INSECTS. Insect Tidbits

Transcription

1 INSECTS Insect Tidbits Once again we find ourselves in a holding pattern, waiting for corn planting to begin in earnest. As has always been the case when corn planting is delayed, potential insect problems are not a high-priority thought for most producers. Nonetheless, it never hurts to stay current with insect activity (but we ll keep it brief). No. 5 / April 24, 2009 Executive editor: Kevin Steffey, Extension Entomologist Available on the Web at For subscription information, phone , or acesnews@uiuc.edu Copyright 2009, Board of Trustees, University of Illinois Also in This Issue Pay Close Attention to Product Names and Formulations, 34 University of Illinois Plant Clinic Reopens May 1, 35 Management of Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) of Wheat, 36 Regional Reports, 37 Although we still have not received any reports of alfalfa weevil activity, accumulated degree- (above a base temperature of 48 F) from January 1 through April 21 suggest that larvae could be active anywhere south of a line from Carthage (western Illinois) through Peoria to Danville (eastern Illinois). As of April 21, 400 degree- had accumulated throughout the southern tip of the state (Alexander, Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski, Saline, Union, and Williamson counties), suggesting that third instar larvae are imminent. At the very least, light feeding on alfalfa tips should be evident, with heavier feeding injury (leaf skeletonization) appearing soon, assuming densities of alfalfa weevil larvae are large enough to cause noticeable injury. As usual, we recommend first scouting fields that warm up quickly (e.g., south-facing slopes), just to get a sense of potential for alfalfa weevil injury. As of April 21, 300 degree- had accumulated south of a line from Calhoun County (western Illinois) through Fayette County to Crawford County (eastern Illinois). Larvae from spring-deposited eggs will be noticeable soon. Projected warm temperatures will speed up alfalfa weevil development significantly. You can check out more recent degree-day accumulations for alfalfa weevil development at Once again, we direct you to the fact sheet on our IPM website ( uiuc.edu/fieldcrops/insects/alfalfa_weevil) to see photos of injury and to review scouting and management tips. People voluntarily operating black cutworm pheromone traps have continued to capture moths over the past week. Doug Gucker, University of Illinois Extension in Piatt County, reported an intense capture (14 moths) on April 20, suggesting a projected cutting date of May 21. This date will become sooner as temperatures warm up because black cutworm development will accelerate. Obviously, we fully expect corn to be in the ground by then, so staying current with projections for black cutworm injury will become important in the near future. Fields that have a pretty good weed cover (especially winter annual weeds) should be targeted for initial scouting trips. Assuming we don t have a hard freeze between now and then, black cutworm larvae will begin feeding on weeds after they hatch from eggs, and they will continue to grow. When the weeds are killed by herbicides, larger larvae will begin feeding on corn seedlings, so the injury may seem to appear all of a sudden. Kelli Bassett (Pioner Hi-Bred International, Inc.) reported finding bird cherry-oat aphids and greenbugs in wheat fields in west-central Illinois during the past week, and she has learned that large numbers of aphids have 33

2 been found in southern Indiana fields. Other aphids likely to be found in wheat are corn leaf aphids and English grain aphids. There has been very little research to indicate that economic yield losses result from aphid feeding (sucking plant fluids) in Illinois wheat. Of greater concern with aphids in wheat is their ability to transmit viruses that cause barley yellow dwarf (BYD) disease. The potential for transmission of the viruses by aphids that colonize wheat in the fall has elicited the use of preventive tactics, such as chloronicotinyl insecticide seed treatments and foliar-applied insecticides in the fall. However, the guidelines for controlling aphids in wheat in the fall are not very well developed in Illinois. When numbers of aphids begin to increase in the spring, there is potential for yield loss to occur from their feeding injury. As a rule of thumb, insecticide may be warranted when numbers reach or exceed 25 to 50 aphids per stem (depending on species: 25 greenbugs, 30 corn leaf or bird cherry-oat aphids, 50 English grain aphids), up to the boot stage. Insecticides are not recommended for aphid control from the dough stage to maturity. One other insect of note is the armyworm. There