Exercise Science Section 2: The Skeletal System

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1 Exercise Science Section 2: The Skeletal System An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN Role of the Skeleton Protection Framework Attachments for muscles Storehouse for essential nutrients Blood-cell formation About Bone Composed of 50% water and 50% organic and inorganic material Elements include: phosphorous, zinc, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine Resists compression and tension Bound by joints (through ligaments) Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce movement

2 Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones: 26 vertebral column 1 hyoid 22 skull 6 auditory 25 ribs The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones: 64 upper extremity 62 lower extremity Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones Five Types of Bones Long Found in arms and legs Short Found in wrists and ankles Flat Bones of the skull Irregular Bones of the vertebrae Sesamoid Wrapped within tendons (patella) Anatomy of a Long Bone Cancellous bone Compact bone Medullary cavity Periosteum Cartilage Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphysis

3 Human Skeleton Anterior view Human Skeleton Posterior view The Skull Anterior View Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible

4 This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required text book. The Skull Lateral View Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Occipital bone Nuchal line Mandible External auditory meatus Mastoid process The Vertebral Column Lateral View Cervical region Atlas Axis Seventh cervical vertebra Thoracic region Intervertebral disk Twelfth thoracic vertebra First lumbar vertebra Lumbar region Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacral and coccygeal region Sacrum Coccyx Thoracic Cage Anterior View First thoracic vertebra Manubrium Seven true ribs Body Sternum Xiphoid process Three false ribs Two floating ribs

5 Thoracic Cage Posterior View Clavicle Scapula Left Scapula Anterior View Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Left Scapula Lateral View Coracoid process Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Glenoid fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Lateral border Inferior angle

6 Left Scapula Posterior View Acromion process Coracoid process Scapular notch Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Scapular spine Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Medial border Left Humerus Anterior View Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Intertubercular (bicipital) groove Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Capitulum Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Trochlea Left Humerus Posterior View Shaft Deltoid tuberosity Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea

7 Left Ulna Anterior View Olecranon Olecranon process Coronoid process Trochlear (semilunar) notch Radial notch of ulna Ulna tuberosity Styloid process of ulna Left Radius Anterior View Radial tuberosity Styloid process of radius Left Hand Anterior View Ulna Scaphoid bone Radius Carpals (proximal) Lunate bone Triquetrum bone Pisiform bone Hamate bone Capitate bone Trapezoid bone Trapezium bone Carpals (distal) Metacarpals Sesamoid bone Proximal phalax (of thumb) Distal phalanx (of thumb) Phalanges (Digits) Proximal phalanx (of finger) Middle phalanx (of finger) Distal phalanx (of finger)

8 This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required text book. Pelvis (Male) Anterior View Sacrum Crest of ilium Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Ilium Anterior inferior iliac spine Os coxae Acetabulum Pubis Obturator foramen Ischium Superior ramis of pubis Symphysis pubis Inferior ramis of pubis Pelvis (Male) Posterior View Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacrum Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Coccyx Right Femur Anterior View Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric line Neck Lesser trochanter Shaft Adductor tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar groove Medial condyle

9 Right Femur Posterior View Neck Lesser trochanter Pectineal line Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Shaft Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Intercondylar fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Right Fibula and Tibia Anterior View Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle of tibia Tibial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula Anterior crest Tibial tuberosity Tibia Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus Right Foot Superior View Calcaneus Talus Tarsals Cuboid Metatarsals Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Phalanges (Digits) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Proximal phalanx (of great toe) Distal phalanx (of great toe)

10 Bone Formation and Remodelling Ossification (bone formation ) takes two forms: Compact bone (begins as cartilage): Osteoblasts discharge osteoid into which minerals are deposited to form the hardened material recognized as bone Cancellous bone (begins as fibrous membranes): Osteoblasts release osteoid into membrane which forms a sponge-like bundle of fibres Cancellous bone formation develops outward from these centres in the membrane Bone remodelling has two main phases: Osteoclasts release acids and enzymes to remove old bone Osteoblasts deposit new tissue Epiphyseal Plates and Lines Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) Occur at various locations at the epiphyses of long bones Growth possible Epiphyseal lines Occur when epiphyseal plates have fused or come together Growth not possible Epiphyseal line Epiphyseal plate Types of Fractures Stress fracture most difficult to detect Simple fracture no separation (hairline fracture) Compound fracture bone breaks into separate pieces Comminuted fracture bone shatters into many pieces Simple fracture Compound fracture Comminuted fracture

11 Effects of Aging Skeletal System Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward Process of bone remodelling reverses resorption occurs Results in a 5 0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade Affects overall calcium levels in the body Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption Leads to bone fragility Increased susceptibility to bone fractures Preventative measures include: Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle Weight-bearing exercises Bone density testing and medication when appropriate

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