Pediatric Kidney Disease

Transcription

1 Pediatric Kidney Disease

2 Denis F. Geary Franz Schaefer Editors Pediatric Kidney Disease Second Edition

3 Editors Denis F. Geary Division of Nephrology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON Canada Franz Schaefer Division of Pediatric Nephrology University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany Department of Paediatrics University of Toronto Toronto, ON Canada Previously published as COMPREHENSIVE PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY with Elsevier, The Netherlands, 2008 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, Berlin, Germany

4 Preface We are delighted to welcome you to this new book. Although certainly related to our previous text, Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology, we believe you will find this book sufficiently different to justify the change in title to Pediatric Kidney Disease. As with our previous textbook, Pediatric Kidney Disease is not intended to compete with any other textbooks, but is an attempt to bridge the gap between the three-volume set of Pediatric Nephrology, and the several much briefer handbooks that exist in our specialty. It is hoped that Pediatric Kidney Disease will be the standard textbook for reference to busy clinicians, who need to obtain an up-to-date, easy-to-read, review of virtually all renal disorders that occur in children. There are substantial differences between Pediatric Kidney Disease and the earlier Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology. Although approximately half of the authors also contributed to our earlier text, an equal number of new authors are included here. These authorship changes reflect the evolution of our field and recognition of the emergence of new leaders in various subspecialty areas. For chapters that were included previously with the same authorship, each author was specifically asked to thoroughly update the material, and most of the authors have made extensive revisions. Multiple new chapters have been included on recent advances in diagnostic tools which have developed increasing importance since our last book. One example is the emerging science of proteomics/metabolomics as tools for diagnosis which is acknowledged by the inclusion of a chapter dedicated to this subject. To foster clinicians understanding of scientific methodology in clinical research and encourage studies in rare kidney diseases, a special chapter covers the concept of evidence-based medicine, applied biostatistics, and ethical principles in pediatric research. To reflect our increased understanding of the role of complement in the pathogenesis of an increasing number of renal disorders, we have devoted a complete section to this subject. We are grateful for the assistance of Christoph Licht in selecting the subject matter and authors as well as the editorial assistance for this section. v

5 vi Preface For all chapters, we have requested the authors to ensure the relevance of their chapter for busy pediatric and pediatric nephrology clinicians as well as the multidisciplinary team members. We hope the included material and its presentation is of value and will contribute to expansion of knowledge in the field of pediatric nephrology. Toronto, ON, Canada Heidelberg, Germany Denis F. Geary Franz Schaefer

6 Contents Part I Investigative Techniques in Pediatric Nephrology 1 Imaging the Pediatric Urinary Tract Jeffrey Traubici and Ruth Lim 2 Antenatal Assessment of Kidney Morphology and Function Khalid Ismaili, Marie Cassart, Fred E. Avni, and Michelle Hall 3 Laboratory Evaluation of Renal Disease in Childhood Damien Noone and Valérie Langlois 4 Genetic Diagnosis of Renal Diseases: Basic Concepts and Testing Aoife Waters and Mathieu Lemaire 5 Tools for Renal Tissue Analysis Anette Melk 6 Omics Tools for Exploration of Renal Disorders Joost P. Schanstra, Bernd Mayer, and Christoph Aufricht 7 Approaches to Clinical Research in Pediatric Nephrology Anja Sander and Scott M. Sutherland Part II Disorders of Renal Development 8 Structural Development of the Kidney Jacqueline Ho 9 Functional Development of the Nephron Aoife Waters 10 Disorders of Kidney Formation Norman D. Rosenblum and Indra R. Gupta Part III Ciliopathies and Renal Diseases 11 Ciliopathies: Their Role in Pediatric Renal Disease Miriam Schmidts and Philip L. Beales vii

7 viii Contents 12 Polycystic Kidney Disease: ADPKD and ARPKD Max Christoph Liebau and Carsten Bergmann 13 Nephronophthisis and Autosomal Dominant Interstitial Kidney Disease (ADIKD) Jens König, Beate Ermisch-Omran, and Heymut Omran Part IV Glomerular Disorders 14 Hematuria and Proteinuria Hui-Kim Yap and Perry Yew-Weng Lau 15 Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome Elisabeth M. Hodson, Stephen I. Alexander, and Nicole Graf 16 Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome Rasheed Gbadegesin, Keisha L. Gibson, and William E. Smoyer 17 Hereditary Nephrotic Syndrome Stefanie Weber 18 Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy Michelle N. Rheault and Clifford E. Kashtan 19 IgA Nephropathy Rosanna Coppo and Alessandro Amore 20 Membranous Nephropathy Pierre Ronco, Hanna Debiec, and Sanjeev Gulati 21 Post-infectious and Infectious Glomerulopathies Velibor Tasic 22 Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Arvind Bagga and Shina Menon Part V Complement Disorders 23 The Role of Complement in Disease Christoph Licht and Michael Kirschfink 24 Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Chantal Loirat and Véronique Frémeaux-Bacchi 25 C3 Glomerulopathies Christoph Licht, Marina Vivarelli, and Sanjeev Sethi Part VI The Kidney and Systemic Disease 26 Postinfectious Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Martin Bitzan and Anne-Laure Lapeyraque

