viii. 1. Describe the functions of the patella. How is the patella different from other bones of the leg?

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1 1 i. ii. iii. Laboratory Review Questions Part 1 iv. v. vi. Week #1: Osteology and Torso Model Anatomy vii. viii. 1. Describe the functions of the patella. How is the patella different from other bones of the leg? ix. The primary function of the patella is knee extension. The patella is different from other bones because the patella is not a support born, it is implanted in the quadriceps tendon and patella ligament. Sesamoid bone (floating). x. 2. Name the bones of the pectoral girdle and the bones of the pelvic girdle. Compare the pectoral and pelvic girdles with regard to strength, function, and versatility. xi. The two bones that makeup up the pectoral girdle are the clavicle and scapula. 4 bones, the coccyx, and sacrum two hipbones that comprise of the ilium, ischium and pubis make up the pelvic girdle. One of the main differences is the size. The pectoral girdle is massive, while the pelvic one is lightweight. The pelvic girdle has deep secure sockets for limb attachment; a pectoral one has a shallower socket. The pectoral girdle is more flexible, while

2 2 the other is more weight bearing. xii. xiii. xiv. 3. What functions does the clavicle serve in the skeletal system? xv. A bone of the vertebrate pectoral girdle typically serving to link the scapula and sternum called also collarbone xvi. xvii. 4. To which bones does the scapula articulate? xviii. The scapula articulates with the humerus and the clavicle. xix. xx. 5. Describe the bony arrangements which are involved in the elbow joint. xxi. Distal end of humerus, proximal end of radius and ulna. Two joints are involved the ulnohumeral and radio humeral joint. xxii. xxiii. xxiv. 6. Describe the differences between a male pelvis and a female pelvis. xxv. The female pelvis is broader and has an oval opening whereas the male pelvis has a hear shaped opening xxvi. xxvii. 7. Describe the four major curvatures of the vertebral column. Define lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis. xxviii. Lordosis: sway back an exaggerated anterior lumber curve xxix. Kyphosis: hump back an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve xxx. Scoliosis: an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column. xxxi. xxxii. 8. What is the function of the thoracic cage? Distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs. xxxiii. Its primary function is protection of the thoracic viscera, the

3 3 heart and lungs. Its secondary function is to assist with breathing by being moved up and our (inhalation) of down and in (exhalation) but muscles called the intercostals. True ribs and false ribs are connected to the spine at the back. The main difference between true ribs and false ribs is that true ribs are that true ribs are connected to the sternum while the false rib is connected to the lowest of the true ribs. False ribs are also shorter than the true ribs. Floating ribs do not attach to anything. xxxiv. xxxv. xxxvi. 9. What are the functions of the acromion process and coracoid process of the scapula? xxxvii. They act together to xxxviii. xxxix. stabilize the glenohumeral joint. function of the tibial tuberosity? xl. xli. xlii. 10. What is the The purpose of the tuberosity of the tibia is to give attachment to the patellar ligament. The tibial tuberosity forms the terminal part of the 11. Describe differences between the adult skull and the baby skull.

4 4 xliii. xliv. There are several differences between an adult skull and a fetal skull. In a fetal skull, the bones of the skull are not yet fused, as they will in adulthood. In a fetal skull, the bones that of the roof of the skull are separated by connective tissue in areas called fontanels to allow for birth and later growth. As time goes on, the fontanels are replaced by bonecreating sutures until the adult skull has just bone there xlv. xlvi. 12. You should be able to identify all of the structures listed on page 1 12 in the Kinesiology 142 Laboratory Manual. xlvii. xlviii. 13. You should be able to identify all of the listed structures in Table 2 1, describe the location of each structure, and give one major function for each structure. xlix. l. li.

5 5 Week #2: Somatotype and Body Composition Analysis lii. 1. Describe the standardized procedure for measuring the **** skinfold, **** girth or **** bone width. Describe subject position, instrument used, and step by step procedure. The asterisks represent any of the measures you were asked to carry out in the lab procedures. liii. Before starting skinfold measurement, make sure the landmarks have been marked on the subject. The subject should be relaxed since this aids in manipulation of skinfold. All readings are taken on the right side of the body. The measurer grasps the folds with index finger and thumb of left hand; the caliper is in right hand with the reading scale on the caliper facing upwards. The intent is to encompass a double fold of skin and entrapped subcutaneous tissue. A slight rolling and pulling action of the grasping fingers facilitate this. The jaws of the caliper are applied at right angles on he skin folds, one cm below the near edge of the grasping fingers. Release the jaw pressure slowing and take the skinfold measurement 2 4 seconds after the pressure is released (important because subcutaneous tissue is compressible and can result in errors). Record reading to the nearest 0.5mm, open calipers once the reading has been taken and release the skinfold. liv. 2. Bioelectrical impedance techniques are used to determine percent body fat. Describe the principle on which this technique is based. Describe sources of error in this procedure. lv. Bioelectrical impendence techniques are based on the fat mass of the body is estimated based on the impendence, or the resistance to electric flow through the body. The factors that will have great effect on the measurement of the whole body electric impendence is the daily fluctuations in water content from exercise, dehydration, eating and drinking and also body temperature. Error in percent fat estimation using BIA is 3 5%. If an incorrect equation is used the error prediction is higher. lvi. lvii. 3. In the O Scale System of body composition assessment, what is the rationale for using a height adjustment when calculating the Adiposity rating and the Proportional Weight rating? The size adjustment scales all individuals to a standard height so that comparisons of proportions between individuals can be made. lviii. lix. 4. In the O Scale System of body composition assessment, how is the Adiposity rating used to help interpret the Proportional Weight rating?

