Toward the neural causes of human visual perception and behavior
|
|
|
- Mark Gilbert
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Toward the neural causes of human visual perception and behavior Kaoru Amano Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet) National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
2 Outline Neural correlates of perception Exp. 1: Alpha oscillation as a clock signal for visual processing From neural correlates to neural causes of perception: decoded neurofeedback as a tool to study causality Exp. 2: Creation of color perception by manipulation of neural activity in the primary and secondary visual areas Exp. 3: Change in perceptual confidence by manipulation of neural activity in the fronto-parietal areas
3 Seeing (visual perception) is the interpretation of the visual input by brain VS. Humans interpret the external world, rather than copying the visual input (as camera does) Illusion (mismatch between visual input and percept) is a typical example indicating the interpretation process different from camera Illusion can be a crucial clue for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception
4 Checkerboard shadow illusion (Adelson) A looks much darker than B, but
5 Rotating snake illusion (Akiyoshi Kitaoka) Stationary image looks like moving
6 Motion induced blindness (Bonneh et al.) Yellow dots disappear and re-appear
7 Motoyoshi et al Adaptation induced blindness
8 How to study the neural correlates of perception Compare the neural activities corresponding to different percepts with keeping the input constant Dots are visible Motion induced blindness Dots are invisible Neural correlates of perception
9 Non-invasive human brain measurement Magnetoencephalography: MEG Functional magnetic resonance imaging: fmri Electrical activities of neurons High temporal resolution (ms) Difficult to accurately estimate the locus of activity Changes in blood flow associated with electrical activities of neurons Low temporal resolution (s) High spatial resolution (mm) Need to utilize different techniques for each purpose
10 Outline Neural correlates of perception Exp. 1: Alpha oscillation as a clock signal for visual processing From neural correlates to neural causes of perception: decoded neurofeedback as a tool to study causality Exp. 2: Creation of color perception by manipulation of neural activity in the primary and secondary visual areas Exp. 3: Change in perceptual confidence by manipulation of neural activity in the fronto-parietal areas
11 Outline Neural correlates of perception Exp. 1: Alpha oscillation as a clock signal for visual processing From neural correlates to neural causes of perception: decoded neurofeedback as a tool to study causality Exp. 2: Creation of color perception by manipulation of neural activity in the primary and secondary visual areas Exp. 3: Change in perceptual confidence by manipulation of neural activity in the fronto-parietal areas
12 Alpha oscillation Neural oscillations at 8-13 Hz Increases when you relax Originally thought to reflect brain idling Suppression of irrelevant information? ~100 ms Jensen et al., 2012 Spatial attention suppress contralateral alpha and enhances ipsilateral alpha What is the functional role of alpha oscillation?
13 Alpha oscillation as a clock signal for visual processing? Dorsal pathway e.g. Motion, Depth Ventral pathway e.g. Color, Object Alpha oscillation might work as a clock signal that determines the timing of interaction between visual areas Information transmission between visual areas at alpha rhythm
14 Motion-induced spatial conflict Arnold and Johnston, 2003
15 Motion-induced spatial conflict Arnold & Johnston, 2005 Slow (isoluminant motion) Fast (luminance motion) Red-green borders were set to be isoluminant Perceived speed of isoluminant red-green boarders is slower than that of a luminance defined redblack borders Isoluminant border is perceived to be jittering Illusory jitter MEG responses Amano et al., 2008 Green bars were either (1) darker than, (2) isoluminant with, or (3) brighter than red squares
16 Correlation between jitter perception and alpha oscillation Perceived jitter frequency Dark Iso Bright MEG spectrum (Left occipital) ~10 Hz Dark Isoluminant Bright Amano et al., 2008 Increase in alpha power during jitter perception Frequency of illusory jitter, perceived only in the isoluminant condition, was at around 10 Hz Frequency of modulated neural oscillation matches the perceived jitter frequency
17 Does perceived jitter frequency reflect individual alpha frequency? Neural oscillation at ~10Hz Neural correlates Illusory jitter perception at ~10Hz Subject A Low alpha frequency ( ) Low jitter frequency Subject B High alpha frequency (( )) High jitter frequency Alpha frequency is measured during rest BEFORE jitter frequency measurement
18 Measurement of alpha oscillation 30s 30s 30s 30s Power (mv 2 /Hz) FFT analysis on MEG data Open Close Frequency (Hz) Peak alpha frequency Open/close eyes One beep: open eyes Two beeps: close eyes 5 repetitions of open/close session Subjects: 10 f = 8.3Hz σ = 3.1Hz Whole-head MEG system (Elekta) Sampling frequency: 500 Hz 306 channels
19 Measurement of perceived jitter frequency Illusory jitter Real jitter Frequency of real jitter was randomly chosen from 4-13 Hz (20 times each) Subjects judged whether the real jitter is faster than the illusory jitter Real jitter fast (%) Perceived jitter frequency Real jitter frequency (Hz)
20 Individual resting alpha and perceived Open: 9.8 Hz Close: 10.3 Hz Power (mv 2 /Hz) 10 Power (mv 2 /Hz) Frequency (Hz) Sub1 Sub3 Open: 8.3 Hz Close: 8.3 Hz Frequency (Hz) Real jitter fast (%) jitter frequency Real jitter frequency (Hz) f: 8.3 Hz Open: 10.3 Hz Close: 9.8 Hz Perceived jitter frequency mirrors individual peak alpha frequency Power (mv 2 /Hz) Real jitter frequency (Hz) Real jitter fast (%) 100 f: 10.2Hz Frequency (Hz) Sub f: 9.7 Hz Real jitter frequency (Hz) Real jitter fast (%) 100
