OVERVIEW. Today. Sensory and Motor Neurons. Thursday. Parkinsons Disease. Administra7on. Exam One Bonus Points Slides Online
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1 OVERVIEW Today Sensory and Motor Neurons Thursday Parkinsons Disease Administra7on Exam One Bonus Points Slides Online
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10 7 major descending motor control pathways from Cerebral Cortex or Brainstem Nuclei: From Frontal Cortex: i. Lateral Corticospinal tract ii. Ventral Corticospinal tract iii. Corticobulbar tract (à cranial nerve motor nuclei). From Brainstem Nuclei: i. Rubrospinal tract ii. Reticulospinal tract iii. Vestibulospinal tract iv. Tectospinal tract
11 Interneuron Connections: (sometimes an intermediary before motor neurons) 1. Segmental interneurons short branches within single spinal cord segment 2. Propiospinal neurons projects for multiple spinal segments before synapsing onto motor neuron - long projections coordinating movements of upper and lower limbs
12 Somatotopic Organization
13 LATERAL DESCENDING PATHWAYS Lateral Corticospinal Tract: Starts at the 1 motor cortex decussation zone and lateral motor nuclei of cervical and lumbrosacral Cord. Primary control of distal muscles
14 LATERAL DESCENDING PATHWAYS Rubrospinal Tract Red nucleus (magnocellular) à midbrain decussation à lateral intermediate zone and ventral horn. Provides additional control
15 MEDIAL DESCENDING PATHWAYS Medial (Ventral) Corticospinal Tract Axial and girdle muscles. Ipsilateral ventral column à bilateral projections to medial grey matter. Controls especially for head, shoulder, and upper trunk muscles.
16 Reticulospinal Tract Many terminate in cervical cord. But, 2 projections to propiospinal neurons may influence lower axial muscles also. Pontine à ventral column. Medullary reticular formation à lateral column Autonomic movements: posture and repetitive movements. Tectospinal Tract From superior coliculus à coordinates head and eye movements.
17 Vestibulospinal Tracts: Lateral vestibular nucleus à lateral vestibulospinal tract (to all spinal limbs) Maintains balance. Medial nucleus à medial tracts for control of head position (cervical only).
18 Organization of Tracts Note the descending and ascending tracts and their relative positions.
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23 Beta Motor Neurons Innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles, with collaterals to extrafusal fibres.
24 Why is the motor neuron system set up this way?
25 Sensory Pathways
26 Sensory Receptors Transduce s1muli into electrical signals Three major divisions: 1. Interoceptor Informa1on from within the body 2. Exteroceptor Informa1on from the environment 3. Proprioceptor Informa1on about the rela1ve orienta1on of body segments
27 Receptors have a wide range of complexity
28 How do we get informa7on from mechanoreceptors? S1mulus transduced to change in membrane poten1al Receptor responds to specific energy form; but can respond to others Need adequate s1mulus to reach AP threshold Specialized cells code strength
29 S7mulus characteris7cs are coded S1mulus aoributes are preserved by 4 proper1es: 1. Modality Type of neuron 2. Loca1on Which neurons fire? Somatosensory cortex very organized (topographical map) 3. Intensity Number of ac1vated receptors; frequency of APs larger s1mulus = d receptor poten1al, d AP firing frequency 4. Dura1on Coded by dura1on of AP trains in sensory neuron Longer a s1mulus persists, the longer the train of APs
30 Coding for intensity and dura7on of s7mulus
31 Soma7c Senses 1. Touch Cutaneous 2. Propriocep1on Muscle & joint receptors 3. Nocicep1on (pain, etc) 4. Temperature 1 & 2 play important roles in motor control
32 Cutaneous Receptors
33 Two major classes of cutaneous receptors: Tonic & Phasic
34 Sensory receptors associated with muscles & joints Muscle: Muscle spindles Golgi tendon organs Joint: Joint capsule mechanoreceptors
35 Types of Sensory Neurons Type 1a Primary Rate of change of muscle Type 1b N/A in GTO Type II Secondary Fire when muscle sta7c
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37 Sensory Receptors in Muscle
38 Muscle Spindles Stretch- sensi7ve mechanoreceptors Provide info about muscle length & velocity of contrac7on to CNS
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40 Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
41 Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) Receptors at junction of tendons & muscle fibers Innervated by Group Ib afferents stretching a muscle: pinching of sensory fibers -- neuron firing contracted muscle: pulls tendon during contraction -- sensory neuron fires GTOs are our major force sensors in skeletal muscle
42 How does the sensory system know about sensory feedback? Segrega1on of informa1on Organiza1on based on the anatomical loca1on of an input & the proximity of relay nuclei Topographic organiza1on... Motor & sensory maps
43 Different groups of afferents have different projec7ons in spinal cord Size determines termina1on point within spinal cord Some inputs make monosynap1c connec1ons with MNs (remember muscle spindle pathways)
44 Sensory Processing Brain is broken into different areas Brodmann s areas speech, touch, vision, motor areas, etc... Specialized processing within different cerebral areas; e.g Rapidly adap1ng skin mechanoreceptors Area 1 Slowly adap1ng skin mechanoreceptors Area 3b Thalamus receives & relays informa1on
45 Func7onal areas of the cerebral cortex Bear et al. (1996) EPHE Motor Control
46 Dorsal Column Pathway Major somatosensory ascending pathway Group I muscle afferents Tac1le mechanoreceptors Terminate in the cuneatous & gracilis nuclei in medulla Eventually arrives in somatosensory cortex
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48 Somatosensory Cortex Subdivided into dis1nct regions, based on anatomical connec1ons & func1on e.g. inputs from similar regions & receptors are grouped together Columnar organiza1on
49 Somatosensory Cortex Organized into columns based on anatomy e.g. first, second digit Organized into subcolumns based on modality e.g. SA & RA receptors Organized into layers based on connec1ons in brain e.g. thalamic inputs/outputs
50 Mapping the cortex There are both sensory AND motor maps... HOMUNCULUS (see also Kandel et al. Fig 38-1) Distor1ons in size representa1on why?
51 Sensory receptors: What s important? Muscle Receptors - Muscle Spindles - Golgi Tendon Organs Cutaneous Receptors - Meissners Corpuscles - Merkel Discs - Ruffini Endings - Pacinian Corpuscles Nociceptors Joint Receptors Chemoreceptors
52 Bo^om line? Feedback from joint receptors, muscle spindles, GTOs, & cutaneous afferents all play roles in kinesthesia & propriocep1on Interac1on between movement goal & feedback
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