Likert Scaling: A how to do it guide As quoted from
|
|
- Britney Stafford
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Likert Scaling: A how to do it guide As quoted from Likert scaling is a process which relies heavily on computer processing of results and as a consequence is my favorite method of attitude scaling. However, it was not so long ago that this process of scaling was considered too time consuming and other methods, like Thurstone methods, were preferred. I will present Likert methods by tracing through an example. You should realize, of course, that what I will present is my interpretation of Likert methods. The first step in this scaling method, after you have selected the attitude to be assessed, is to assemble a group of judges. These judges have as their task the development of potential statements which would tap the attitude domain. In short, you want these judges to compose a list of statements which can be responded to on a five point scale. This five point scale will range from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree", with the middle of the scale identified by the response alternative "undecided" or "neither agree nor disagree". I have chosen for our example to develop a test of self-attitude. The list of the statements that I developed to be potential members of our final questionnaire can be found in the first draft of the field test questionnaire on the following page. You should note that I did not utilize a panel of judges to get these statements, I just made them up myself. You would, of course, use judges. Your judges should have some knowledge of the topic area. In assembling your judges, usually 3 to 5 are sufficient, you instruct them to develop items which would be positive and items that would be negative. By positive items I mean any items on which a strongly agree response would indicate a favorable disposition toward the attitude and by negative I mean items on which a strongly agree response would indicate a negative disposition. For an example of these types of statements, see statements 1 and 9 on our field test questionnaire. You should instruct your judges to avoid items which appear to be ambiguous (ask for two or more opinions in one statement). I included one of these ambiguous statements in our questionnaire to demonstrate how the scaling methods is able to systematically eliminate the statement (see statement 6). It is important that your potential statements represent a large range of possible opinions and are relevant to the attitude domain. I have attempted to include some irrelevant items, see statements 5 and 7. You should develop about 40 items and aim for a final test of about 20 items (in our example we will use less items in our original pool). Once you have finished this initial phase, you should have your field test questionnaire typed and administered to as many people as practical. I administered our field test questionnaire to 25 people, mostly friends. The next step is to score each of the items and calculate a total score by summing the various items. What you will end up with, in our example, is 13 scores. You always give 5 for "strongly agree"; 4 for "agree"; 3 for "neither agree nor disagree"; 2 for "disagree"; and 1 for "strongly disagree". You assign the scoring in this manner regardless of whether you think the item is a positive item or a negative item. We are now ready for our first set of calculations. Your task is to calculate the
2 correlation between each item and the total for the test. In other words, what is the correlation between responses to item 1 and the total of all items? Item 2 and the total? etc. I have performed these calculations and they are summarized in the correlation table on the following page and are listed under Run 1. The correlations that identify items as being negative will need to have the polarity of the scale coding reversed. Therefore, for questions 3, 6, 9 and 10 we will need to reverse the scoring, assigning a 1 to the response "strongly agree" and 5 to "strongly disagree." Can you see that reversing the scoring polarity of these items will change the total score for the test? You will need to recompute the total score also. The next step is to calculate the 12 correlations again. These correlations are presented in the second column of correlation coefficients. We want to continue reversing the polarity of the items with negative correlations until we reach the point where all the correlations are positive. We will reverse the scoring polarity of questionnaire items 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, and 11 since they gave negative correlations on our second run. Notice that we had reversed the polarity of item 4 in the previous step and at this step we are going to reverse the polarity back to its original scoring. Column 3 in our correlation table gives the correlations for our third run. (Again, note that we had to recompute the total for this third run). Notice that in our third set of correlations we need, again, to reverse the polarity of some items back to their original polarity. We will continue this process until we reach some stable pattern, reversing the polarity and recalculating the correlations. At the end of the fourth set of correlations it appears that we have some questionnaire items (number 1, 10, and 11) which seem to want to continue to alternate their polarities.
