Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management. Hailin Zhang. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences

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1 Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Hailin Zhang Department of Plant and Soil Sciences

2 C H O P N K 16 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS Ca S Mg B Cl Cu Fe Mn Mo B

3 NON-MINERAL NUTRIENTS Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) (O) Used in photosynthesis

4 MINERAL NUTRIENTS Major nutrients Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Secondary nutrients Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Micronutrients Boron (B) Chloride (Cl) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Zinc (Zn)

5 Positively Charged Ions Are Called Cations Chemical Ionic Nutrient symbol form Potassium K K + Sodium Na Na + Ammonium NH 4 NH + 4 Hydrogen H H + Calcium Ca Ca ++ Magnesium Mg Mg ++

6 NEGATIVELY CHARGED COLLOIDS ATTRACT CATIONS K Ca Ca ++ Na + Soil Colloid - - Mg ++ - H +

7 Negatively Charged Ions Are Called Anions Chemical Ionic Nutrient symbol form Chloride Cl Cl - Nitrate N NO 3 Sulfate S SO 4 = Borate B BO 3 3- Phosphate P H 2 PO 4 -

8 Manage Saline and Sodic Soils EC (umhos/cm) ESP % 15 Normal Sodic Saline Increased salt hazard Leaching Gypsum Leaching Saline-Sodic 30

9 9.0 ph value defines relative acidity or basicity Most productive soils Strong Medium Slight Slight Moderate Medium Strong Basic Acid Pure water 4.0 Very strong

10 Soil ph affects nutrient availability to plants

11 Active Al Increased by Soil Acidity % Al saturation y = 3E+07x R 2 = ph

12 Mobility of Nutrients in Soil Mobile Nutrients Nitrogen Sulfur Boron Chlorine Immobile Nutrients Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo (Fuel Tank) (Crankcase)

13 Characteristics of solid-p? Phosphate ions form Al and/or Fe phosphate at low soil ph Phosphate ions form Ca phosphate at high soil ph Neither forms are plant available P- H Retention M Al, Fe Ca phosphates phosphates L Soil ph

14 Dynamics among Various Forms of Soil K K K K Soil minerals K Unavailable K + K + K + K + K + Soil colloid K + K + K + K + Soil colloid K + K + Soil water K + K + Readily Available Trapped K Soil colloid Slowly available

15 Soil Test-P is like Dip Stick for engine l Dip Stick l Soil Test (wheat) Test Rec. (add) Test Rec. (add) Full None 65 None 1/2qt. 0-1/2 qt lb 1 qt. 1 qt lb

16 Processes to Make Fertilizer Recommendation q Soil Test Correlation --- to select the best soil test method for a particular nutrient of the area q Soil Test Calibration --- to describe soil test results in easily understood terminology q Fertilizer recommendation

17 Nitrogen Requirement Crop to be grown Yield goal N requirement N needs = N requirement - Soil NO 3 -N Credits for subsurface and manure N

18 Phosphorus Requirement Soil test P index (Mehlich 3 method) Percent sufficiency P requirement (P 2 O 5 lbs/acre)

19 Relative Crop Yield (%) Potential Environment al Problems Low Medium High Excessive Soil Test P

20 P Recommendation P soil test index Sufficiency (%) P 2 O 5 (lbs/a)

21 Soil Tests Serve Two Basic Functions Provide a starting point for developing fertilizer and liming program Monitor nutrient level to keep the fertilizer program on track

22 The greatest potential for error in soil testing is in taking the sample

23 Recognize Field Nutrient Variability Nitrate - Nitrogen lbs/acre >80 (Nitrate-N within a 75 x 75 plot)

24 P Changes with Depth (no-till) Depth P (ppm)

25 Get a Useful Sample cores Soil Probe Right Depth (plow layer or 6 inches Clean Bucket OSU Cooperative Extension

26 Soil Tests at OSU Routine ph Buffer Index Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Subsoil Nitrate Secondary Nutrients Sulfate-Sulfur Magnesium Calcium Micronutrients Iron Zinc Boron Soil Organic Matter, Soil Texture, Soil Salinity

27

28

29

30

31 Animal Manure

32 Land Manure Recycling nutrients Poultry Livestock Crop

33 N to P 2 O 5 Ratio Plants Manure 1 to to 1 1 to 1 Need to consider both N and P when deciding how much manure/compost to use

34 Sharpley et al., 1998

35 Factors Considered for P Management Source factors Soil test P level, manure, fertilizers Rate and method of P application Transport factors Monthly runoff volume, erosion potential Receiving water body sensitivity? TMDL (total maximum daily load) or state water quality standard BMPs (best management practices) Distance to water bodies, cattle exclusion, alternative watering sources Buffer strips, riparian establishment and restoration Soil and/or amendments

36 Summary There are 16 essential plant nutrients The chemistry of nutrients determines their mobility in the soil and how they are recommended to certain crops Soil ph is a very important soil property Soil testing is important for a successful nutrient management program Consider soil and water quality when managing manure nutrients

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