Personality Testing. Outline. In Search of Personality. Kimberley A. Clow. Types of Questions Forced Choice Free Response

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1 Personality Testing Kimberley A. Clow Outline Types of Questions Forced Choice Free Response Types of Personality Tests Maximal Performance Achievement Tests Ability Tests Aptitude Tests Typical Performance Objective or Structured Tests Projective Tests In Search of Personality How can I find out about your personality? Ask you Talk to people who know you Look up factual things about you Watch what you do Things to consider How am I asking the question? Am I interested in your potential or your current functioning?

2 Forced Choice Items Person is given particular answer alternatives Pick the alternative that is most appropriate Advantages Quick & Easy Quantifiable Disadvantages Limited Biases in Wording May Miss Valid Answers I find it hard to imitate the behaviour of other people. True: False: At parties and social gatherings, I do not attempt to do or say things that others will like. True: Self-Monitoring Scale Items False: Free Response Items Person is obliged to create their own answer Rather than choose one given to them Advantages Richer & Fuller Data Disadvantages Hard to Quantify Tedious & Time Consuming Study the picture of the imaginary animal below. Based on its features, make scientific inferences about the animal s habitat and about its niche. In other words, tell about the kind of area it might live in, what it might eat, and what role it might play in its community. Be sure to explain your reasoning. Answer: Types of Personality Tests Two Types of Tests Maximal Performance Tests attempt to measure what a person can do Achievement Tests Ability Tests Aptitude Tests Typical Performance Tests examine what a person is like Objective or Structured Tests Projective Tests

3 Achievement Tests Guide to making multiple choice achievement tests 1. Correct answer vs. best answer 2. Don t repeat words 3. Make alternatives attractive 4. Vary the placement of correct responses 5. Make all choices the same length 6. Never offer "all of the above" or "none of the above" in a best answer exam 7. Control difficulty by making alternatives more or less similar by making the main part of the question more or less specific Ability Tests Aptitude Tests Barry buys a device, which a company claims will significantly reduce his car's fuel consumption. One month later, Barry discovers that his vehicle is getting 17 miles per gallon. His friend, Pete, owns the same make of vehicle and claims that it gets 23 miles per gallon. Moreover, Pete's car doesn't even have the device. Upon hearing this, Barry concludes that the company's claim is untrue and returns the device. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken Barry's conclusion the most? A. Although Barry and Pete both have the same make of car, Barry's car is 15 years older than Pete's. B. Barry usually drives on the highway, however, during the month after purchasing the device, he drove his car exclusively in the city. C. Barry always purchases the lowest grade of gasoline. D. Pete lied; his real gas consumption is only 16 miles per gallon. E. Prior to buying the device, Barry had never calculated his fuel consumption.

4 Objective or Structured Tests Reliance on standardized content, administration, and scoring Leads to measures high in reliability and validity Multiple-Choice format is most popular Assumptions People have an accurate view of themselves People can convey that view People will portray themselves honestly, objectively, and accurately People will interpret items consistently MMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Subscales Hypochondriasis Depression Hysteria Psychopathic Deviate Scale Masculinity-Femininity Paranoia Psychasthenia Schizophrenia Hypomania Social Introversion Validity Scales To detect faking good and faking bad SII Strong Interest Inventory Identifies general interests Not abilities Based on research We are happier and more productive when we work in jobs, and with people, that interest us Certain personalities are more prominent in particular vocations

5 Projective Tests Provide neutral, non-threatening, ambiguous stimuli and ask people to interpret them Assumptions Personality is unconscious and unknown People project their own unconscious impulses onto the stimuli The more ambiguous the stimuli, the more that is revealed about personality People are unaware of what their answers mean Rorschach Ink Blots Initial Administration What might this be? The Inquiry What made it look like? How do you see? Testing the Limits Ask specific questions to get additional information about personality functioning Identify confusion/misunderstanding about the task Example

6 Scoring Look at the following factors Location Determinants Popularity of response Content Form Generate hypotheses based on patterns of responses, recurrent themes, and interrelationships among scoring categories Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A set of 20 cards is recommended, but the number may vary based on length of stories Some cards are suggested for use with adult males, adult females, or both Some cards are best used with children Instructions aren t standardized Analysis of story requires special training Look for unusual stories Rich with extraneous details Conveying affect

7 Examples Interpretation Murray s concepts Need Press Thema Basic Assumptions Person is identifying with the protagonist in the story Person s concerns, hopes, fears, and desires are reflected in what they write as the protagonist s needs, demands, and conflicts They are projecting their personality onto the protagonist

8 Word Association Tests Assumptions We learn what concepts go together When there is an unusual response, there is a reason for this discrepancy Key to underlying personality Evaluation based on Popularity RTs Content Test-Retest Response Sentence Completion Tests Complete the following: My parents. I would be much happier if. Most people. Interpretation is usually informal & qualitative rather than quantitative Not as direct as self-report questions but not as unconscious based as the Rorschach and TAT Graphics & Drawing Quick and easy administration Individually or in a group Non-clinicians can administer Interpretation is usually informal & qualitative rather than quantitative Applied Uses Obtain information about intelligence, neurological intactness, visual-motor coordination, cognitive development, and learning disabilities

9 Concluding Thoughts Projective Techniques are still used extensively in clinical contexts Clinical Psych students still take courses in their administration and interpretation Controversy surrounds them due to issues with validity and reliability Movement toward more objective measures Less of an emphasis on the unconscious Concerns with demand characteristics and false answers

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