have been reports of large numbers of armyworm moths captured in traps in Kentucky and Missouri, so we need to consider armyworm larvae as potential nearfuture threats to wheat. The key for finding armyworm larvae quickly is to target thick stands first. The females tend to deposit more eggs in thick stands than in thin ones, so larval activity is usually most evident in thick stands first. It will be difficult to find the small larvae, so look for evidence of leaf feeding. Such feeding on lower leaves relatively early in the spring causes no economic losses. But evidence of leaf feeding will alert you to the potential for more serious defoliation as the larvae grow and consume more leaf tissue. Be particularly watchful as the injury progresses up the plant; armyworm larvae often feed from the bottom up. If the larvae begin feeding on the flag leaves, yield losses can occur. Read more about armyworms in the fact sheet on our IPM website (www. ipm.uiuc.edu/fieldcrops/insects/ armyworm). Much can, and will, happen weatherwise between now and when insect pests will be more threatening, so the recommendation to monitor crops regularly and frequently early in the season stands the test of time. Even if insect pests get off to a good start this year, inclement weather (that is, inclement for the insects) can lead to epizootics caused by disease pathogens. We have seen this happen in the past with alfalfa weevils (a fungal pathogen) and armyworms (a virus). Population crashes under such circumstances can significantly reduce the threat, resulting in savings if an insecticide is not necessary. Don t forget to let us know what s happening in your neck of the woods. We sincerely appreciate such reports that we can share with everyone. Kevin Steffey WEEDS Pay Close Attention to Product Names and Formulations Over the years herbicide manufacturers have introduced many new herbicide products and formulations into the marketplace. Recently, new herbicide premixes and formulations of existing active ingredients have outpaced the introduction of novel active ingredients. Herbicide chemical, active ingredient, and trade names have been discussed in previous issues of the Bulletin, but here we briefly revisit an important aspect of herbicide trade names and formulations. Planting conditions thus far in 2009 have been much less than ideal across most of Illinois. When fields conditions improve, we anticipate most all planting-related activities will commence at an accelerated pace. Many acres to cover in a relatively short 34 period can lead to very long in the rush to finish planting. Attention to details can be diverted during these busy intervals, but how might this lead to future problems with herbicides and weed control? A brief examination of names of herbicides currently on the market demonstrates that several active ingredients are marketed under more than one trade name/formulation. For example, the active ingredient isoxaflutole is marketed as Balance Pro and Balance Flexx. Even though the active ingredient in the two products is identical and the trade names are very similar, several important differences between the products mean that their use patterns are not necessarily interchangeable. One important difference is the amount of active ingredient in the formulated product; Balance Pro contains 4 pounds of active ingredient per gallon, whereas Balance Flexx contains only 2 pounds of active ingredient per gallon. Another very significant difference is that Balance Flexx, formulated with a safener to reduce the potential for corn injury, can be applied after corn has emerged (up to V2 corn), but Balance Pro must be applied before corn emergence or severe corn injury will result. In the heat of the planting season, inadvertently applying Balance Flexx at the Balance Pro application rate would result in only 50% of the desired rate of active ingredient being applied, potentially leading to less weed control than desired. Inadvertently applying Balance Pro instead of Balance Flexx after corn emergence will result in a less-than-desired corn response. Table 1 provides a partial list of herbicide products that have similar or identical names but different formulations or components. When possible for products containing the same active ingredient, application rates are provided that would result in the application of a similar amount of active ingredient. For example, Accent and Accent Q both contain nicosulfuron, but Accent Q contains less per unit of formulated product,