3 Likert Version of The Self-Concept Questionnaire Below are 12 statements regarding attitudes which I would like you to rate on a five point scale. I want you to circle one of the symbols SA through SD to represent your opinion on each of the statements. The scale is defined as follows: SA = Strongly agree with the statement A = Agree? = Neither agree or disagree D = Disagree SD = Strongly disagree with the statement 1) I like myself. 2) I feel I will make a significant contribution to mankind. 3) I have a good relationship with my mother. 4) I have a good relationship with my father. 5) I enjoy math/science courses. 6) I like my name, but I am concerned by my weight. 7) I am good at drawing things. 8) I wish I were someone differ. 9) I have a low opinion of myself. 10) I have had a good life? 11) My friends have a good opinion of me. 12) I do not have many friends.
4 Correlations Between the 12 Test Items and the Total for the 12 Items Items Correlation Runs At this point, we need to begin the process of eliminating questionnaire items from consideration in the final form of the instrument. We will begin the elimination process by discarding questionnaire items with the lowest correlations (items 3 and 7). The new correlations, with items 3 and 7 eliminated, are presented in column 5. As you can see we now have two additional items which we can disregard (items 10 and 11). The new correlations, now with items 3, 7, 10, and 11 eliminated, are presented in column 6 (notice that we have continued to reverse the polarity of item 6, in a futile attempt to achieve a positive correlation). At this step we will eliminate items 4 and 5. Have you noticed that the correlations for the items that have not been eliminated continue to become larger? The correlation, with items 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 11 eliminated, are presented in column 7. Now we will eliminate our final item (fickle item 6) and run the last set of correlations. Through this process, we have arrived at a five-item test of self-attitude which is composed of items 1, 2, 8, 9, and 12 from our original pool of items. Critique of the Likert Scaling Process
5 There are a number of criteria on which we can evaluate the outcomes of a scaling process. The first of these guidelines is zero point. In other words, with our Likert version of a self-attitude scale do we have a number such that scores below this number would reflect negative self-attitude and score above this number would reflect positive self-attitude? The neutral point for each item is a score of 3, "neither agree or disagree." Since we have a five item test, if a respondent achieved a total score of 15 then logically he/she should have a neutral self-attitude. Therefore, with respect to the zero point guideline it would appear that the Likert scaling process satisfies the requirement. If I were to rate the degree to which Likert scaling accomplishes this task on a five point scale where 1 would indicate no compliance and 5 would indicate very good compliance, I would give Likert scaling a 4 on zero point compliance. Our next criteria on which we evaluate a scale is equality of units. In other words, does our test provide scores which have interval-like characteristics, therefore enabling us to use more sophisticated statistics with the test results? Surely, a larger total score on our test would indicate a more positive self-attitude than a smaller total score. Therefore, it would appear that we have, at minimum, an ordinal score. If every item on our self-attitude scale correlated perfectly with the total score for the test and if there were zero correlations among the scale items we would have excellent equality of units since each questionnaire item would be contributing uniquely to the total score. However, no test I know of has fulfilled such a stringent requirement. The intercorrelations among our five items are summarized below. As you can see our inter-item correlations are not extremely high except for the correlation between items 9 and 12. This pattern of intercorrelations would suggest good equality of units, I will give our scale a rating of 3 on our five point rating system. Unidimensionality of items refers to characteristics of the test items. In short, is there a process to insure that the test items assess only one attitudinal Intercorrelations Among Questionnaire Items dimension? The assurance is satisfied first by using judges to develop the test items and
