Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Orthop Clin N Am 38 (2007) Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Andreas Vesalius, in history of spine pathology, 306 Anesthesia/anesthetics for PECD, 329 in minimally invasive operative management of LSS, 390 Annuloplasty, intradiscal electrothermal, historical perspective on, 310 Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) historical background of, 374 limited open advantages of, 377 disadvantages of, 377 overview of, 377 techniques, Anterior minimally invasive approaches, to cervical spine, See also Cervical spine, anterior minimally invasive approaches to. APD. See Automated percutaneous discectomy (APD). Aulus Aurelius Cornelius Celsus, in history of spine pathology, 306 Automated percutaneous discectomy (APD), historical perspective on, 308 Axial lumbar interbody fusion, advantages of, disadvantages of, overview of, technique, C Caelius Aurelianus, in history of spine pathology, 306 Cervical microendoscopic decompression of stenosis (CMEDS) closure following, complications of, described, 340 indications for, 340 instrumentation in, 341 operating room setup for, 341 postoperative care, preoperative evaluation for, 341 technique, , Cervical microendoscopic foraminotomy/ discectomy (CMEF/D) closure following, complications of, described, indications for, 340 instrumentation in, 341 operating room setup for, 341 postoperative care, preoperative evaluation for, 341 technique, Cervical spine anterior minimally invasive approaches to, PCS, PECA, PECD, clinical results of, minimally invasive surgery of, historical perspective on, posterior minimally invasive approaches to, See also specific procedures. closure following, CMEDS, CMEF/D, complications of, described, indications for, 340 instrumentation in, 341 operating room setup for, 341 postoperative care, preoperative evaluation for, 341 techniques, /07/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi: /s (07) orthopedic.theclinics.com

2 464 INDEX Chemonucleolysis, historical perspective on, Chymopapain, 308 CMEDS. See Cervical microendoscopic decompression of stenosis (CMEDS). CMEF/D. See Cervical microendoscopic foraminotomy/discectomy (CMEF/D). Computed tomography (CT) in MITM, 353 preoperative, in spine surgery, CT. See Computed tomography (CT). D De Humani Corporis Fabrica, 306 Diaphragm, anatomy of, Discectomy(ies) percutaneous, automated, historical perspective on. See Automated percutaneous discectomy (APD). percutaneous laser, historical perspective on, transforaminal endoscopic, for lumbar disc herniation, E Edwin Smith papyrus, history of spine pathology and, 306 Elderly, LSS in, effects of, 387 Endoscopy, historical perspective on, Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) advantages of, disadvantages of, overview of, technique, F Facet screw fixation, Fluoroscopy CT, O-arm, in spine surgery, in spine surgery, three-dimensional C-arm, in spine surgery, Fracture(s) at thoracolumbar junction, management of, 421 thoracolumbar, management of, video-assisted techniques in, See also Thoracolumbar fractures, management of, video-assisted techniques in. Fusion(s) in scoliosis management, lumbar interbody, minimally invasive techniques for, See also Lumbar interbody fusions, minimally invasive techniques for. G Galen, in history of spine pathology, 306 Greco-Romans, in history of spine pathology, 306 H Herniation(s) lumbar disc, management of, minimally invasive techniques for, 308, See also Lumbar disc herniations, management of, minimally invasive techniques for. thoracic disc, operative management of, techniques for, See also Minimally invasive thoracic microdiscectomy (MITM), for thoracic disc herniation. Hippocrates, in history of spine pathology, 306 I IDET. See Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty (IDET). Image guidance, in spine surgery, See also Spine surgery, image guidance in. Image-guided pedicle screw application, historical perspective on, 318 Implant(s), in thoracolumbar fracture management, 419 Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty (IDET), historical perspective on, 310 Ioban, 341 K King-Moe classification, Kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture management,

3 INDEX 465 described, vertebroplasty vs., percutaneous, historical perspective on, L Laminectomy, lumbar, 307 L Espinasse, in historical perspective on minimally invasive spine surgery, 310 LSS. See Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Lumbar disc herniations, management of, minimally invasive techniques for, 308, historical background of, learning curve with, 366 transforaminal endoscopic discectomy, Lumbar interbody fusions, minimally invasive techniques for, See also specific techniques, e.g., Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF). indications for, 374 types of, 373 Lumbar microdiscectomies, 308 Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) management of, minimally invasive operative, anesthesia for, 390 clinical experience with, emerging trends in, indications for, operative setup for, 390 postoperative care, rationale for, 389 technique, wound closure following, pathophysiology of, Lumbar spine functions of, lumbar laminectomy of, 307 minimally invasive surgery of, historical perspective on, percutaneous instrumentation of, facet screw fixation, multilevel procedures, percutaneous pedicle screw based systems application, M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in MITM, 353 Mayfield head fixation, 340, 341 METRx system, 340, 341 Microdiscectomy(ies), lumbar, 308 Microendoscopy, in spine tumor management, MILD. See Minimally invasive lumbar discectomy (MILD). Minimally invasive approaches, anterior, to cervical spine, See also Cervical spine, anterior minimally invasive approaches to. Minimally invasive lumbar discectomy (MILD), for thoracic disc herniation, described, Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) historical perspective on, Andreas Vesalius in, 306 APD, 308 Aulus Aurelius Cornelius Celsus in, 306 Caelius Aurelianus in, 306 cervical spine, chemonucleolysis, Edwin Smith papyrus in, 306 endoscopy, Galen in, 306 Hippocrates in, 306 IDET, 310 image-guided pedicle screw application, 318 L Espinasse in, 310 lumbar spine, lumbar disc herniations, 308 lumbar laminectomy, 307 lumbar microdiscectomies, 308 muscle-sparing, tubular retractors, percutaneous instrumentation, percutaneous kyphoplasty, percutaneous nucleotomy, 308 percutaneous vertebroplasty, PLD, posterior interpositional devices, radiosurgery, radiotherapy, thoracic spine,