21 Individual alpha frequency, not amplitude, correlates with jitter frequency r = 0.87 (P < 0.01) r = 0.10 (P = 0.77) N=10 N=10 Illusory jitter is perceived at the frequency of intrinsic alpha oscillation Alpha power is not correlated with jitter frequency
22 Resting state alpha frequency is kept constant during jitter perception r = 0.95 (P < 0.01) N=6 Peak alpha frequency during the perception of illusory jitter was highly correlated with that during the resting state
23 Possible functional role of alpha oscillation Dorsal pathway Ventral pathway Motion-based position representation High temporal resolution Low spatial resolution Update of position representation at alpha rhythm Object-based position representation Low temporal resolution High spatial resolution delay delay compensation Alpha oscillation may function as a clock signal for the interaction between visual areas
24 Summary Alpha oscillation is enhanced when illusory jitter is perceived Perceived jitter frequency was highly correlated with the peak alpha frequency during the resting state Alpha oscillation is the neural correlates of illusory jitter perception Alpha oscillation might work as a clock signal that determines the timing of interaction between ventral and dorsal visual areas
25 Outline Neural correlates of perception Exp. 1: Alpha oscillation as a clock signal for visual processing From neural correlates to neural causes of perception: decoded neurofeedback as a tool to study causality Exp. 2: Creation of color perception by manipulation of neural activity in the primary and secondary visual areas Exp. 3: Change in perceptual confidence by manipulation of neural activity in the fronto-parietal areas
26 How to study the neural correlates of perception Compare the neural activities corresponding to different percepts with keeping the input constant Dots are visible Motion induced blindness Dots are invisible Neural correlates of perception
27 Neural correlates are not necessarily neural causes of visual perception Dots are visible Neural causes of perception Epiphenomena Dots are invisible?? Neural correlates of perception
28 FMRI decoded neurofeedback (DecNef) Current pattern Target area Correlation with the target pattern Target pattern Shibata et al., 2011 Feedback Subjects manipulate their brain activities A specific brain activity pattern in a specific area can be induced with DecNef
29 Decoded neurofeedback (DecNef) as a tool for cognitive neuroscience Variable Observation Correlation analysis Perception Behavior Cognition DecNef Perception Behavior Cognition Shibata et al., 2011
30 Purpose Create color perception associated with an orientation by manipulating neural activity in the primary and secondary visual areas (V1/V2) using decoded fmri neurofeedback Achromatic vertical grating Association V1/V2 activity pattern corresponding to red Is an achromatic grating perceived to be reddish?
31 Experimental procedure Day 1: Retinotopic mapping Day 2: Color decoder construction 1 2 weeks Day 3: Decoded neurofeedback training Day 4: Decoded neurofeedback training Day 5: Decoded neurofeedback training Subjective color test Chromatic psychometric function measurement subjects participated in the 5-day session 6 control subjects participated in only a subjective color test and chromatic psychometric function measurement None of the subjects were colorblind
32 Day 1: Retinotopic mapping Wandell et al., 2007
33 12 s Day 2: Color (red vs. green) decoder construction 12 s 12 s 12 s 12 s Each combination of color (red/green/gray) and orientation (vertical/horizontal) was randomly presented 24 times in 12 runs Green and gray are set to be perceptually equiluminant to red SF: 1 cycle/deg, TF: 0.5 Hz Color decoding accuracy in V1/V2 (irrespective of orientation) Red likelihood of V1/V2 activity pattern was calculated by sparse logistic regression (SLR) (>0.5, red; <0.5, green)
34 Days 3-5: Decoded neurofeedback training Task (6 s) Rest (7 s) Feedback (1 s) Rest (6 s) Time High red likelihood in V1/V2 Large feedback disk Low red likelihood in V1/V2 Small feedback disk Task: Somehow regulate your brain activity to make the feedback disk as large as possible
35 V1/V2 activity pattern during the presentation of achromatic vertical grating became reddish The strategy of induction I did mental multiplication. I tried to remember scenes of TV programs or video games. I also imagined watching music videos. I counted numbers. I imagined singing or running. I also calculated or remembered sentences. I tried to remember what I did yesterday. and so on. None of these reported strategies was related in any way to the target color (red) Red likelihood increase [%] Induction performance Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 All relative to the likelihood of an achromatic vertical grating being classified as the target color (red) in the decoder construction stage
36 Day 5: Subjective color test Vertical Horizontal Each achromatic grating was presented 10 times Duration, 1.5 s; ISI, 4.5 s Judge the color of the inner grating (red, green or achromatic) Chromatic response [%] Red Green Subjects with DecNef * Vertical * Horizontal Chromatic response [%] Red Green Control subjects Vertical Horizontal Vertical grating used for DecNef was perceived to be reddish
37 Day 5: Chromatic psychometric function measurement 32 stimuli (4 orientations 8 colors) were randomly presented Orientation Vertical Horizontal +45 deg -45 deg Color Inner: 8 levels from greenish to reddish (middle is gray) Outer: gray Judge the color of the inner grating (red vs. green)
38 Shift in psychometric function by DecNef training Subjects with DecNef Control subjects Orientation-specific change in color perception by DecNef
39 Long-lasting effect of DecNef training Day3 3 5 months later Color perception associated with an orientation is long-lasting, as has been reported for other types of associative learning