3 Table 1. Commercially available herbicide products with similar names. Product Components (ai/gal or lb) If you apply (per acre): You have applied (ai/acre): Accent 75WDG nicosulfuron = 0.75 lb 0.67 oz nicosulfuron = lb Accent Q 54.5WDG nicosulfuron = lb 0.92 oz nicosulfuron = lb Authority Assist 4SC sulfentrazone = 3.33 lb 10 fl oz sulfentrazone = lb imazethapyr = 0.67 lb imazethapyr = lb Authority First 70DF sulfentrazone = lb 3.2 oz sulfentrazone = lb Authority MTZ 45DF cloransulam = lb sulfentrazone = 0.18 lb 16 oz cloransulam = lb sulfentrazone = 0.18 lb metribuzin = 0.27 lb metribuzin = 0.27 lb Balance Flexx 2SC isoxaflutole = 2 lb 6 fl oz isoxaflutole = lb Balance Pro 4SC isoxaflutole = 4 lb 3 fl oz isoxaflutole = lb Flexstar 1.88L fomesafen = 1.88 lb 20 fl oz fomesafen = lb Flexstar GT 3.29SL fomesafen = 0.66 lb 3.56 pt fomesafen = lb glyphosate = 2.63 lb ae glyphosate = 1.17 lb ae Harmony GT XP thifensulfuron = 0.75 lb oz thifensulfuron = lb Harmony SG thifensulfuron = 0.50 lb oz thifensulfuron = lb Harmony Extra SG thifensulfuron = lb 0.75 oz thifensulfuron = lb Harmony Extra XP tribenuron = lb thifensulfuron = 0.50 lb 0.50 oz tribenuron = lb thifensulfuron = lb tribenuron = 0.25 lb tribenuron = lb Harness Xtra 5.6L acetochlor = 3.1 lb 2.5 qt acetochlor = 1.94 lb Harness Xtra 6L atrazine = 2.5 lb acetochlor = 4.3 lb 1.8 qt atrazine = 1.56 lb acetochlor = 1.94 lb atrazine = 1.7 lb atrazine = lb Prowl 3.3EC pendimethalin = 3.3 lb 3 pts pendimethalin = 1.24 lb Prowl H2O 3.8CS pendimethalin = 3.8 lb 2.6 pt pendimethalin = 1.24 lb Resolve 25DF rimsulfuron = 0.25 lb 1 oz rimsulfuron = lb Resolve SG rimsulfuron = 0.25 lb 1 oz rimsulfuron = lb Resolve Q rimsulfuron = lb 1.25 oz rimsulfuron = lb Steadfast 75WDG thifensulfuron = 0.04 lb nicosulfuron = 0.50 lb 0.75 oz thifensulfuron = lb nicosulfuron = lb rimsulfuron = 0.25 lb rimsulfuron = lb Steadfast Q nicosulfuron = lb 1.5 oz nicosulfuron = lb rimsulfuron = lb rimsulfuron = lb Valor 51SX flumioxazin = 0.51 lb 2 oz flumioxazin = lb Valor XLT flumioxazin = 0.30 lb 3.4 oz flumioxazin = lb chlorimuron = lb chlorimuron = lb so a higher rate of Accent Q (0.92 ounce) must be applied to get the same amount of nicosulfuron applied at a lower rate of Accent (0.67 ounce). Other differences among the various products also become apparent. Resolve DF and Resolve SG are different formulations of rimsulfuron that contain the same amount of active ingredient per unit of formulated product, so application rates are identical. However, while Resolve Q also contains rimsulfuron, it has thifensulfuron as well. Both Flexstar and Flexstar GT can be applied postemergence to glyphosate-resistant soybean varieties, but only Flexstar can be applied to non-gmo soybean varieties. Time is extremely valuable at this time of year, but taking a little extra to make certain you are using the appropriate product and formulation can be time extremely well spent. Aaron Hager PLANT DISEASES University of Illinois Plant Clinic Reopens May 1 Despite rumors to the contrary, the Plant Clinic at the University of Illinois will be opening again this season. Our first day is Friday, May 1. Do not send samples before then because mail service will not begin until that date, and your samples may be lost. The University of Illinois Plant Clinic provides a service to the general public, offering unbiased diagnoses of plant problems and access to opinions 35 of specialists in multiple disciplines, funneled through one location. A support fee is required for all submitted samples. For those of you who have never used Plant Clinic services, a website with details can be found at plantclinic. cropsci.illinois.edu. There are a few changes from One that is probably not too surprising is an increase in fees. We have not increased fees for over 10 years, and even now this year s increase is minimal. Basic samples, including those needing laboratory culturing, are now $15 (previously $12.50). Both pinewood nematode and soybean cyst nematode samples are $20. Complete soil nematode assays remain $40. If you plan to send soil for a complete nematode analysis, please call first ( ). All

4 fees are required when the sample is submitted. When submitting a sample for diagnosis, be sure to include live, symptomatic tissue. It is always a good idea to send a healthy portion along with the affected, but that is not mandatory. A specimen data form is required with each sample. Forms are available on our website and in University of Illinois Extension offices. The more information you provide, the better we can accurately assess the problem. Feel free to include printed photos or a CD-ROM with digital images. These are particularly helpful in showing field patterns. We generally prefer three pictures: one of the entire field, one of an entire affected plant, and one with a close-up of symptoms. Always take pictures with the sun at your back. Send only clear, focused images. Remember, if the