Rehabilitative Qigong & Tai Chi Fundamentals. The Science of Vision and Mental Imagery

Transcription

1 Rehabilitative Qigong & Tai Chi Fundamentals The Science of Vision and Mental Imagery!"

2 Introduction! Body, Breath, Vision Focus! We think in images! Body and brain can t tell the difference between what is real or imagined! Vision and cortical mapping

3 Vision # Research Results # Muscle Activation # Vestibular # Proprioceptive # Balance

4 Muscle Activation! Effect of gaze direction on neck muscle activity during cervical rotation. Catharina S. M. Bexander, Rebecca Mellor, Paul W. Hodges Exp Brain Res December; 167(3): ! The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eye position on neck muscle activity during cervical rotation.! Right obliquus capitis inferior (OI), multifides (MF), and SC, and left sternocleidomastoid (SCM)]! Muscle activation higher with ocular movement vs. turning head with fixed gaze.

5 Muscle Activation! Cervico-ocular coordination during neck rotation is distorted in people with whiplash-associated disorders. Catharina S. M. Bexander, Paul W. Hodges Exp Brain Res March; 217(1): ! Higher SC w/bil rotation. Variable MF/OI function. Augmented activity with horizontal gaze.! These observations provide evidence of redistribution of activity between neck muscles during cervical rotation and increased interaction between eye and neck muscle activity in people with WAD. These changes in cervicoocular coordination may underlie clinical symptoms reported by people with WAD that involve visual deficits and changes in function during cervical rotation such as postural control.

6 Muscle Activation! Priming of head premotor circuits during oculomotor preparation. Brian D. Corneil, Douglas P. Munoz, Etienne Olivier. J Neurophysiol January; 97(1): ! We conclude that low-frequency oculomotor activity primes head premotor circuits well in advance of gaze shift initiation, and in a manner distinct from its effects on the eye premotor circuits.

7 Eye-Foot Coordination! A new paradigm to investigate the roles of head and eye movements in the coordination of whole-body movements. Mark A. Hollands, Nausica V. Ziavra, Adolfo M. BronsteinExp Brain Res January; 154(2): ! These findings demonstrate substantial eye-foot coordination during a novel whole-body rotation paradigm and provide evidence that the output of the motor systems responsible for moving the feet is heavily influenced by the motor systems responsible for generating and coordinating eye and head movements to peripheral targets

8 Vestibular Function! Ivanenko YP, Grasso R, Lacquaniti F. Effect of gaze on postural responses to neck proprioceptive and vestibular stimulation in humans. The Journal of Physiology. 1999;519(Pt 1): ! The prominent effect of gaze in reorienting automatic postural reactions indicates that both neck proprioceptive and vestibular stimuli are processed in the context of visual control of posture. The results point out the importance of a viewer-centred frame of reference for processing multisensory information.! Horizontal Reference

9 Vestibular Function! McGibbon, Chris A et al. Tai Chi and Vestibular Rehabilitation Improve Vestibulopathic Gait via Different Neuromuscular Mechanisms: Preliminary Report. BMC Neurology 5 (2005): 3.! 36 Patients with Vestibular Hypo-function! 70 minutes. 1x/wk. 10wks.! Gait function improved in both groups consistent with expectations of the interventions. Differences in each group's response to therapy appear to suggest that improved gait function may be due to different neuromuscular adaptations resulting from the different interventions. The TC group's improvements were associated with reorganized lower extremity neuromuscular patterns, which appear to promote a faster gait and reduced excessive hip compensation. These data support a growing body of evidence that Tai Chi may be a valuable complementary treatment for vestibular disorders.

10 Visualization # Visualization # Mental Imagery # Mental Practice # Visuo-Motor Behavior Rehearsal (VMBR) # Research Results # Strength # Motor Recruitment # Skill Performance # Balance # Skin Temperature # Immune Function

11 Strength/Motor Recruitment! From mental power to muscle power--gaining strength by using the mind. Vinoth K. Ranganathan, Vlodek Siemionow, Jing Z. Liu, Vinod Sahgal, Guang H. Yue Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(7): ! Training lasted for 12 weeks (15 min per day, 5 days per week). At the end of training, we found that the ABD group had increased their finger abduction strength by 35% (P < 0.005) and the ELB group augmented their elbow flexion strength by 13.5% (P < 0.001). The physical training group increased the finger abduction strength by 53% (P < 0.01)

12 Strength/Motor Recruitment! Mind Over Matter: Mental Training Increases Physical Strength. Erin M. Shackell and Lionel G. Standing. Bishop's University! The hip strength of each group was measured before and after training. Physical strength was increased by 24% through mental practice (p =.008). Strength was also increased through physical training, by 28%, but did not change significantly in the control condition.

13 Strength/Motor Recruitment! Benefits of motor imagery training on muscle strength. Florent Lebon, Christian Collet, Aymeric Guillot J Strength Cond Res June; 24(6): ! The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and the maximal number of repetitions (MR) using 80% of the pretest MVC weight were measured. Although both MI and CTRL groups enhanced their strength through the training sessions, the leg press MVC was significantly higher in the MI group than in the CTRL group (p<0.05)

14 Skill Performance! The Effects of positive and negative imagery on motor skill performance. Woolfolk, Parrish, and Murphy. JOURNAL OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, 1985, 7, ! 6 Consecutive days of practice/testing (putting)! Positive imagery 30.4%! Physical Practice 9.9%! Negative imagery -21.2%

15 Skill Performance! GRAHAM E. POWELL (1973) NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE MENTAL PRACTICE IN MOTOR SKILL ACQUISITION. Perceptual and Motor Skills: Volume 37, Issue, pp ! Dart Throwing! Positive MI 28% accuracy gain! Negative MI -3% accuracy (loss)

16 Immune Function! Effects of relaxation with guided imagery on surgical stress and wound healing. C. Holden-Lund Res Nurs Health August; 11(4): ! Less anxiety! Lower cortisol levels one day after surgery,! Less surgical would erythema than control group

17 Immune Function! The effects of guided imagery on the immune system: a critical review. Trakhtenberg EC. International Journal of Neuroscience Jun; 118 (6): pages ! Reduce stress and elevate the immune system! Cell-specific imagery affects corresponding white blood counts (WBCs), neutrophils and/or lymphocytes! Decreases in white blood counts occur in the initial stages of GI and relaxation, due to fluctuations in WBC production or margination! Changes in WBC count or adherence occur earlier in medical patients

18 Therapeutic Applications! Motor Imagery in Physical Therapist Practice. Ruth Dickstein and Judith E Deutsch. PHYS THER. 2007; 87: ! Neurological conditions Stroke / Intractable pain! Visual (Closed skills) Tai Chi form! Kinesthetic (Open Skills) Novel situations! Relaxation key condition for successful imagery

19 Therapeutic Applications! Mental imagery and its potential for physical therapy. L. Warner, M. E. McNeill. Phys Ther April; 68(4): ! Muscle Activity! Brain Activity! Athletics! Cancer! Psychoneuroimmunoloqy

20 Visualization # Effective Mental Practice # Vivid # Active # Kinesthetic # Symbolic # Desire Outcome

21 Practice! Standing Posture! Flowing Motion! Moving through water! Cloud Hands! Visual Scanning! PWHM! Wuji Standing! Expanding from the center