose (ADD) of heavy metal at different locations Location Metals (mg/kg) Pulses and cereals Massor Moong Arhar Urad Chana Rice Wheat Ni Cd Hisar Cr Pb Zn Cu Ni Cd Rewari Cr Pb Zn Cu Ni Cd Rohtak Cr Pb Zn Cu Hazard quotient (HQ) To evaluate the health risk associated with consumption of metal contaminated pulses and /ijset

5 cereals, HQ has been recognized as useful index. If HQ is less than one (HQ<1), the toxicant may produce an adverse effect. With the increase in HQ value, the probability of experience the long term carcinogenic effect also increased. The HQ for consumption of selected pulses and cereals in adults of Hisar city is shown in Table 3. To assess the health risk associated with heavy metal contamination of pulses and cereals consume by the residents of selected cities. Hazard Quotient (HQ) has been recognized as useful parameter for evaluation of risk associated with consumption of metal contaminated pulses and cereals. Hazard Quotient (HQ) of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn and Pb) via consumption by Adults is less than one in all selected cities. Therefore there are no health hazards in Adults by consumption of selected pulses and cereals. Location Metals (mg/kg) Table 3: The Hazard quotient (HQ) at different locations Pulses and cereals Massor Moong Arhar Urad Chana Rice Wheat Ni Cd Hisar Cr Pb Zn Cu Ni Cd Rewari Cr Pb Zn Cu Ni Cd Rohtak Cr Pb Zn Cu Conclusions The present study was designed to investigate the heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn and Pb) concentration in five pulses and two cereals and to estimate the potential health risk of metals in adults via consumption of contaminated pulses and cereals of three selected cities namely Hisar, Rewari and Rohtak of Haryana. The results showed that the pulses and cereals of all three cities were contaminated by heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn and Pb) in trace amount. The concentration of Zn in all pulses and cereals is more in all three selected locations but below the safe limits given by FAO/WHO [21]. The higher value of ADD (mg/kg/person/day) for adults in Zn for consumption is in massor in Rohtak city. The hazard quotient of all the metals is less than one in all the pulses and cereal samples of all the selected locations, so it is safe for consumption. From the /ijset

6 present study, it is clear that there is no potential risk to the local residents of these cities through the consumption of pulses and cereals. This Monitoring and assessment of heavy metal levels in agricultural food items can provide important data to policy maker on the impact of chemicals on agricultural sectors. References 1. Radwan, a., Salama, A., (2006). Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 44, Muhammad, F., Farooq A., Umar, R., (2008). Appraisal of heavy metal contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 40(5), Garg, A., Vyas, A., Vyas, H., (2013). Toxic effect of heavy metals on germination and seeding growth of wheat. J. of Environ. Res. Develop. 8(2), Jassir, M.S., Shaker, A., Khaliq, M.A., (2005). Deposition of heavy metals on green leafy vegetables sold on roadsides of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 75, Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M., (2008b). Atmospheric depositions of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) in Varanasi city, India. Environ. Monit. Assess., 142, (1-3), Singh, S., Kumar, M., (2006). Heavy metal load of soil, water and vegetables in periurban Delhi. Environ. Monitor. Assess., 120, Singh, K.P., Mohon, D., Sinha, S., Dalwani, R., (2004). Impact assessment of treated/ untreated wastewater toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural, and environmental quality in wastewater disposal area. Chemosphere, 55, Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M., (2006). Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Varanasi, India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 77, Bukhari, I. H., Ramzan, M., Riaz, M., Bokhari, T.H., Rehman, G., Munir, S., (2013). Determination of trace heavy metals in different varieties of vegetables and fruits available in local market of shorkot Pakistan. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 5(2) Santos, E.E., Lauria, D.C., Porto da Silveira, C.L., (2004). Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Science of the Total Environment 327, Islam, M.S., Ahmed, M.K., Al-Mamun, M.H., (2014). Heavy metals in cereals and pulses: health implications in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62, Zahir, E., Naqvi, I.I., Uddin, S.M., (2009). Market basket survey of selected metals in fruits from Karachi city (Pakistan). Journal Basic and Applied Science. 5, Ismail, F., Anjum, A.N., Kazi, T.G., (2011). Trace metal contents of vegitables and fruits of Hyderabad retail market. Pakistan Journal of Nutration. 10, Inoti, Judy, K., Fanuel, K., George, O., Paul, O., (2012). Assessment of heavy metal concentration in urban grown vegetables in Thika Town, Kenya. African Journal of Food Science. 6, Doe, E.D., Awua, A.K., Gyamfi, O.K., Bentil, N.O., (2013). Levels of selected heavy metals in wheat flour on the Ghanaian market: A determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. Am. Journal of Applied Chemistry. 1(2), Saha, N., Zaman, M.R., (2011). Concentration of selected toxic metals in groundwater and some pulses and cereals grown in Shibgani area of Chapai Nawabganj, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Current Science. 101(3), Duruibe, J.O., Ogwuegbu, M.D.C., Egwurugwu, J.N., (2007). Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Science. 2(5), Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, S., Rani, A., Kaur, B., Mittal, N., (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Integrated risk information system. Available at: ncea/iris/compare.cfm. 21. FAO/WHO, Codex Alimentarius Commission (2001). Food additives and contaminates, FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. Author s Details 1 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar (Haryana), j_pal2k1@yahoo.com 2 P.G Scholar, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar (Haryana) 11. Wasserman M.A.M., (1998). Soil-to-plant transfer of 137Cs related to its geochemical partitioning in oxisols of tropical areas. Environmental geochemistry in the tropics. Berlin: Springer. pp /ijset