40 Summary Using decoded fmri neurofeedback, we created long-lasting color perception associated with a specific orientation Achromatic vertical grating V1/V2 activity corresponding to red Association The early visual cortex has the capability of creating an orientation-specific color perception
41 Outline Neural correlates of perception Exp. 1: Alpha oscillation as a clock signal for visual processing From neural correlates to neural causes of perception: decoded neurofeedback as a tool to study causality Exp. 2: Creation of color perception by manipulation of neural activity in the primary and secondary visual areas Exp. 3: Change in perceptual confidence by manipulation of neural activity in the fronto-parietal areas
42 Outline Neural correlates of perception Exp. 1: Alpha oscillation as a clock signal for visual processing From neural correlates to neural causes of perception: decoded neurofeedback as a tool to study causality Exp. 2: Creation of color perception by manipulation of neural activity in the primary and secondary visual areas Exp. 3: Change in perceptual confidence by manipulation of neural activity in the fronto-parietal areas
43 Confidence in perceptual judgment Right Perceptual judgment Left Pretty sure Confidence Not sure Confidence is a meta-cognitive function for decisions Confidence generally reflects perceptual accuracy but can dissociate from accuracy (e.g. blidsight) Confidence affects a variety of cognitive functions LIP, DLPFC, and Pulvinar are associated with confidence (e.g. Kiani et al. 2009, Komura et al. 2013) Are these areas causally associated with the confidence of perceptual judgment?
44 Experimental procedure Day 2 Day 3 Day 1 Confidence Decoder construction Psychophysical test High- or Lowconfidence DecNef High- or Lowconfidence DecNef Day 4 Psychophysical test Day 5 The order of High- and Low-confidence DecNef was counterbalanced across subjects (N=10) Psychophysical test Low- or Highconfidence DecNef Low- or Highconfidence DecNef Psychophysical test
45 Fixation + Confidence decoder construction 1 s Incoherent motion + Coherent motion at threshold coherence 1 s s Delay + 4 s Direction judgment Right Left 2 s Confidence rating Motion direction judgment Confidence rating of the motion direction judgment (1-4) Confidence decoder was built from the activity in visual and frontoparietal areas during the coherent motion and delay periods 2 s ITI 6 s Time
46 Confidence decoding from parietal and frontal areas Visual areas Frontoparietal areas Confidence decoded from the activity of parietal (IPL) and frontal (IFS, MFS, MFG) areas Confidence decoding accuracy was lower in visual areas
47 High/low confidence DecNef Induction of activity patterns in the frontoparietal areas corresponding to high/low confidence Induction Online confidence decoding Rest Feedback ITI Somehow regulate the brain activity during the induction period to make the feedback disk as large as possible 2 s Incoherent motion 6 s 6 s 2 s 6 s Feedback disk size represents the similarity of frontoparietal activities between the induction period and the high or low confidence trials in the decoder construction Incoherent (random) motion was presented for 2 s at a random time during the induction period Before and after each DecNef session (high/low), direction discrimination accuracy and confidence were measured for the threshold level coherent motion
48 No change in direction discrimination accuracy by DecNef (decoded neurofeedbck) Significant increase in confidence by high confidence DecNef DecNef induced confidence changes (without change in discrimination accuracy) High-confidence DecNef Low-confidence DecNef High-confidence DecNef Low-confidence DecNef
49 Conclusions Confidence was successfully decoded from fronto-parietal areas Induction of brain activities corresponding to high and low confidence resulted in the change in confidence rating without changing motion direction judgment accuracy Confidence is a rather separated entity from the other measures of perceptual accuracy Fronto-parietal areas are causally related to confidence during the perceptual judgment
50 Overall summary Neural correlates of perception Perceived jitter frequency mirrors intrinsic alpha frequency Decoded neurofeedback to study neural causes of perception Long-lasting color perception associated with an orientation created by manipulation of V1/V2 activities Change in confidence during direction judgment task achieved by manipulation of fronto-parietal activities
51 Collaborators Sorato Minami (CiNet) Alpha Confidence DecNef Aurelio Cortese (ATR) Color DecNef Takeo Watanabe (Brown University) Yuka Sasaki (Brown University) Mitsuo Kawato (ATR) Kazuhisa Shibata (Brown University) Ai Koizumi (CINet) Hakwan Lau (UCLA)
Frank Tong. Department of Psychology Green Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544
Frank Tong Department of Psychology Green Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 Office: Room 3-N-2B Telephone: 609-258-2652 Fax: 609-258-1113 Email: ftong@princeton.edu Graduate School Applicants
Hebbian Plasticity for Improving Perceptual Decisions
Hebbian Plasticity for Improving Perceptual Decisions Tsung-Ren Huang Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University trhuang@ntu.edu.tw Abstract Shibata et al. reported that humans could learn to
(Visual) Attention. October 3, PSY Visual Attention 1
(Visual) Attention Perception and awareness of a visual object seems to involve attending to the object. Do we have to attend to an object to perceive it? Some tasks seem to proceed with little or no attention
Selective bias in temporal bisection task by number exposition
Selective bias in temporal bisection task by number exposition Carmelo M. Vicario¹ ¹ Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università Roma la Sapienza, via dei Marsi 78, Roma, Italy Key words: number- time- spatial
OPTO 5320 VISION SCIENCE I
