Refer to the figure below, a diagram of a renal tubule, to answer the following questions.

Transcription

1 1. The digestion and utilization of which nutrient creates the greatest need for osmoregulation by the kidneys? a. protein b. starch c. fat d. oil e. cellulose 2. Which of the following is true of urea? It is a. insoluble in water. b. more toxic to human cells than ammonia. c. the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. d. the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. e. the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. 3. The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule a. results from active transport. b. transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. c. is very selective as to which small molecules are transferred. d. is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid. e. usually includes the transfer of red blood cells to the nephron tubule. 4. Which part of the vertebrate nephron consists of capillaries? a. glomerulus b. loop of Henle c. distal tubule d. Bowman's capsule e. collecting duct 5. Which of the following normally contains blood? a. vasa recta b. Bowman's capsule c. loop of Henle d. proximal tubule e. collecting duct Refer to the figure below, a diagram of a renal tubule, to answer the following questions.

2 6. In which region would urine become more concentrated? a. I b. III c. IV d. V e. VII 7. In which region would nutrients be actively transported to the blood? a. I b. II c. IV d. V e. VI 8. Which structure passes urine to the renal pelvis? a. loop of Henle b. collecting duct c. Bowman's capsule d. proximal tubule e. glomerulus 9. Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary nephrons? a. loop of Henle b. collecting duct c. Bowman's capsule d. proximal convoluted tubule e. glomerulus 10. All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney except a. water reabsorption. b. filtration of blood. c. excretion of nitrogenous waste. d. regulation of salt balance in the blood. e. production of urea as a waste product of protein catabolism. 11. Which one of the following, if present in a urine sample, would likely be caused by trauma? a. amino acids b. glucose c. salts d. erythrocytes e. vitamins 12. A toxin that specifically blocks active transport in the loop of Henle might result in which of the following? a. a decrease in the interstitial concentration of NaCl b. a decrease in the filtrate concentration ability of the kidney c. an increase in the amount of interstitial urea to maintain interstitial osmolarity d. A and C only

3 e. A, B and C 13. Depending on salt intake and water availability, humans can produce urine that is a. hyperosmotic to body fluids. b. hypoosmotic to body fluids. c. isoosmotic to body fluids. d. A and B are true. e. A, B, and C are true. 14. What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages? a. increased aldosterone production b. increased blood pressure c. decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) d. increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule e. the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity 15. The secretion of hormone A causes a change in the amount of protein X in an organism. If this mechanism works by positive feedback, which of the following statements represents that fact? a. An increase in A produces an increase in X. b. An increase in X produces a decrease in A. c. A decrease in A produces an increase in X. d. A and B are correct. e. B and C are correct. 16. Which of the following is (are) true? a. Hormones regulate cellular functions, and negative feedback regulates hormone levels. b. The circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops. c. Both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors. d. Only A and D are true. e. A, B, and C are true. 17. A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called a(n) a. secretory cell. b. plasma cell. c. endocrine cell. d. target cell. e. regulatory cell. 18. Frequently, very few molecules of a hormone are required to affect changes in a target cell. This is because a. hormones are lipid-soluble and readily penetrate the membranes of the target cell. b. hormones are large molecules that remain in circulation for months and can repeatedly stimulate the same cell. c. the mechanism of hormonal action involves an enzyme cascade that amplifies the response to a hormone. d. the mechanism of hormonal action involves the rapid replication of the hormone within the target cell. e. the mechanism of hormonal action involves memory cells that have had prior contact with the hormone.

4 19. Which of the following statements about hormones is correct? a. Steroid and peptide hormones produce different effects but use the same biochemical mechanisms. b. Steroid and peptide hormones produce the same effects but differ in the mechanisms that produce the effects. c. Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell. d. Steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mrna. e. Steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins to be exported from the cell, whereas peptide hormones affect the synthesis of proteins that remain in the cell. 20. Hormones from the hypothalamus affect the release of all of the following except a. prolactin. b. oxytocin. c. growth hormone. d. thyroid-stimulating hormone. e. adrenocorticotropic hormone. 21. The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. Which of the following cells best illustrates this relationship? a. a neuron in the spinal cord b. a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex c. a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus d. a brain cell in the cerebral cortex e. a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes 22. If a person drinks a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from water toxicity. ADH can help prevent water retention through interaction with target cells in the a. anterior pituitary. b. posterior pituitary. c. adrenal gland. d. bladder. e. kidney. 23. Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following? a. parathyroid hormone b. calcitonin c. epinephrine d. thyroxine e. glucagon 24. Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect? a. The parathyroids regulate metabolic rate. b. The thyroid participates in blood calcium regulation. c. The pituitary participates in the regulation of the gonads. d. The adrenal medulla produces "fight-or-flight" responses. e. The pancreas helps to regulate blood sugar concentration.

5 25. Blood samples taken from an individual who had been fasting for 24 hours would have which of the following? a. high levels of insulin b. high levels of glucagon c. low levels of insulin d. low levels of glucagon e. both B and C 26. What happens when beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood? a. Blood glucose levels rise to a set point and stimulate glucagon release. b. Body cells take up more glucose. c. The liver breaks down glycogen to glucose. d. Alpha cells are stimulated to release glucose into the blood. e. Both B and D are correct. 27. Which of the following hormone sequences is correct? a. LH FSH adrenal glands b. GnRH FSH ovaries c. CRH ACTH FSH thyroid gland d. CRH LH testes e. GnRH FSH LH pineal gland Refer to the list of hormones below to answer the following questions. Each hormone may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. melatonin B. glucagon C. thyroxine D. oxytocin E. growth hormone 28. secreted by the pancreas a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 29. stimulates the contraction of uterine muscle a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 30. Which of the following produce testosterone? a. sperm cells b. hypothalamus c. Leydig cells

6 d. anterior pituitary e. seminiferous tubules 31. After sperm cells are produced, they are mainly stored in the a. urethra. b. prostate. c. epididymis. d. seminal vesicles. e. bulbourethral gland. 32. Where are human sperm cells produced? a. prostate gland b. vas deferens c. the seminiferous tubules of the testes d. epididymis e. Sertoli cells 33. What is the narrow opening of the human uterus called? a. vagina b. cervix c. oviduct d. fallopian tube e. vas deferens 34. What is the breakdown and discharge of the soft uterine tissues that occurs if no egg is fertilized? a. menstruation b. lactation c. fertilization d. menopause e. ovulation 35. Which of these best describes the menstrual cycle? a. It refers specifically to changes that occur in the endometrium of the uterus. b. The cycle length is 28 days and varies little from one woman to another. c. It continues from puberty until death. d. It begins with the follicular phase. e. It is primarily regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. a 6. e 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. e 11. d 12. e 13. e 14. c 15. a 16. a 17. d 18. c 19. c 20. b 21. c 22. e 23. d 24. e 25. e 26. b 27. b 28. b 29. d 30. c 31. c 32. c 33. b 34. a 35. a