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1 Biochemistry II

2 Most life processes are a series of chemical reactions influenced by environmental and genetic factors.

3 Metabolism the sum of all biochemical processes

4 2 Metabolic Processes Anabolism- the building up of complex molecules Catabolism- the breaking down of complex molecules

5 Most cells function best within a narrow range of temperature and ph. At very low temperatures, reaction rates are too slow. High temperatures or extremes of ph can irreversibly change the structure of proteins and alter their function.

6 The main components of a living cell are: Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen -Phosphorus -Sulfur

7 Inside every cell is a concentrated mixture of thousands of different macromolecules forming a variety of specialized structures that carry out cell functions, such as: energy production transport waste disposal synthesis (creation) of new molecules storage of genetic material.

8 Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

9 Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements) Usually with H, O, N, or C Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (sugar)

10 Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS. Made up of smaller building blocks called MONOMERS. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

11 1. Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide

12 1. Carbohydrates A. monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 blood sugar) deoxyribose ribose glucose galactose (milk sugar) fructose (honey)

13 B. disaccharide: two sugar unit Example: sucrose = glucose + fructose glucose fructose

14 C. polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) chitin (exoskeletons) glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose glucose

15 The primary functions of carbohydrate macromolecules are to: PROVIDE and store little energy.

16 2. Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember: stores the most energy

17 2. Lipids Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils & Waxes 4. Steroid hormones 5. Triglycerides

18 5 functions of lipids: 1. Long-term energy storage (fat) 2. Protection against heat loss (fat insulation) 3. Protection against water loss & germs (oils & waxes) 4. Chemical messengers (hormones & steroids) 5. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

19 Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H-C----O H-C----O H O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O fatty acids C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH glycerol

20 There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 unsaturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH

21 3. Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (the building blocks of protein) 2 kinds of amino acids - essential & non-essential amino acids - Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by our body & need to be obtained through our diet

22 7 functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions 7. Defense: antibodies

23 A protein s structure depends on its specific job The sequence of amino acids and the shape of the chain are a consequence of attractions between the chain s parts.

24 Four levels of protein structure: A. Primary Structure (1 ) B. Secondary Structure (2 ) C. Tertiary Structure (3 ) D. Quaternary Structure (4 )

25 A. Primary Structure (1 ) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds. Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds

26 B. Secondary Structure (2 ) 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.

27 B. Secondary Structure (2 ) Two examples: Alpha Helix Hydrogen Bonds Beta Pleated Sheet

28 Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheets

29 C. Tertiary Structure (3 ) Secondary structures bend and fold into a more complex 3-D arrangement. Called a subunit.

30 C. Tertiary Structure (3 ) Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

31 Subunit: Alpha Helix & Beta Pleated Sheets joined together

32 D. Quaternary Structure (4 ) Composed of 2 or more subunits. Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) 3 subunits

33 Subunits

34 4. Nucleic acids Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) control cell activities by controlling protein synthesis

35 4. Nucleic acids Two types: 1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) 2. ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

36 4. Nucleic acids Nucleotides consists of: phosphate group sugar (5-carbon) Backbone nitrogenous bases adenine (A) thymine (T) - uracil (U) RNA cytosine (C) guanine (G)

37 Phosphate Group Nucleotide Draw on your notes! P Sugar (deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T, or U)

38 O DNA - double helix P O G (triple H bond) C O P P O T A O P P (double H bond) O P

39 Nitrogenous Base pairing goes like this DNA adenine (A) & thymine (T) cytosine (C) & guanine (G) RNA adenine (A) & uracil (U) cytosine (C) & guanine (G)

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