2/9/15 CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY BIOSC 10 ANNOUNCEMENTS 2/9 CHAPTER 3 REVIEW. Review Q3 (chapter 3- notes allowed!)

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BIOSC 10 ANNOUNCEMENTS /9 Review Q3 (chapter 3- notes allowed!

CHAPTER 3 REVIEW What are the main differences in organelles between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

Know the function of all organelles/ components on your chart! Hypotonic vs hypertonic vs isotonic What is the difference between passive and active transport? Examples of each?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts d. Vesicles and vacuoles Part : True or false?

1 BIOSC 10 ANNOUNCEMENTS /9 Review Q3 (chapter 3- notes allowed!) Lecture: chapter 4 Wed: Quiz covering chapters 3-4 Next Wed (/18)- Exam 1 (chapters 1-4) Extra Credit: answer all study guide Q s (guide posted Wed) and submit via Angel before exam CHAPTER 3 REVIEW What are the main differences in organelles between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What are the main differences between plant and animal cells? What are the components and function of the endomembrane system? CHAPTER 3 REVIEW What is the function and structure of the cell (plasma) membrane? Know the function of all organelles/ components on your chart! Hypotonic vs hypertonic vs isotonic What is the difference between passive and active transport? Examples of each? REVIEW Q3 Part 1: Which of the following are present in plant cells but not animal cells? a. Plasma membrane and mitochondria b. Cell wall and chloroplasts c. Mitochondria and chloroplasts d. Vesicles and vacuoles Part : True or false? During diffusion, a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration until equilibrium is reached. CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY SECTION 4.1: ENERGY & METABOLISM Chapter 4 HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY A hummingbird needs energy to maintain prolonged flight. The bird obtains its energy from taking in food and transforming the energy contained in food molecules into forms of energy to power its flight through a series of biochemical reactions. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker) FIGURE 4.1 1

/9/15 Ultimately, where do most life forms get their energy?

plants to obtain energy Carnivores eat the herbivores Eventual decomposition of

3 Both anabolic and catabolic pathways are required to maintain the cell s energy

6CO + 6HO (+ energy) à C6H1O6 + 6O C6H1O6 + 6O à 6CO + 6HO (+ energy) What is the

Energy is transferred and transformed from one system (and form) to another Food

functions Where is chemical energy stored?

2 /9/15 Ultimately, where do most life forms get their energy? Plants (autotrophs) use photosynthesis to capture sunlight Herbivores eat the plants to obtain energy Carnivores eat the herbivores Eventual decomposition of plant and animal material contributes to Earth s nutrient pool FIGURE 4.3 Both anabolic and catabolic pathways are required to maintain the cell s energy balance What is the term for the sum of all the chemical reactions inside cells? FIGURE 4. Energy is stored in bonds Sugar molecules have a LOT of energy stored in bonds 6CO + 6HO (+ energy) à C6H1O6 + 6O C6H1O6 + 6O à 6CO + 6HO (+ energy) What is the first law of thermodynamics? Energy is transferred and transformed from one system (and form) to another Food we consume provides our cells with the energy required to carry out bodily functions Where is chemical energy stored? Each step of metabolic reactions is facilitated (catalyzed) by enzymes (proteins) What is heat energy? FIGURE 4.4 Endergonic processes require energy Exergonic processes release energy Still water has potential energy Moving water has kinetic energy FIGURE 4.5

Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction but do not change the free energy of the reaction The

changes to increase the affinity of the substrate for the active site What is competitive inhibition?

9: NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITION Allosteric inhibition works by indirectly inducing a conformational change to the

shape of the active site to allow a better fit of the substrate. FIGURE 4.

: GLYCOLYSIS (Step 1 of breaking down glucose to free its energy) How are endergonic reactions powered?

3 Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction but do not change the free energy of the reaction The induced-fit model is an adjustment to the lock-and-key model and explains how enzymes and substrates undergo shape changes to increase the affinity of the substrate for the active site What is competitive inhibition? Noncompetitive inhibition? FIGURE 4.7 FIGURE 4.8 FIGURE 4.9: NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITION Allosteric inhibition works by indirectly inducing a conformational change to the active site such that the substrate no longer fits In allosteric activation, the activator molecule modifies the shape of the active site to allow a better fit of the substrate. FIGURE 4.10 How are pharmaceutical drugs developed? Careers in action: pharmaceutical drug developer SECTION 4.: GLYCOLYSIS (Step 1 of breaking down glucose to free its energy) How are endergonic reactions powered? Where is energy stored in? Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes Feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an upstream process, is an important regulatory mechanism in cells FIGURE 4.11 FIGURE 4.1 3

GLYCOLYSIS is step 1 of breaking down glucose to free its energy SECTION 4.3: CITRIC ACID CYCLE (Step ) AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Step 3) FIGURE 4.