OPTO 5320 VISION SCIENCE I Monocular Sensory Processes of Vision: Color Vision Mechanisms of Color Processing . Neural Mechanisms of Color Processing A. Parallel processing - M- & P- pathways B. Second
Key questions about attention
Key questions about attention How does attention affect behavioral performance? Can attention affect the appearance of things? How does spatial and feature-based attention affect neuronal responses in
Flexible Retinotopy: Motion-Dependent Position Coding in the Visual Cortex
Flexible Retinotopy: Motion-Dependent Position Coding in the Visual Cortex David Whitney,* 1 Herbert C. Goltz, 2 Christopher G. Thomas, 1 Joseph S. Gati, 2 Ravi S. Menon, 2 Melvyn A. Goodale 1 1 The Department
Visual Selection and Attention
Visual Selection and Attention Retrieve Information Select what to observe No time to focus on every object Overt Selections Performed by eye movements Covert Selections Performed by visual attention 2
Attention Response Functions: Characterizing Brain Areas Using fmri Activation during Parametric Variations of Attentional Load
Attention Response Functions: Characterizing Brain Areas Using fmri Activation during Parametric Variations of Attentional Load Intro Examine attention response functions Compare an attention-demanding
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited. VOLUME: 1 ARTICLE NUMBER: 0006 Fear reduction without fear through reinforcement of neural activity that bypasses conscious exposure Yoshida 3,7,8, Ben
Concurrent measurement of perceived speed and speed discrimination threshold using the method of single stimuli
Vision Research 39 (1999) 3849 3854 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Concurrent measurement of perceived speed and speed discrimination threshold using the method of single stimuli A. Johnston a, *, C.P.
Congruency Effects with Dynamic Auditory Stimuli: Design Implications
Congruency Effects with Dynamic Auditory Stimuli: Design Implications Bruce N. Walker and Addie Ehrenstein Psychology Department Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston, TX 77005-1892 USA +1 (713) 527-8101
Temporal Feature of S-cone Pathway Described by Impulse Response Function
VISION Vol. 20, No. 2, 67 71, 2008 Temporal Feature of S-cone Pathway Described by Impulse Response Function Keizo SHINOMORI Department of Information Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology
Introduction to Computational Neuroscience
Introduction to Computational Neuroscience Lecture 11: Attention & Decision making Lesson Title 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Function of the NS 3 Windows to the Brain 4 Data analysis 5 Data analysis
Control of visuo-spatial attention. Emiliano Macaluso
Control of visuo-spatial attention Emiliano Macaluso CB demo Attention Limited processing resources Overwhelming sensory input cannot be fully processed => SELECTIVE PROCESSING Selection via spatial orienting
Robust Neural Encoding of Speech in Human Auditory Cortex
Robust Neural Encoding of Speech in Human Auditory Cortex Nai Ding, Jonathan Z. Simon Electrical Engineering / Biology University of Maryland, College Park Auditory Processing in Natural Scenes How is
Supplementary Note Psychophysics:
Supplementary Note More detailed description of MM s subjective experiences can be found on Mike May s Perceptions Home Page, http://www.senderogroup.com/perception.htm Psychophysics: The spatial CSF was
Selective Attention. Inattentional blindness [demo] Cocktail party phenomenon William James definition
![Selective Attention. Inattentional blindness [demo] Cocktail party phenomenon William James definition](/thumbs/74/70549966.jpg "Selective Attention. Inattentional blindness [demo] Cocktail party phenomenon William James definition")
Selective Attention Inattentional blindness [demo] Cocktail party phenomenon William James definition Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form,
IIE 269: Cognitive Psychology
IIE 269: Cognitive Psychology Greg Francis, PhD email: gfrancis@purdue.edu http://www.psych.purdue.edu/ gfrancis/classes/iie269/index.html Study Guide for Exam 1 Exam Date: 14 July 2008 The exam will include
Single cell tuning curves vs population response. Encoding: Summary. Overview of the visual cortex. Overview of the visual cortex
Encoding: Summary Spikes are the important signals in the brain. What is still debated is the code: number of spikes, exact spike timing, temporal relationship between neurons activities? Single cell tuning
PSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual Processes 1
Processing streams PSY 310 Greg Francis Neurophysiology We are working under the following hypothesis What we see is determined by the pattern of neural activity in the brain This leads to several interesting
Prof. Greg Francis 7/31/15
s PSY 200 Greg Francis Lecture 06 How do you recognize your grandmother? Action potential With enough excitatory input, a cell produces an action potential that sends a signal down its axon to other cells
Changing expectations about speed alters perceived motion direction
Current Biology, in press Supplemental Information: Changing expectations about speed alters perceived motion direction Grigorios Sotiropoulos, Aaron R. Seitz, and Peggy Seriès Supplemental Data Detailed
The influence of visual motion on fast reaching movements to a stationary object
Supplemental materials for: The influence of visual motion on fast reaching movements to a stationary object David Whitney*, David A. Westwood, & Melvyn A. Goodale* *Group on Action and Perception, The
THE ENCODING OF PARTS AND WHOLES
THE ENCODING OF PARTS AND WHOLES IN THE VISUAL CORTICAL HIERARCHY JOHAN WAGEMANS LABORATORY OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN, BELGIUM DIPARTIMENTO DI PSICOLOGIA, UNIVERSITÀ DI MILANO-BICOCCA,
How do individuals with congenital blindness form a conscious representation of a world they have never seen? brain. deprived of sight?