6 6 The adiposity is the fatness rating; the difference between the adiposity and proportional weight rating is used as an indicator of musculoskeletal system. 5. What advantages do the O Scale System and the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Appraisal Health Body Composition Assessment procedure have in comparison to percentage body fat predictions from skinfold measurements, when used in individual assessments? lx. lxi. 6. With reference to the O Scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms stanine scale, adiposity rating, proportional weight rating, balanced physique, dominant physique lxii. Stanine Scale: A and W ratings are made by comparing the sum of skinfolds/proportional weight to a normalized distribution using this scale. lxiii. Adiposity Rating: is the A rating or the fatness rating. lxiv. Proportional weight: rating is the W rating and is used as an indicator of the development of the musculoskeletal development. lxv. Balanced Physique: is when the A rating a W ratings are equal lxvi. Dominant Physique: is when either A rating or W rating are higher than the other. lxvii. lxviii. lxix. 7. In the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Appraisal Healthy Body Composition Assessment procedure, what are the purposes of using the sum of five skinfolds value, and the waist girth measurement? lxx.

7 7 Week #3: Arthrology, & Flexibility lxxi. 1. Be able to define the planes and axes of the body. Be able to define the various terms of direction. 2. Be able to identify and give functions for the structures learned on the knee, hip, and shoulder joint models 3. Be able to define movements about the major joints. 4. Know the classification of joints fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. lxxii. lxxiii. Fibrous joint: (fixed) Exhibit no movement; consist of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity. Example suture joints in the skull and fibrous membrane between the borders of the radius and ulna. Cartilaginous: (slightly moveable) two bones are united by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Example: discs between verterbraes. lxxiv. Synovial joints : ( freely moveable) joint is surrounded by a capsule of dense fibrous connective tissue whose fibers are continuous with those of the persiosteum of the bones. Inside the joint, capsule is lines with synovial membrane producing synovial fluid, which forms a thin lubricating film that covers the surfaces of

8 8 lxxv. the joint ensuring a smooth joint action. 5. Compare the hip and shoulder joints with respect to structure, strength and versatility of movement. lxxvi. The hip joint is a very stable joint compared to the shoulder joint. The bones that makeup the hip joint are larger and stronger that the shoulder joints. The hip joint is capable of a wide range of movements, but isn t as mobile as the shoulder joint. 6. Name the joint that contains the: (a) glenoid cavity and labrum, (b) cruciate ligaments and menisci, (c) annular ligament and head of radius, (d) acetabulum and iliofemoral ligament lxxvii. 7. How do ligaments contribute to joint stability and mobility? lxxviii. 8. a) Name a bone that is distal to the humerus lxxix. lxxx. lxxxi. lxxxii. lxxxiii. lxxxiv. lxxxv. radius b) Name a bone that is proximal to the patella. ilium c) Name a bone that is lateral to the sternum. Ulna

9 9 lxxxvi. 9. In the knee joint, what is the function of: lxxxvii. articular cartilage: is on the ends of all bones in any joint in the knee joint it covers the ends of the femur and tibia and the back of the patella. The articular cartilage is kept slippery by synovial fluid (which looks like egg white) made by the synovial membrane (joint lining). Since the cartilage is smooth and slippery, the bones move against each other easily and without pain synovial fluid: A clear viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane for lubrication of the joint. lxxxviii. lxxxix. cruciate ligaments: The two cruciate ligaments are located in the center of the knee joint. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament( PCL) are the major stabilizing ligaments of the knee. The PCL prevents the femur from sliding forward on the tibia or the tibia from sliding backwards on the femur. The ACL prevents the femur from sliding backwards on the