pictures are blurry for you, they are still blurry when they arrive at the clinic. The Plant Clinic processed 2,434 plant samples in Only four diagnosticians were employed to handle plant samples, but an additional 19 campus specialists provided input from disciplines including weed science, nematology, plant pathology, entomology, horticulture, and agronomy. Additionally, 850 telephone inquiries, 505 walk-in diagnoses, and over 500 electronic inquiries were processed from May through mid-september. We look forward to another productive year in If you have specific services or testing needs, let me know at npataky@illinois.edu. We can provide ELISA testing for many pathogens and will accommodate for specific tests when there is a need. Nancy Pataky Management of Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) of Wheat Fusarium head blight (aka scab) can be one of the most devastating diseases of wheat when conditions are favorable for it. Scab can cause both yield and quality losses. Quality losses can be due to lower test weights and contamination of grain by toxins (i.e., deoxynivelanol, or DON) produced by the fungus that causes Fusarium head blight; both can be a serious problem for producers and millers. Because the fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum, also known as Gibberella zeae) can also affect corn, causing Gibberella stalk and ear rot, the pathogen is already present throughout Illinois in many fields. Weather is generally the driving factor in the development of Fusarium head blight. Because wheat is susceptible to the disease during flowering, the weather conditions from flowering through kernel development play a key role in the incidence and severity of scab. Moderate temperatures (75 to 85 F), prolonged high humidity, and prolonged wet periods favor disease development. A disease forecasting system the Fusarium Head Blight Risk Assessment Tool based on weather conditions is available online at A risk map can be obtained that shows the risk of Fusarium head blight throughout Illinois (and other states). This forecasting system was developed through collaboration by many university plant pathologists and funded through the U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative ( By the time symptoms of Fusarium head blight appear on wheat heads, which can be observed as bleached heads or heads with both green and bleached areas, it is too late to manage the disease. Successful scab management requires an integrated approach and begins prior to planting when producers decide which varieties to plant and which fields to plant into wheat. Resistant varieties. Although no wheat varieties are immune to Fusarium head blight, some are more resistant than others. Dr. Fred Kolb s wheat-breeding program at the University of Illinois has rated varieties for Fusarium head blight severity under high-pressure environments over multiple years. These ratings 36 are available online at the University of Illinois Variety Testing site, in the Small Grains section (vt.cropsci. illinois.edu). Cropping sequence. Because corn stubble can harbor the Fusarium head blight pathogen, wheat following soybean is at a lower risk of developing the disease than wheat following corn. Foliar fungicides. The use of foliar fungicides is the only in-season option for control of Fusarium head blight. Although fungicides are a good control option, losses will still occur on a highly susceptible variety sprayed with a fungicide in an environment favorable for disease. A University of Illinois field research trial conducted at Urbana in 2008 evaluated the effect of fungicides on 12 different wheat varieties that ranged from susceptible to moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight. In this trial, the best control was achieved when resistant varieties received fungicide applications. On susceptible varieties, Fusarium head blight levels were still as high as 35% even after a fungicide was applied. It is important to note that this trial had very high disease pressure it was inoculated with the Fusarium head blight pathogen and the trial was mistirrigated to provide a very favorable environment for disease. Timing of fungicide application is very important to get the best control. Fungicides should be applied at Feekes growth stage (early anthesis, when the anthers are just beginning to extrude from the head). It is also important to spray with nozzles oriented to spray forward, which helps improve fungicide coverage of the wheat head. Due to several fungicide registrations after the 2008 season, 2009 is the first time Illinois growers have several effective fungicide products available for control of Fusarium head blight. The North Central Regional Committee on Management of Small Grain Diseases (NCERA-184) has developed a fungicide efficacy table for wheat diseases (see pages 38 and