6 instructing them to review the items to insure that they assess only one content. Secondly, unidimensionality is supported by the correlation process. If an item were not uni-dimensional then its correlation pattern should indicate an unstable pattern, like we found for item 6 on our trial instrument. I would give Likert scaling a rating of 4 on our five point scale of compliance in terms of unidimensionality of items. Unidimensionality of scale is concerned with whether or not the total score for the test is an index of one attitudinal component or several attitude sub-components. In order to determine the degree to which Likert scaling violates this uunidimensionality criteria, a factor analysis procedure would have to be employed. However, employing judges to develop the various item contents would seem to support acceptable total score - unidimensionality for Likert scaling. So I will give Likert scaling a score of 2 on our compliance rating system for total score unidimensionality. An index of the reliability of our Likert scale can be determined from the item inter-correlations presented above. The mean correlation among the 5 test items was.44 and the estimated reliability of the test was.91. k x ra reliability = 1 + (k-1) x ra where k = number of items ra = mean item inter-correlation 5 x reliability = = = (5-1) x What is important here is to realize that the Likert scaling procedure provides you with a method for determining the reliability of the test that is developed. Therefore, on our five point rating scale of compliance I will give Likert scaling a 5 on the reliability criteria. Remember that our rating of 5 means that the scale development process provides a very good way of estimating reliability and does not necessarily imply that our particular test has good reliability. The last criteria on which we evaluate a scaling process is validity, more specifically content validity. As you may recall, content validity, in a sense, is an evaluation of the amount of rigor which has been used in the test item development. Those procedures which involve
7 more rigor are viewed as more content valid than those procedures which utilize less rigor. In our case I would give Likert scaling a 5 on our rating scale of compliance. A final rating needs to be made of the ease of application of Likert scaling. In other words, compared to other scaling methods, how much effort is required to develop a Likert type attitude test? I would consider the degree of effort to be minimal, if you have the availability of a computer and if you are versed in computer programming. I would rate Likert scaling as a 4 in ease of application. The summary of the ratings of Likert scaling is presented below. Compliance Ratings of Likert Scaling* Criteria Rating Zero Point 4 Equality of Units 3 Unidimensionality of items 4 Unidimensionality of scale 2 Reliability 5 Content Validity 5 Ease of application 4 * 1 = no compliance, through 5 = very good compliance
What are Indexes and Scales
ISSUES Exam results are on the web No student handbook, will have discussion questions soon Next exam will be easier but want everyone to study hard Biggest problem was question on Research Design Next
More informationATTITUDE SCALES. Dr. Sudip Chaudhuri. M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP / Cal), M. Ed. Assistant Professor (Stage-3) / Reader
ATTITUDE SCALES Dr. Sudip Chaudhuri M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP / Cal), M. Ed. Assistant Professor (Stage-3) / Reader Gandhi Centenary B.T. College, Habra, India, Honorary Researcher, Saha Institute
More informationMEASUREMENT, SCALING AND SAMPLING. Variables
MEASUREMENT, SCALING AND SAMPLING Variables Variables can be explained in different ways: Variable simply denotes a characteristic, item, or the dimensions of the concept that increases or decreases over
More informationCHAPTER 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN /SOLUTION DESIGN. This chapter contains explanations that become a basic knowledge to create a good
CHAPTER 4 THE QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN /SOLUTION DESIGN This chapter contains explanations that become a basic knowledge to create a good questionnaire which is able to meet its objective. Just like the thesis
More informationCHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE Previous chapter namely Review of the Literature was concerned with the review of the research studies conducted in the field of teacher education, with special reference
More informationBijay Lal Pradhan, M Sc Statistics, FDPM (IIMA) 2
Bijay Lal Pradhan Measurement and Scaling 1) Definition of measurement and scale 2) Type of Physical scale i. Nominal Scale iii. Interval scale ii. Ordinal Scale iv. Ratio Scale 3) Need of scaling 4) Criteria
More informationAND ITS VARIOUS DEVICES. Attitude is such an abstract, complex mental set. up that its measurement has remained controversial.
CHAPTER III attitude measurement AND ITS VARIOUS DEVICES Attitude is such an abstract, complex mental set up that its measurement has remained controversial. Psychologists studied attitudes of individuals
More informationData Collection Worksheet
Data Collection Worksheet Current smoking status must be ascertained before implementing this protocol. Proceed only if the subject is a current or former smoker. This questionnaire is most appropriate
More informationWhy do Psychologists Perform Research?