When oxygen is present, pyruvate is converted into acetyl- CoA before entering the citric acid (Kreb s) cycle in the mitochondria FIGURE 4.

(b) synthase is a complex molecular machine that uses an H + gradient to regenerate from ADP. (c) Chemiosmosis relies on the potential energy provided by the H + gradient across the membrane.

NADH glycolysis 6 (matrix) NADH NADH FADH pyruvate Krebs cycle acetyl CoA CoA CO 4 CO mitochondrion O H O electron transport chain 3 FIGURE 4.15 Total: 36 SECTION 4.

4 GLYCOLYSIS is step 1 of breaking down glucose to free its energy SECTION 4.3: CITRIC ACID CYCLE (Step ) AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Step 3) FIGURE 4.13 In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is converted into two pyruvate molecules Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm No oxygen is required for glycolysis! When oxygen is present, pyruvate is converted into acetyl- CoA before entering the citric acid (Kreb s) cycle in the mitochondria FIGURE 4.14 Oxidative phosphorylation (Step 3) SUMMARY OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION (cytosol) 1 glucose (a) The electron transport chain is a set of molecules that supports a series of oxidation-reduction reactions (b) synthase is a complex molecular machine that uses an H + gradient to regenerate from ADP. (c) Chemiosmosis relies on the potential energy provided by the H + gradient across the membrane. Step 1: Glycolysis Step : Citric acid (Kreb s) cycle Step 3: Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) Where does each occur? Reactants? Products? NADH glycolysis 6 (matrix) NADH NADH FADH pyruvate Krebs cycle acetyl CoA CoA CO 4 CO mitochondrion O H O electron transport chain 3 FIGURE 4.15 Total: 36 SECTION 4.4: FERMENTATION Fermentation occurs after glycolysis when no oxygen is present for aerobic respiration Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that does NOT produce Fermentation is required to recycle the energy carrier NAD+ for use during glycolysis (which produces small amounts of ) (cytosol) If O is available 6 O 1 glucose glycolysis pyruvate cellular respiration 6 CO 6 H O fermentation lactate ethanol If no O is available + CO mitochondrion Lactic acid fermentation is common in muscles that have used all available oxygen Other examples of lactic acid fermentation? FIGURE

Alcohol fermentation is another type of anaerobic respiration that can occur after glycolysis Reactants? Products?

FIGURE 4.17 FIGURE 4.18 Biomolecules enter the pathway of aerobic respiration at different points FIGURE 4.0 Crash course biology video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

How is their activity regulated? What energy currency is used by cells? What are the three major steps of cellular respiration? Where does each occur? Overall products & reactants?

5 Alcohol fermentation is another type of anaerobic respiration that can occur after glycolysis Reactants? Products? Fermentation of grape juice to make wine produces CO as a byproduct Fermentation tanks have valves so that pressure (CO ) inside the tanks can be released Other examples of alcohol fermentation? FIGURE 4.17 FIGURE 4.18 Biomolecules enter the pathway of aerobic respiration at different points FIGURE 4.0 Crash course biology video: v=00jbg_cfguq&index=7&list=pl3eed4c1d684d3adf CHAPTER 4 REVIEW Endergonic vs exergonic reactions Anabolic vs catabolic reactions What is metabolism? Where is chemical energy stored? What are enzymes? How is their activity regulated? What energy currency is used by cells? What are the three major steps of cellular respiration? Where does each occur? Overall products & reactants? Where and when does fermentation occur? Products & reactants? HOMEWORK FOR WEDNESDAY Study chapters 3-4 for quiz Wed! Rewriting/typing/consolidating notes is helpful Blank organelle charts posted on Angel Short videos on chapter 3 & 4 topics posted on Angel Review questions in text (end of each chapter) Wed will be review for exam 1 (chapters 1-4) Bring all study materials! Study guide will be posted and handed out Extra Credit: answer all study guide Q s and submit via Angel before exam 5

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation*

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Life Is Work