How do individuals with congenital blindness form a conscious representation of a world they have never seen? What happens to visual-devoted brain structure in individuals who are born deprived of sight?
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) What happens beyond the retina? What happens in Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)- 90% flow Visual cortex Information Flow Superior colliculus 10% flow Slide 2 Information
ASSUMPTION OF COGNITIVE UNIFORMITY
The Human Brain cerebral hemispheres: two most important divisions of the brain, separated by the longitudinal fissure corpus callosum: a large bundle of axons that constitutes the major connection between
fmri: What Does It Measure?
fmri: What Does It Measure? Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor: John Miyamoto 04/02/2018: Lecture 02-1 Note: This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that I wrote to help me create
Lighta part of the spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy. (the part that s visible to us!)
Introduction to Physiological Psychology Vision ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ /~ksweeney/psy260.html Lighta part of the spectrum of Electromagnetic Energy (the part that s visible to us!)
Fundamentals of Psychophysics
Fundamentals of Psychophysics John Greenwood Department of Experimental Psychology!! NEUR3045! Contact: john.greenwood@ucl.ac.uk 1 Visual neuroscience physiology stimulus How do we see the world? neuroimaging
Overview of the visual cortex. Ventral pathway. Overview of the visual cortex
Overview of the visual cortex Two streams: Ventral What : V1,V2, V4, IT, form recognition and object representation Dorsal Where : V1,V2, MT, MST, LIP, VIP, 7a: motion, location, control of eyes and arms
LISC-322 Neuroscience Cortical Organization
LISC-322 Neuroscience Cortical Organization THE VISUAL SYSTEM Higher Visual Processing Martin Paré Assistant Professor Physiology & Psychology Most of the cortex that covers the cerebral hemispheres is
CS294-6 (Fall 2004) Recognizing People, Objects and Actions Lecture: January 27, 2004 Human Visual System
CS294-6 (Fall 2004) Recognizing People, Objects and Actions Lecture: January 27, 2004 Human Visual System Lecturer: Jitendra Malik Scribe: Ryan White (Slide: layout of the brain) Facts about the brain:
The Science. This work was performed by Dr. Psyche Loui at Wesleyan University under NSF-STTR # Please direct inquiries to
The Science This work was performed by Dr. Psyche Loui at Wesleyan University under NSF-STTR #1720698. Please direct inquiries to research@brain.fm Summary Brain.fm designs music to help you do things.
Neural codes PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 12. COC illusion
Neural codes PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 12 Is 100 billion neurons enough? COC illusion The COC illusion looks like real squares because the neural responses are similar True squares COC squares Ganglion
Review Advances in fmri Real-Time Neurofeedback
Review Advances in fmri Real-Time Neurofeedback Takeo Watanabe, 1,2,4 Yuka Sasaki, 1,2,4 Kazuhisa Shibata, 2,3,4 and Mitsuo Kawato 2, * Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) neurofeedback is a type
Brook's Image Scanning Experiment & Neuropsychological Evidence for Spatial Rehearsal
Brook's Image Scanning Experiment & Neuropsychological Evidence for Spatial Rehearsal Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor: John Miyamoto 04/24/2018: Lecture 05-2 Note: This Powerpoint presentation
Contextual Influences in Visual Processing
C Contextual Influences in Visual Processing TAI SING LEE Computer Science Department and Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Synonyms Surround influence;
Differences in temporal frequency tuning between the two binocular mechanisms for seeing motion in depth
1574 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/ Vol. 25, No. 7/ July 2008 Shioiri et al. Differences in temporal frequency tuning between the two binocular mechanisms for seeing motion in depth Satoshi Shioiri, 1, * Tomohiko
M Cells. Why parallel pathways? P Cells. Where from the retina? Cortical visual processing. Announcements. Main visual pathway from retina to V1
Announcements exam 1 this Thursday! review session: Wednesday, 5:00-6:30pm, Meliora 203 Bryce s office hours: Wednesday, 3:30-5:30pm, Gleason https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdw7pvgz0um M Cells M cells
Psych 333, Winter 2008, Instructor Boynton, Exam 2
Name: ID # ID: A Psych 333, Winter 2008, Instructor Boynton, Exam 2 Multiple Choice (38 questions, 1 point each) Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Neuroscience Tutorial
Neuroscience Tutorial Brain Organization : cortex, basal ganglia, limbic lobe : thalamus, hypothal., pituitary gland : medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons, cerebellum Cortical Organization Cortical Organization
Benjamin Blankertz Guido Dornhege Matthias Krauledat Klaus-Robert Müller Gabriel Curio
Benjamin Blankertz Guido Dornhege Matthias Krauledat Klaus-Robert Müller Gabriel Curio During resting wakefulness distinct idle rhythms located over various brain areas: around 10 Hz (alpha range) over
Supplementary materials for: Executive control processes underlying multi- item working memory
Supplementary materials for: Executive control processes underlying multi- item working memory Antonio H. Lara & Jonathan D. Wallis Supplementary Figure 1 Supplementary Figure 1. Behavioral measures of
CAN WE PREDICT STEERING CONTROL PERFORMANCE FROM A 2D SHAPE DETECTION TASK?