8 Contents ix 27 Renal Vasculitis in Children Shori Takahashi, Michio Nagata, and Hiroshi Saito 28 Lupus Nephritis Stephen D. Marks and Kjell Tullus 29 Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Nephritis Jae Il Shin 30 Disordered Hemostasis and Renal Disorders Verna Yiu, Rungrote Natesirinilkul, and Leonardo R. Brandão Part VII Renal Tubular Disorders 31 Differential Diagnosis and Management of Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders Mario G. Bianchetti, Giacomo D. Simonetti, Sebastiano A.G. Lava, and Alberto Bettinelli 32 Renal Fanconi Syndromes and Other Proximal Tubular Disorders Detlef Bockenhauer and Robert Kleta 33 Bartter-, Gitelman-, and Related Syndromes Siegfried Waldegger and Martin Konrad 34 Disorders of Calcium and Magnesium Metabolism Martin Konrad and Karl Peter Schlingmann 35 Disorders of Phosphorus Metabolism Dieter Haffner and Siegfried Waldegger 36 Renal Tubular Acidosis R. Todd Alexander and Detlef Bockenhauer 37 Diabetes Insipidus Detlef Bockenhauer and Daniel G. Bichet Part VIII Tubulointerstitial Disease 38 Interstitial Nephritis in Children Priya S. Verghese, Kera E. Luckritz, and Allison A. Eddy 39 Primary Hyperoxaluria Bodo B. Beck and Bernd Hoppe 40 Cystinosis Elena Levtchenko and Leo Monnens Part IX Urinary Tract Disorders 41 Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infections Ian K. Hewitt and Giovanni Montini

9 x Contents 42 Vesicoureteral Reflux Ranjiv I. Mathews and Sverker Hansson 43 Obstructive Uropathy Shabnam Undre and Stephen D. Marks 44 Renal Calculi Elizabeth Harvey and Walid A. Farhat 45 Voiding Disorders in Children Johan Vande Walle and Søren Rittig Part X Acute Kidney Injury and Neonatal Nephrology 46 Acute Kidney Injury: Prevention and Diagnosis Prasad Devarajan 47 Management of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury Lyndsay A. Harshman, Patrick D. Brophy, and Jordan M. Symons 48 Neonatal Kidney Dysfunction David Askenazi, Stefano Picca, and Isabella Guzzo Part XI Hypertension 49 Childhood Hypertension: Epidemiology, Etiology, Target Organ Damage, and Consequences Empar Lurbe and Giacomo Simonetti 50 Investigation of Hypertension in Childhood Charlotte Gimpel and Elke Wühl 51 Treatment of Childhood Hypertension Douglas L. Blowey Part XII Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Disease 52 Demographics of CKD and ESRD in Children Karlijn J. van Stralen, Jerome Harambat, Philip Clayton, and Jonathan C. Craig 53 Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Nephroprotective Therapy Elke Wühl and Franz Schaefer 54 Growth and Puberty in Chronic Kidney Disease Dieter Haffner and Lesley Rees 55 Neurodevelopment in Chronic Renal Disease Rebecca J. Johnson and Susan R. Mendley 56 Nutritional Challenges in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Rayna Levitt, Joshua J. Zaritsky, and Robert H. Mak

10 Contents xi 57 Anemia in Chronic Renal Disease Larry A. Greenbaum 58 Disorders of Bone Mineral Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease Claus P. Schmitt and Rukshana Shroff 59 Cardiovascular Disease in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Anke Doyon and Mark Mitsnefes 60 Psychosocial Issues in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease Arlene C. Gerson 61 Ethical Issues in End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) John D. Lantos Part XIII Renal Replacement Therapy 62 Dialysis Modality Choice and Initiation: Global Preferences Sidharth Kumar Sethi, Hong Xu, Mignon McCulloch, Peter Nourse, Arvind Bagga, and Denis Geary 63 Peritoneal Dialysis Access Bradley A. Warady and Walter S. Andrews 64 Chronic PD in Children: Prescription, Management, and Complications Alicia M. Neu and Franz Schaefer 65 Hemodialysis Vascular Access Deepa H. Chand and Rudolph P. Valentini 66 Pediatric Hemodialysis Prescription, Complications, and Future Directions Daljit K. Hothi, Benjamin Laskin, and Denis F. Geary 67 Immunosuppression in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation Burkhard Tönshoff, Anette Melk, and Britta Höcker 68 Acute Allograft Dysfunction Siah Kim, Lisa A. Robinson, and Anne Durkan 69 Chronic Renal Transplant Dysfunction Heather Maxwell and Nicholas J.A. Webb 70 Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Complications in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients Jodi M. Smith and Vikas R. Dharnidharka 71 Long-Term Outcome of Renal Insufficiency in Children Jaap W. Groothoff

11 xii Contents Part XIV Nephrotoxicity and Pharmacotherapy 72 Drug Use, Dosing, and Toxicity in Renal Disease Matthias Schwab, Heiko Billing, and Klaus Mörike 73 Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Renal Diseases Cecilia Bukutu and Sunita Vohra 74 Environmental Nephrotoxins Jie Ding and Ruth A. Etzel Index