4 466 INDEX Minimally (continued) in scoliosis management, See also Scoliosis, management of, emerging minimally invasive technologies for. in spine tumor management, See also specific techniques and Spine tumors, management of, minimally invasive techniques in. instrumentation for facet screw fixation, multilevel procedures, percutaneous pedicle screw based systems application, principles of, Minimally invasive thoracic microdiscectomy (MITM), for thoracic disc herniation, discussion of, indications for, operative setup for, patient positioning for, preoperative imaging studies in, 353 technique, MITM. See Minimally invasive thoracic microdiscectomy (MITM). MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Muscle-sparing, tubular retractors, historical perspective on, N New England Journal of Medicine, 307 Nucleotomy, percutaneous, historical perspective on, 308 O O-arm CT-fluoroscopy, in spine surgery, Osteoporosis, described, 409 Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, management of kyphoplasty in, vertebroplasty vs., percutaneous vertebral body augmentation in, 410 selection criteria in, 411 vertebroplasty in, kyphoplasty vs., P PECA. See Percutaneous endoscopic cervical annuloplasty (PECA). PECD. See Percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy (PECD). Percutaneous bone cement augmentation in spine tumor management, percutaneous tumor debulking with, in spine tumor management, Percutaneous cervical stabilization, Percutaneous discectomy, automated, historical perspective on, 308 Percutaneous endoscopic cervical annuloplasty (PECA), contraindications to, described, indications for, 331 instrumentation for, 332 techniques, 332 Percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy (PECD), anesthesia in, 329 clinical results of, contraindications to, 328 described, indications for, 328 instrumentation in, preparation for, 329 technique, Percutaneous instrumentation historical perspective on, of lumbar and thoracic spine, See also Lumbar spine, percutaneous instrumentation of; Thoracic spine, percutaneous instrumentation of. Percutaneous kyphoplasty, historical perspective on, Percutaneous laser discectomy (PLD), historical perspective on, Percutaneous nucleotomy, historical perspective on, 308 Percutaneous pedicle screw based systems, application of, surgical technique for, Percutaneous tumor debulking, percutaneous bone cement augmentation with, in spine tumor management,

5 INDEX 467 Percutaneous vertebral body augmentation, in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture management, 410 Percutaneous vertebroplasty, historical perspective on, PLD. See Percutaneous laser discectomy (PLD). Posterior interpositional devices, historical perspective on, Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), historical background of, 373 R Radiosurgery historical perspective on, with stereotactic image guided radiotherapy, in spine tumor management, Radiotherapy historical perspective on, stereotactic image guided, radiosurgery with, in spine tumor management, S Scoliosis, management of, emerging minimally invasive technologies for, described, growth modulation in, selection fusion in, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, Spinal canal, decompression of, in thoracolumbar fracture management, Spinal curvatures, reduction of, Hippocratic board in, 306 Spinal deformities, correction of, Hippocratic ladder for, 306 Spinal stenosis, lumbar, management of, minimally invasive operative, See also Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), management of, minimally invasive operative. Spine cervical. See Cervical spine. described, 305 lumbar. See Lumbar spine. thoracic. See Thoracic spine. Spine surgery, image guidance in, fluoroscopy-based, O-arm CT-fluoroscopy, preoperative CT-based, three-dimensional C-arm fluoroscopy, Spine tumors, management of, minimally invasive techniques in, microendoscopic approaches, percutaneous bone cement augmentation, with percutaneous tumor debulking, radiosurgery, with stereotactic image guided radiotherapy, Stenosis(es), spinal, lumbar, management of, minimally invasive operative, See also Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), management of, minimally invasive operative. Stereotactic image guided radiotherapy, radiosurgery with, in spine tumor management, T Thoracic disc herniation operative management of, techniques for, See also Minimally invasive thoracic microdiscectomy, for thoracic disc herniation. prevalence of, 351 Thoracic spine minimally invasive spine surgery of, historical perspective on, percutaneous instrumentation of, facet screw fixation, percutaneous pedicle screw based systems application, Thoracolumbar fractures, management of, video-assisted techniques in, anterior decompression, 424 approach to subdiaphragmatic section of thoracolumbar junction, case presentations, decompression of spinal canal, discussion of, endoscopic approach to thoracolumbar junction, for fractures at thoracolumbar junction, 421 image transmission in, 419 implants in, 419 instruments in, 419 procedures,

6 468 INDEX Thoracolumbar (continued) results of, techniques requirements for, 419 trocars in, 419 Thoracolumbar junction endoscopic approach to, in thoracolumbar fracture management, fractures at, management of, 421 subdiaphragmatic section of, approach to, in thoracolumbar fracture management, Three-dimensional C-arm fluoroscopy, in spine surgery, Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy, for lumbar disc herniation, Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) advantages of, 374 disadvantages of, 374 overview of, 374 technique, Trocar(s), in thoracolumbar fracture management, 419 Tumor(s), spine, management of, MISS in, See also Spine tumors. U University of Reading, 310 V Vertebroplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture management, described, kyphoplasty vs., percutaneous, historical perspective on, Video-assisted techniques, in thoracolumbar fracture management, See also Thoracolumbar fractures, management of, video-assisted techniques in. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, in scoliosis management,