PSY 102 1 PSY 102 Understanding and Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Thinking critically about research means knowing the right questions to ask to assess the validity or accuracy of a
More informationConstruction of an Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession: A Study among Secondary School Teachers in Mizoram
Page29 Construction of an Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession: A Study among Secondary School Teachers in Mizoram ABSTRACT: Mary L. Renthlei* & Dr. H. Malsawmi** *Assistant Professor, Department
More informationFree Time Boredom. I performed the Free Time Boredom assessment to Linda (fictitious name to
1 Ariadna Mendoza RTH 401 October 25, 2017 Free Time Boredom Case information: I performed the Free Time Boredom assessment to Linda (fictitious name to protect her identity). Linda is a Hispanic 18-year
More informationA TEST OF A MULTI-FACETED, HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF SELF-CONCEPT. Russell F. Waugh. Edith Cowan University
A TEST OF A MULTI-FACETED, HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF SELF-CONCEPT Russell F. Waugh Edith Cowan University Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference held in Melbourne,
More informationAttitude Measurement
Business Research Methods 9e Zikmund Babin Carr Griffin Attitude Measurement 14 Chapter 14 Attitude Measurement 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
More informationFlourishing and floundering students: Implications for identification and engagement
Flourishing and floundering students: Implications for identification and engagement Pat Esplin, Larry Nelson, Steve Wygant Brigham Young University Annual Conference on The First-Year Experience San Antonio
More informationChapter 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. 1
Chapter 6 Methods of Measuring Behavior 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall, Salkind. 1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW Tests and Their Development Types of Tests Observational Techniques Questionnaires 2009 Pearson Prentice
More informationImpact of Cancer Scale Tool
Impact of Cancer Scale Tool This tool is provided courtesy of Brad Zebrack, PhD, University of Southern California School of Social Work. The Impact of Cancer Scale Tool has 82 items that cover 10 different
More informationBy Hui Bian Office for Faculty Excellence
By Hui Bian Office for Faculty Excellence 1 Email: bianh@ecu.edu Phone: 328-5428 Location: 1001 Joyner Library, room 1006 Office hours: 8:00am-5:00pm, Monday-Friday 2 Educational tests and regular surveys
More informationHandout 5: Establishing the Validity of a Survey Instrument
In this handout, we will discuss different types of and methods for establishing validity. Recall that this concept was defined in Handout 3 as follows. Definition Validity This is the extent to which
More informationMeasurement of Resilience Barbara Resnick, PHD,CRNP
Measurement of Resilience Barbara Resnick, PHD,CRNP Resilience Definition Resilience has been defined in many ways and is considered both a process and a personality trait. Resilience generally refers
More information3/29/2012. Chapter 7 Measurement of Variables: Scales, Reliability and Validity. Scales. Scale
Chapter 7 Measurement of Variables: Scales, Reliability and Validity Scales A scale is a mechanism or tool by which unit of analysis are distinguished on the variables of the interest of the study. Every
More informationQuality of Life in Epilepsy for Adolescents: QOLIE-AD-48 (Version 1)
Quality of Life in Epilepsy for Adolescents: QOLIE-AD-48 (Version 1) QOLIE-AD-48 1999, QOLIE Development Group. All rights reserved. Today's Date / / Name: INSTRUCTIONS The QOLIE-AD-48 is a survey of health-related
More information-Attitude- Abdullah Nimer
-Attitude- Abdullah Nimer Attitude refers to evaluation of things. The things can be concrete objects like cars or ideas like Marxism. Attitudes have: an affective component a cognitive component a behavioral
More informationCHAPTER - III METHODOLOGY CONTENTS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Attitude Measurement & its devices
102 CHAPTER - III METHODOLOGY CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Attitude Measurement & its devices 3.2.1. Prior Scales 3.2.2. Psychophysical Scales 3.2.3. Sigma Scales 3.2.4. Master Scales 3.3 Attitude Measurement
More informationEverything DiSC Manual
Everything DiSC Manual PRODUCTIVE CONFLICT ADDENDUM The most recently published version of the Everything DiSC Manual includes a new section, found in Chapter 6, The Everything DiSC Applications, for Everything
More informationDesigning Psychology Experiments: Data Analysis and Presentation
Data Analysis and Presentation Review of Chapter 4: Designing Experiments Develop Hypothesis (or Hypotheses) from Theory Independent Variable(s) and Dependent Variable(s) Operational Definitions of each
More informationStudy on clinical practice guidelines in Estonia
Use of clinical practice guidelines in Estonia, and assessment of barriers to their implementation Pille Taba, University of Tartu April 28, 2011 Study on clinical practice guidelines in Estonia Aims To
More informationSUMMATED RATING SCALES AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Measurement, Scaling, and Dimensional Analysis Summer 07 Bill Jacoby SUMMATED RATING SCALES AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT Assume that we are interested in measuring public attitudes toward government spending.