5 39). Based on multistate and multiyear data, this table rates the effectiveness of the available fungicide products for control of Fusarium head blight and other diseases. It is important to note that only a few fungicides have Fusarium head blight listed on their labels, and these are only triazole fungicides (Prosaro, Caramba, Folicur, and a few others). Products that contain a strobilurin fungicide (Headline, Quilt, TwinLine, Stratego, and others) can be applied earlier in the season to help protect against foliar diseases, but they should never be applied when heads are present. In some instances, strobilurin fungicides applied later in the season can cause an increase in DON toxin contamination in grain, so it is important to never apply strobilurin fungicides at the later growth stages. Carl A. Bradley REGIONAL REPORTS Extension center educators, unit educators, and unit assistants in northern, west-central, east-central, and southern Illinois prepare regional reports to provide more localized insight into pest situations and crop conditions in Illinois. The reports will keep you up to date on situations in field and forage crops as they develop throughout the season. The regions have been defined broadly to include the agricultural statistics districts as designated by the Illinois Agricultural Statistics Service, with slight modifications: North (Northwest and Northeast districts, plus Stark and Marshall counties) West-central (West and West Southwest districts, and Peoria, Woodford, Tazewell, Mason, Menard, and Logan counties from the Central district) East-central (East and East Southeast districts [except Marion, Clay, Richland, and Lawrence counties], McLean, DeWitt, and Macon counties from the Central district) South (Southwest and Southeast districts, and Marion, Clay, Richland, and Lawrence counties from the East Southeast district) We hope these reports will provide additional benefits for staying current as the season progresses. Northern Illinois Field activity started midweek last week and focused on tillage, herbicide application, and application of anhydrous ammonia. Some corn was planted but on a very limited basis overall. Precipitation on April 19 halted field work; reported amounts ranged from 1 to 2 inches. Due to cooler temperatures, growth has been slow in alfalfa and winter wheat. The dates and topics have been set for the summer 2009 Crops Training Center sessions at the Northern Illinois Agronomy Research Center near Shabbona: June 3, Corn Nematode Management and Insect Trap Monitoring; July 6, Sprayer Technology and In-Season Crop Updates; August 11, Soil Fertility and Plant Disease/Fungicide Update. All sessions will be held from 9:00 a.m. to noon; registration details will be available in the near future. Southern Illinois The sun finally began to shine on Wednesday of this week, but fields remain saturated throughout the region. There has been no progress on field work in the past two weeks. If we get a few of drying weather, there is always the temptation to get into the field before soils have dried adequately. The resulting compaction can cause serious crop development problems later in the season. The extended forecast is for more normal temperatures, so both wheat and alfalfa development should speed up. Most wheat is at growth stage Feekes 7 (2 nodes visible), while the most advanced fields in the extreme south are approaching Feekes 8 (flag leaf tip visible). Flat, poorly drained fields are showing evidence of nitrogen loss and stand damage. New growth on alfalfa is at 17 inches. Some fields in the Carbondale area have experienced heavy alfalfa weevil feeding pressure and been sprayed. Weevil scouting should be ongoing throughout the region. West-Central Illinois Is there any planting progress news to report from the west-central region? Bluntly stated no. The region received an inch to a few inches of rain depending on location. A brief break in the weather over the last week allowed a few producers to squeeze some planting in, others to work a little ground, and some to press anhydrous applications closer to the completed mark. With the forecast changing from day to day, rain appears poised to make some kind of appearance, and that likely spells further planting delays into next week. Much of the wheat crop appears to be in fairly decent shape, but fields that were drilled a few weeks after the fly-free date have required some stand evaluation. Soil temperatures remain cool. Contributing Authors Carl A. Bradley, carlbrad@illinois. edu, Aaron Hager, hager@illinois.edu, Emerson Nafziger, ednaf@illinois. edu, Nancy Pataky, npataky@illinois.edu,