CAN WE PREDICT STEERING CONTROL PERFORMANCE FROM A 2D SHAPE DETECTION TASK? Bobby Nguyen 1, Yan Zhuo 2 & Rui Ni 1 1 Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA 2 Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy
Neural Correlates of Human Cognitive Function:
Neural Correlates of Human Cognitive Function: A Comparison of Electrophysiological and Other Neuroimaging Approaches Leun J. Otten Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Department of Psychology University
Competing Streams at the Cocktail Party
Competing Streams at the Cocktail Party A Neural and Behavioral Study of Auditory Attention Jonathan Z. Simon Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences / Biology / Electrical & Computer Engineering University
Disparity- and velocity- based signals for 3D motion perception in human MT+ Bas Rokers, Lawrence K. Cormack, and Alexander C. Huk
Disparity- and velocity- based signals for 3D motion perception in human MT+ Bas Rokers, Lawrence K. Cormack, and Alexander C. Huk Supplementary Materials fmri response (!% BOLD) ).5 CD versus STS 1 wedge
Chapter 3: 2 visual systems
Chapter 3: 2 visual systems Overview Explain the significance of the turn to the brain in cognitive science Explain Mishkin and Ungerleider s hypothesis that there are two distinct visual systems Outline
Introduction to Computational Neuroscience
Introduction to Computational Neuroscience Lecture 10: Brain-Computer Interfaces Ilya Kuzovkin So Far Stimulus So Far So Far Stimulus What are the neuroimaging techniques you know about? Stimulus So Far
Supplementary Figure 1. Localization of face patches (a) Sagittal slice showing the location of fmri-identified face patches in one monkey targeted
Supplementary Figure 1. Localization of face patches (a) Sagittal slice showing the location of fmri-identified face patches in one monkey targeted for recording; dark black line indicates electrode. Stereotactic
EEG Analysis on Brain.fm (Focus)
EEG Analysis on Brain.fm (Focus) Introduction 17 subjects were tested to measure effects of a Brain.fm focus session on cognition. With 4 additional subjects, we recorded EEG data during baseline and while
Motor Systems I Cortex. Reading: BCP Chapter 14
Motor Systems I Cortex Reading: BCP Chapter 14 Principles of Sensorimotor Function Hierarchical Organization association cortex at the highest level, muscles at the lowest signals flow between levels over
Visual area MT responds to local motion. Visual area MST responds to optic flow. Visual area STS responds to biological motion.
Visual area responds to local motion MST V3a V3 Visual area MST responds to optic flow MST V3a V3 Visual area STS responds to biological motion STS Macaque visual areas Flattening the brain What is a visual
Ch 5. Perception and Encoding
Ch 5. Perception and Encoding Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Summarized by Y.-J. Park, M.-H. Kim, and B.-T. Zhang
Stuttering Research. Vincent Gracco, PhD Haskins Laboratories
Stuttering Research Vincent Gracco, PhD Haskins Laboratories Stuttering Developmental disorder occurs in 5% of children Spontaneous remission in approximately 70% of cases Approximately 1% of adults with
Supplemental Information
Current Biology, Volume 22 Supplemental Information The Neural Correlates of Crowding-Induced Changes in Appearance Elaine J. Anderson, Steven C. Dakin, D. Samuel Schwarzkopf, Geraint Rees, and John Greenwood
Rules of apparent motion: The shortest-path constraint: objects will take the shortest path between flashed positions.
Rules of apparent motion: The shortest-path constraint: objects will take the shortest path between flashed positions. The box interrupts the apparent motion. The box interrupts the apparent motion.