More informationCommunicative Competence Scale
Communicative Competence Scale Wiemann (1977) created the Communicative Competence Scale (CCS) to measure communicative competence, an ability "to choose among available communicative behaviors" to accomplish
More informationPsychology Research Process
Psychology Research Process Logical Processes Induction Observation/Association/Using Correlation Trying to assess, through observation of a large group/sample, what is associated with what? Examples:
More informationYouth Services Survey for Youth / Families Report - Spring 2014 FSA Deaf Community Counseling Services. Global Satisfaction 100.0%
Youth Services Survey for Youth / Families Report - Spring 4 FSA Deaf Community This report covers surveys returned for program codes (RUs): 38DC. The number of youth receiving face-toface services during
More informationIdentify and leverage your most powerful influencing skills. Date. Name. Organization Name
Identify and leverage your most powerful influencing skills Name Date Organization Name Introduction ability to influence and persuade others is key to success. People who lack influencing skills tend
More information50 Scales LIKERT SCALE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE A GENERAL NOTE ON SCALE FORMAT OTHER OPTIONS
50 Scales So what scales should you use for your study? There are dozens of options to pick from. In this chapter, we look at six general scale categories: argeement, evaluation, preference, intention,
More informationTear-Off Sheet. Student Name: Student Code#:
Tear-Off Sheet Student Name: Student Code#: Note to Data Collector: Prior to distributing the LSTQ, complete the information above, and also write in the Student Code #, and Collection Point on bottom
More informationELEMENTARY TEACHERS SCIENCE SELF EFFICACY BELIEFS IN THE EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE OF IRAN
ELEMENTARY TEACHERS SCIENCE SELF EFFICACY BELIEFS IN THE EAST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE OF IRAN Eskandar Fathi-Azar College of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Iran This study measures the self-efficacy
More informationChildren's relations and their subjective wellbeing in an ecological perspective. Shimoni & Ben-Arieh The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Seoul 2013
Children's relations and their subjective wellbeing in an ecological perspective Shimoni & Ben-Arieh The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Seoul 2013 About the ISCWeB project A group of researchers from England,
More informationCHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD. method the major components include: Research Design, Research Site and
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD This chapter presents the research method and design. In this research method the major components include: Research Design, Research Site and Access, Population and Sample,
More informationPerformance Assessment Network
Performance Assessment Network Winning Profile Athlete Inventory John C Doe Date: 10/18/00 2:20:18 PM Admin Id: A8941039 Tester Id: T1823327 Sport: Football Position: Quarterback Level: Professional Organization:
More informationThe Grateful Disposition: Links to Patterns of Attribution for Positive Events. Sharon L. Brion. Michael E. McCullough. Southern Methodist University
The Grateful Disposition: Links to Patterns of Attribution for Positive Events. Sharon L. Brion Michael E. McCullough Southern Methodist University Abstract In this study, we explored the relationship
More informationTHE USE OF CRONBACH ALPHA RELIABILITY ESTIMATE IN RESEARCH AMONG STUDENTS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA.
Africa Journal of Teacher Education ISSN 1916-7822. A Journal of Spread Corporation Vol. 6 No. 1 2017 Pages 56-64 THE USE OF CRONBACH ALPHA RELIABILITY ESTIMATE IN RESEARCH AMONG STUDENTS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
More informationCHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology explains the activity of research that pursuit, how it progress, estimate process and represents the success. The methodological decision covers the
More informationGraphic Organizers. Compare/Contrast. 1. Different. 2. Different. Alike
1 Compare/Contrast When you compare and contrast people, places, objects, or ideas, you are looking for how they are alike and how they are different. One way to organize your information is to use a Venn
More informationCritical Thinking Assessment at MCC. How are we doing?