6 Pest Management Management & Crop Development of Small Bulletin Grain No. Diseases 5 / April 24, 2009 Fungicide Efficacy for Control of Wheat Diseases The North Central Regional Committee on Management of Small Grain Diseases (NCERA-184) has developed the following information on fungicide efficacy for control of certain foliar diseases of wheat for use by the grain production industry in the U.S. Efficacy ratings for each fungicide listed in the table were determined by field testing the materials over multiple years and locations by the members of the committee. Efficacy is based on proper application timing to achieve optimum effectiveness of the fungicide as determined by labeled instructions and overall level of disease in the field at the time of application. Differences in efficacy among fungicide products were determined by direct comparisons among products in field tests and are based on a single application of the labeled rate as listed in the table. Table includes most widely marketed products labeled products, and is not intended to be a list of all labeled products. Efficacy of fungicides for wheat disease control based on appropriate application timing Fungicide(s) Class Active ingredient Product Rate/A (fl. oz) Powdery mildew Stagonospora leaf/glume blotch Septoria leaf blotch Tan spot Stripe rust Leaf rust Head scab Harvest Restriction Strobilurin Azoxystrobin 22.9% Quadris 2.08 SC F(G) 1 VG VG E E 2 E NR Pyraclostrobin 3.6% Headline 2.09 EC G VG VG E E 2 E NR 45 Feekes 10.5 Metconazole 8.6% Caramba E E G 30 Propiconazole 41.8% Tilt 3.6 EC PropiMax 3.6 EC Bumper 41.8 EC 4.0 VG VG VG VG VG VG P 40 Prothioconazole 41% Proline 480 SC VG VG VG -- 3 VG G 30 Triazole Tebuconazole 38.7% Folicur 3.6 F 4 Embrace 3.6 L Monsoon Muscle 3.6 F Orius 3.6 F Tebucon 3.6 F Tebustar 3.6 F Tebuzol 3.6 F Tegrol Toledo 4.0 G VG VG VG E E F 30 Prothioconazole19% Tebuconazole 19% Prosaro 421 SC G VG VG VG E E G 30 Mixed mode of action Metconazole 7.4% Pyraclostrobin 12% Multiva TwinLine G VG VG E E E NR Propiconazole 11.7% Azoxystrobin 7.0% Quilt 200 SC 14.0 VG VG VG VG E E NR Propiconazole 11.4% Trifloxystrobin 11.4% Stratego 250 EC 10.0 G VG VG VG VG VG NR Feekes 10.5 and 30 1 Efficacy categories: NR=Not Recommended; P=Poor; F=Fair; G=Good; VG=Very Good; E=Excellent. Efficacy designation with a second rating in parenthesis indicates greater efficacy at higher application rates. 2 Efficacy may be significantly reduced if solo strobilurin products are applied after stripe rust infection has occurred 3 Insufficient data to make statement about efficacy of this product 4 Generic products containing tebuconazole may not be labeled in all states 5 The pre-harvest interval for Quilt is under review by EPA and may be adjusted to consider a growth stage restriction This information is provided only as a guide. It is the responsibility of the pesticide applicator by law to read and follow all current label directions. No endorsement is intended for products listed, nor is criticism meant for products not 38listed. Members or participants in the NCERA-184 committee assume no liability resulting from the use of these products.

7 Preliminary estimates of fungicide efficacy for stem rust of wheat and barley Preliminary estimates are based on available data. We have more data for Tebuconazole and Propiconazole than for other products. When products have only been evaluated in a few studies the efficacy ratings are based in part on product efficacy against other cereal rust diseases. Fungicide(s) Class Active ingredient Product Rate/A (fl. oz) Stem rust Strobilurin Azoxystrobin 22.9% Quadris 2.08 SC E Pyraclostrobin 3.6% Headline 2.09 EC E Metconazole 8.6% Caramba E Propiconazole 41.8% Tilt 3.6 EC PropiMax 3.6 EC Bumper 41.8 EC 4.0 VG Triazole Prothioconazole 41% Proline 480 SC VG Tebuconazole 38.7% Folicur 3.6 F 4.0 E Prothioconazole19% Tebuconazole 19% Prosaro 421 SC E Mixed mode of action Metconazole 7.4% Pyraclostrobin 12% Multiva TwinLine E Propiconazole 11.7% Azoxystrobin 7.0% Quilt 200 SC 14.0 E Propiconazole 11.4% Trifloxystrobin 11.4% Stratego 250 EC 10.0 VG 39

8 U of I Extension Newsletter Service University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1917 S. Wright St. Ext., MC-710 Champaign, IL Published by University of Illinois Extension and Information Technology and Communication Services, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois. Copyright 2009, Board of Trustees, University of Illinois Helping You Put Knowledge to Work University of Illinois U.S. Department of Agriculture Local Extension Councils Cooperating University of Illinois Extension provides equal opportunities in programs and employment. 40