Estimation of the Timing of Human Visual Perception from Magnetoencephalography
The Journal of Neuroscience, April 12, 2006 26(15):3981 3991 3981 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Estimation of the Timing of Human Visual Perception from Magnetoencephalography Kaoru Amano, 1,2 Naokazu Goda,
Neurophysiology and Information
Neurophysiology and Information Christopher Fiorillo BiS 527, Spring 2011 042 350 4326, fiorillo@kaist.ac.kr Part 10: Perception Reading: Students should visit some websites where they can experience and
eye as a camera Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel (KSJ), Fig 27-3
eye as a camera Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel (KSJ), Fig 27-3 retinal specialization fovea: highest density of photoreceptors, aimed at where you are looking -> highest acuity optic disk: cell-free area, where
Running head: PERCEPTUAL GROUPING AND SPATIAL SELECTION 1. The attentional window configures to object boundaries. University of Iowa
Running head: PERCEPTUAL GROUPING AND SPATIAL SELECTION 1 The attentional window configures to object boundaries University of Iowa Running head: PERCEPTUAL GROUPING AND SPATIAL SELECTION 2 ABSTRACT When
Social Cognition and the Mirror Neuron System of the Brain
Motivating Questions Social Cognition and the Mirror Neuron System of the Brain Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory COGS1 class How do our brains perceive the mental states of others
Ch 5. Perception and Encoding
Ch 5. Perception and Encoding Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga,, R. B. Ivry,, and G. R. Mangun,, Norton, 2002. Summarized by Y.-J. Park, M.-H. Kim, and B.-T. Zhang
Visual Context Dan O Shea Prof. Fei Fei Li, COS 598B
Visual Context Dan O Shea Prof. Fei Fei Li, COS 598B Cortical Analysis of Visual Context Moshe Bar, Elissa Aminoff. 2003. Neuron, Volume 38, Issue 2, Pages 347 358. Visual objects in context Moshe Bar.
2. METHODS. 2.1 Apparatus
Pupillary light reflex associated with melanopsin and cone photorecetors Sei-ichi Tsujimura, 1 Katsunori Okajima, 2 1 Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Japan 2 Faculty of Environment
Midterm Exam 1 ** Form A **
File = D:\p355\mid1a.a-key.p355.spr18.docm 1 John Miyamoto (email: jmiyamot@uw.edu) Psych 355: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Spring 2018 Course website: https://faculty.washington.edu/jmiyamot/p355/p355-set.htm
Supplemental Information. Direct Electrical Stimulation in the Human Brain. Disrupts Melody Processing
Current Biology, Volume 27 Supplemental Information Direct Electrical Stimulation in the Human Brain Disrupts Melody Processing Frank E. Garcea, Benjamin L. Chernoff, Bram Diamond, Wesley Lewis, Maxwell
Attention enhances feature integration
Vision Research 43 (2003) 1793 1798 Rapid Communication Attention enhances feature integration www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Liza Paul *, Philippe G. Schyns Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow,
Object Substitution Masking: When does Mask Preview work?
Object Substitution Masking: When does Mask Preview work? Stephen W. H. Lim (psylwhs@nus.edu.sg) Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Block AS6, 11 Law Link, Singapore 117570 Chua
V1 (Chap 3, part II) Lecture 8. Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Fall 2017
V1 (Chap 3, part II) Lecture 8 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Princeton University, Fall 2017 Topography: mapping of objects in space onto the visual cortex contralateral representation
ID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2003
ID# Exam 1 PS 325, Fall 2003 Read each question carefully and answer it completely. Pay careful attention to the point value of questions so that you allocate your time appropriately (1 point = 1 minute).
Gathering and Repetition of the Elements in an Image Affect the Perception of Order and Disorder
International Journal of Affective Engineering Vol.13 No.3 pp.167-173 (2014) ORIGINAL ARTICLE Gathering and Repetition of the Elements in an Image Affect the Perception of Order and Disorder Yusuke MATSUDA
Morton-Style Factorial Coding of Color in Primary Visual Cortex
Morton-Style Factorial Coding of Color in Primary Visual Cortex Javier R. Movellan Institute for Neural Computation University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0515 movellan@inc.ucsd.edu Thomas
The effects of subthreshold synchrony on the perception of simultaneity. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Leopoldstr 13 D München/Munich, Germany
The effects of subthreshold synchrony on the perception of simultaneity 1,2 Mark A. Elliott, 2 Zhuanghua Shi & 2,3 Fatma Sürer 1 Department of Psychology National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
The Midget and Parasol Channels
The visual and oculomotor systems Peter H. Schiller, year 2006 The Midget and Parasol Channels MIDGET SYSTEM PARASOL SYSTEM or Neuronal response profile ON OFF ON OFF time Midget system cones ON OFF ON
TMS Disruption of Time Encoding in Human Primary Visual Cortex Molly Bryan Beauchamp Lab
TMS Disruption of Time Encoding in Human Primary Visual Cortex Molly Bryan Beauchamp Lab This report details my summer research project for the REU Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience program as
Effects Of Attention And Perceptual Uncertainty On Cerebellar Activity During Visual Motion Perception
Effects Of Attention And Perceptual Uncertainty On Cerebellar Activity During Visual Motion Perception Oliver Baumann & Jason Mattingley Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland The Queensland
The perception of motion transparency: A signal-to-noise limit
Vision Research 45 (2005) 1877 1884 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres The perception of motion transparency: A signal-to-noise limit Mark Edwards *, John A. Greenwood School of Psychology, Australian National
A THEORY OF MCCOLLOUGH EFFECT AND. CHUN CHIANG Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica
A THEORY OF MCCOLLOUGH EFFECT AND CONTINGENT AFTER-EFFECT CHUN CHIANG Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica A model is advanced to explain the McCollough effect and the contingent motion after-effect.