Critical Thinking Assessment at MCC How are we doing? Prepared by Maura McCool, M.S. Office of Research, Evaluation and Assessment Metropolitan Community Colleges Fall 2003 1 General Education Assessment
More informationINTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX (IRI)
INTERPERSONAL REACTIVITY INDEX (IRI) Reference: Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. Description
More informationDesigning a Questionnaire
Designing a Questionnaire What Makes a Good Questionnaire? As a rule of thumb, never to attempt to design a questionnaire! A questionnaire is very easy to design, but a good questionnaire is virtually
More informationCHAPTER 2. MEASURING AND DESCRIBING VARIABLES
4 Chapter 2 CHAPTER 2. MEASURING AND DESCRIBING VARIABLES 1. A. Age: name/interval; military dictatorship: value/nominal; strongly oppose: value/ ordinal; election year: name/interval; 62 percent: value/interval;
More informationThe Savvy Survey #6d: Constructing Indices for a Questionnaire 1
AEC399 The Savvy Survey #6d: Constructing Indices for a Questionnaire 1 Anil Kumar Chaudhary and Glenn D. Israel 2 Introduction There are five publications in the Savvy Survey Series that provide an introduction
More informationResponse Tendency in a Questionnaire
Response Tendency in a Questionnaire without Questions J. van Heerden and Joh. Hoogstraten University of Amsterdam In a replication of an earlier study by Berg and Rapaport (1954), a questionnaire with
More informationSmiley Faces: Scales Measurement for Children Assessment
Smiley Faces: Scales Measurement for Children Assessment Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya and Sobihatun Nur Abdul Salam Universiti Sains Malaysia and Universiti Utara Malaysia wajwy@usm.my, sobihatun@uum.edu.my
More informationSOME NOTES ON STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION
1 SOME NOTES ON STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION Below I provide some basic notes on statistical interpretation. These are intended to serve as a resource for the Soci 380 data analysis. The information provided
More informationChapter 3-Attitude Change - Objectives. Chapter 3 Outline -Attitude Change
Chapter 3-Attitude Change - Objectives 1) An understanding of how both internal mental processes and external influences lead to attitude change 2) An understanding of when and how behavior which is inconsistent
More informationPatient Action Plan Patient Action Plan
1 of 8 Congratulations! You ve taken a positive first step by talking with your doctor about your symptoms of depression. No doubt you re committed to getting the most out of depression treatment by communicating
More informationDesigning Psychology Experiments: Data Analysis and Presentation
Data Analysis and Presentation Review of Chapter 4: Designing Experiments Develop Hypothesis (or Hypotheses) from Theory Independent Variable(s) and Dependent Variable(s) Operational Definitions of each
More informationWHO Quality of Life. health other than the cause of a disease or the side effects that come along with it. These other
WHO Quality of Life Overview of the WHO Quality of Life As healthcare progresses globally, so does that evolution of scientific research on healthcare assessments and practices. Healthcare services have
More informationSupplementary experiment: neutral faces. This supplementary experiment had originally served as a pilot test of whether participants
Supplementary experiment: neutral faces This supplementary experiment had originally served as a pilot test of whether participants would automatically shift their attention towards to objects the seen
More informationFamily Expectations, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement among African American College Students
Family Expectations, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement among African American College Students Mia Bonner Millersville University Abstract Previous research (Elion, Slaney, Wang and French, 2012) found
More informationCHAPTER V. Summary and Recommendations. policies, including uniforms (Behling, 1994). The purpose of this study was to
HAPTER V Summary and Recommendations The current belief that fashionable clothing worn to school by students influences their attitude and behavior is the major impetus behind the adoption of stricter
More informationTTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Coaching Report
TTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Coaching Report "He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is wise." Lao Tse Mason Roberts District Manager YMCA 8-1-2008 Copyright 2003-2008. Performance
More informationSENTENCE COMPLETION TEST FOR DEPRESSION. LONG FORM Version 3.1 SCD-48
SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST FOR DEPRESSION LONG FORM Version 3.1 SCD-48 Dr Stephen Barton Division of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences University of Leeds, UK. (Copyright, 1999) SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Research Design 3.1. Research Framework Design 3.1.3 Research Instrument 3.1.4 Validity of Questionnaire 3.1.5 Statistical Measurement