10 10 xciii. xciv. xcv. xcvi. xcvii. xcviii. xcix. xc. xci. xcii. tibia or the tibia from sliding forwards on the femur. Both of these ligaments stabilize the knee in a rotational fashion. collateral ligaments These knee ligaments are found on either side of the joint. They are responsible for providing sideways stability by holding the bones together. There are 2 collateral ligaments, medial and lateral. (MCL and LCL) menisci: disc shaped cushions that act as shock absorbers 10. Describe the function of the intervertebral disc during motion and in weight bearing. 11. Compare the structure and function of the elbow joint with that of the knee joint. 12. What ligament of the hip joint keeps the body, when in anatomical position, from falling backward at the hip? 13. What two general types of joints are found in the vertebral column? 14. Why is the anatomical position so important in explaining the movements that are possible at joints? 15. Name two of the joints that are considered to be part of the shoulder joint complex. 16. Why is dislocation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint most likely to occur inferiorly? c. 17. Describe five different types of joint injuries. ci. cii. ciii. civ. 18. At the ankle joint, compare inversion sprains versus eversion sprains. Which ligaments are most likely damaged in an inversion sprain? 19. Criticize the Sit & Reach test. between active range of motion and passive range of motion. 20. Distinguish

11 11 cv. 21. Define the term goniometry. cvi. Goniometry is the measurement of angles created at human joints by the bones of the body. cvii. cviii. 22. Why is precise measurement of joint range of motion important? cix. cx. 23. Does normal range of motion at one joint indicate that the subject will likely have normal range of motion at all joints? Explain. cxi. cxii. 24. Describe three types of devices that are often used when a precise measure of flexibility is desired. cxiii. cxiv. 25. Which joint movements are needed at the shoulder joint in order to successfully tuck the tail of your shirt into the back of your pants? cxv. cxvi. cxvii. Week #4: Muscle Anatomy and Movement Analysis cxviii. cxix. 1. For each of the muscles studied in this lab, you should know the location of the muscle and the joint movements that it performs. cxx. cxxi. 2. You should be able to analyze the joint actions and muscles involved (prime movers only) in any movement. You must follow the movement analysis style described on pages 9 22 to 9 24 in the Kinesiology 142 Laboratory Manual. cxxii. cxxiii. 3. Describe the role played by the gluteus maximus muscle in walking, running, and climbing stairs. cxxiv. cxxv. 4. If your deltoid muscles were paralyzed, how would this affect the activities which you are able to perform? cxxvi. 5. In a duel in 1547, Jarnac defeated Chastaigneraie by slicing through the tissue behind the left knee. This is known in history as the "coup de Jarnac". Which muscles would be affected by such a cut. Would the victim be able to walk and/or run properly? cxxvii. cxxviii. 6. Describe four possible movements of the humerus that can occur at the shoulder joint, and name the prime mover(s) of each movement. cxxix.

12 12 7. Why would individuals accustomed to wearing high heeled shoes experience discomfort when wearing low healed shoes? Where might the discomfort be found and what are some possible anatomic and mechanical reasons? cxxx. 8. How is walking different from running with regard to the use of hip joint muscle actions and range of motion? cxxxi. cxxxii. Week #5: Measurement of Strength, Power & Muscular Endurance cxxxiii. cxxxiv. 1. Distinguish between hip flexion and trunk flexion. cxxxv. cxxxvi. 2. Why are there different protocols for the so called "male" & "female" push ups? Do you think that this is appropriate? Why or why not? cxxxvii. cxxxviii. 3. Critique the grip strength test. Do you think that the correlation between grip strength and overall body strength would be very high? Explain. cxxxix. cxl. 4. What is the vertical jump a test of? What factors can affect the distance jumped? cxli. 5. Differentiate between strength, power, and muscular endurance. Give an example of a test that was used in Kinesiology 142 for measuring each of these factors. cxlii. 6. Explain the shape of your velocity versus force graph and your power versus force graph. What general information is given by these graphs regarding the optimal combination of force and velocity needed to obtain maximal power output? cxliii. cxliv. cxlv. Week #6: Biomechanics cxlvi. 1. Which lever classes do a golf club, a swinging door, and a shovel belong to? Explain your answers using a diagram, if necessary. cxlvii. 2. How much force must be produced by the biceps brachii, attached at 90 degrees to the radius at 4.0 centimeters from the centre of rotation of the elbow joint, to support a weight of 95 newtons held in the hand at a distance of 32 cm from the elbow joint? Assume that the forearm

13 13 and hand have a combined weight of 35 newtons and that their center of gravity is located 17 cm from the elbow joint. cxlviii. 3. Is the mechanical advantage of a first class lever greater than, less than, or equal to one? cxlix. 4. Describe the various stance phase events and swing phase events during a gait cycle. cl. 5. As any runner changes from a slow running speed to a faster and faster running speed he/she lands less flat footed and more on the toes. Why? clix. clx. 6. Why is video useful for studying what is happening to the foot and leg during the support phase of running. 7. In running a 400 meter race, an athlete toes out on each stride so that her foot length measured in the direction of progression is 2.0 centimeters shorter than if she toed straight ahead. If her stride length averaged 2.00 meters per stride, how much more distance could she cover in the same length of time (50 seconds) if she toed straight ahead? 8. Based on your muscle activity analysis in the Gait Analysis Lab, describe the role played by the hamstring muscle group during the gait cycle. cli. clii. cliii. cliv. clv. clvi. clvii. clviii. clxi.