Seeing Sound: Changing Visual Perception Through Cross-Modal Interaction. Tracey D. Berger. New York University. Department of Psychology
Cross-Modal Effects on Perception 1 Seeing Sound: Changing Visual Perception Through Cross-Modal Interaction. Tracey D. Berger New York University Department of Psychology Faculty Sponsor : Denis Pelli
NEUROSCIENCE. Barbora Cimrová
NEUROSCIENCE Barbora Cimrová Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (NS) structure, organization, function of its parts and its functioning as a whole unit traditionally: branch of
Perceptual Fluency Affects Categorization Decisions
Perceptual Fluency Affects Categorization Decisions Sarah J. Miles (smiles25@uwo.ca) and John Paul Minda (jpminda@uwo.ca) Department of Psychology The University of Western Ontario London, ON N6A 5C2 Abstract
Models of Attention. Models of Attention
Models of Models of predictive: can we predict eye movements (bottom up attention)? [L. Itti and coll] pop out and saliency? [Z. Li] Readings: Maunsell & Cook, the role of attention in visual processing,
Framework for Comparative Research on Relational Information Displays
Framework for Comparative Research on Relational Information Displays Sung Park and Richard Catrambone 2 School of Psychology & Graphics, Visualization, and Usability Center (GVU) Georgia Institute of
Perception Laboratory: Basic Visual Processing
Name Perception Laboratory: Basic Visual Processing 1. Ganzfeld Tell me approximately how long it took you for the effect to kick in and describe your perceptual experience when it happened. What does
Electrophysiological Substrates of Auditory Temporal Assimilation Between Two Neighboring Time Intervals
Electrophysiological Substrates of Auditory Temporal Assimilation Between Two Neighboring Time Intervals Takako Mitsudo *1, Yoshitaka Nakajima 2, Gerard B. Remijn 3, Hiroshige Takeichi 4, Yoshinobu Goto
Fundamentals of psychophysics
Fundamentals of psychophysics Steven Dakin UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Introduction To understand a system as complex as the brain, one must understand not only its components (i.e. physiology) and
Combining microstimulation and fmri in an awake behaving monkey
NEAAPM Peter Neurath Symposium Combining microstimulation and fmri in an awake behaving monkey Presented by: Leeland B. Ekstrom April 2006 Advisors: Wim Vanduffel & Bruce Rosen MGH / MIT / HMS Martinos
Perceived motion in orientational afterimages: direction and speed
Vision Research 41 (2001) 161 172 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Perceived motion in orientational afterimages: direction and speed Gregory Francis a, *, Hyungjun Kim b a Purdue Uni ersity, Department
5/2/2013. Real-time fmri: Methods and applications
Real-time fmri: Methods and applications Frank Scharnowski Non-invasive imaging technique PET Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) NIRS EEG MEG Functional MRI Structural MRI Perfusion MRI Diffusion MRI MR
Diamond Patterns: Cumulative Cornsweet Effects and Motion-Induced Brightening
Short and Sweet Diamond Patterns: Cumulative Cornsweet Effects and Motion-Induced Brightening i-perception 2018 Vol. 9(4), 1 5! The Author(s) 2018 DOI: 10.1177/2041669518770690 journals.sagepub.com/home/ipe
The effect of contrast intensity and polarity in the achromatic watercolor effect
Journal of Vision (2011) 11(3):18, 1 8 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/3/18 1 The effect of contrast intensity and polarity in the achromatic watercolor effect Bo Cao Arash Yazdanbakhsh Ennio
Left Handed Split Brain. Learning Objectives Topics
Left Handed Split Brain Case study V.J.: Gazzaniga, 1998 Left handed split brain patient Spoke out of left hemisphere Wrote out of right hemisphere Writing = independent from language systems Frey et al.
Preparatory attention in visual cortex
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. ISSN 0077-8923 ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue: The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience REVIEW ARTICLE Preparatory attention in visual cortex Elisa Battistoni, 1 Timo Stein,
Decline of the McCollough effect by orientation-specific post-adaptation exposure to achromatic gratings
*Manuscript Click here to view linked References Decline of the McCollough effect by orientation-specific post-adaptation exposure to achromatic gratings J. Bulthé, H. Op de Beeck Laboratory of Biological
Modules 7. Consciousness and Attention. sleep/hypnosis 1
Modules 7 Consciousness and Attention sleep/hypnosis 1 Consciousness Our awareness of ourselves and our environments. sleep/hypnosis 2 Dual Processing Our perceptual neural pathways have two routes. The
University of California- Los Angeles. Affiliations: University of California- Los Angeles
(1) Overview Title A random dot kinematogram for online visual psychophysics Paper Authors 1. Rajananda, Sivananda; 2. Lau, Hakwan; 3. Odegaard, Brian Paper Author Roles and Affiliations 1. Designed software;