More informationMeasuring Attitudes. Measurement and Theory of Democratic Attitudes. Introduction Measurement Summary
Measuring Attitudes and Theory of Democratic Attitudes What are we looking for? What can we expect? Recap: Zaller s RAS-Model Real People might generate attitudes on the fly Based on political information
More informationSURVEYS IN TEST & EVALUATION
SURVEYS IN TEST & EVALUATION REBECCA A. GRIER, PH.D. Surveys are a common tool in operational test and evaluation (OT&E). Yet, their full value as a tool in assessing effectiveness and suitability is often
More informationADMS Sampling Technique and Survey Studies
Principles of Measurement Measurement As a way of understanding, evaluating, and differentiating characteristics Provides a mechanism to achieve precision in this understanding, the extent or quality As
More informationSMOKING HISTORY INSTRUCTIONS
INSTRUCTIONS SMOKING HISTORY Please answer the following questions based on your experiences with smoking. Each question allows you to choose from several alternatives. Please select one of the alternatives
More informationSurveys of Rochdale Family Project Workers and Families
Evaluation of Rochdale Families Project Surveys of Rochdale Family Project Workers and Families John Flint and Elaine Batty January 2011 1. Introduction In December 2010 postal questionnaires were sent
More informationTitle of measure: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br)
Title of measure: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) This summary was last revised 5 October 2010. Brief overview: The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Brain (FACT-Br) is a
More informationAwareness and understanding of dementia in New Zealand
Awareness and understanding of dementia in New Zealand Alzheimers NZ Telephone survey May 2017 Contents Contents... 2 Key findings... 3 Executive summary... 5 1 Methodology... 8 1.1 Background and objectives...
More informationJohn McPeak PAI 705 Lecture 6 In our goal of measuring a concept, the challenge of ensuring content validity is ensuring we have captured the all
John McPeak PAI 705 Lecture 6 In our goal of measuring a concept, the challenge of ensuring content validity is ensuring we have captured the all different dimensions of a concept that are important. Multiple
More informationThomas-Kilmann Conflict Style Questionnaire
Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Style Questionnaire On the following pages are several pairs of statements describing possible behavioural responses to a conflict situation. For each pair, circle the "A" or "B"
More informationAutobiographical memory as a dynamic process: Autobiographical memory mediates basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Research in Personality 42 (2008) 1060 1066 Brief Report Autobiographical memory as a dynamic process: Autobiographical memory mediates basic tendencies
More information1. Before starting the second session, quickly examine total on short form BDI; note
SESSION #2: 10 1. Before starting the second session, quickly examine total on short form BDI; note increase or decrease. Recall that rating a core complaint was discussed earlier. For the purpose of continuity,
More informationSteps in establishing reliability and validity of need assessment questionnaire on life skill training for adolescents
International Journal of Applied Home Science Volume 4 (9&10), September & October (2017) : 846-850 Received : 07.09.2017; Revised : 12.09.2017; Accepted : 22.09.2017 REVIEW PAPER ISSN : 2394-1413 Steps
More informationCognitive testing. Quality assurance of the survey. Ăirts Briăis Luxembourg, 13 May, 2009
RIGA STRADINS UNIVERSITY Department of Public Health and Epidemiology Cognitive testing Quality assurance of the survey Ăirts Briăis Luxembourg, 13 May, 2009 Aim of a survey To obtain information which
More informationReactions of teenagers and parents to a zero alcohol tolerance law
Reactions of teenagers and parents to a zero alcohol tolerance law Dan R. M a y h ew ', H erb. M. S im p s o n 1, Susan A. F ergu so n 2 and Allan F. W illiam s2 1TIRF, 171 Nepean St., Ste. 200, Ottawa,
More information26:010:557 / 26:620:557 Social Science Research Methods
26:010:557 / 26:620:557 Social Science Research Methods Dr. Peter R. Gillett Associate Professor Department of Accounting & Information Systems Rutgers Business School Newark & New Brunswick 1 Overview
More informationAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOSURE ABILITY IN CHILDREN
AGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOSURE ABILITY IN CHILDREN CRAIG M. MOONEYi Defence Research Medical Laboratories Toronto, Ontario CLOSURE IS the perception of an object or event which is not completely or
More informationOak Meadow Autonomy Survey
Oak Meadow Autonomy Survey Patricia M. Meehan, Ph.D. August 7, 214 1 Contents Contents 3 List of Figures 3 List of Tables 3 1 Introduction 4 2 Data 4 3 Determining the Number of Factors 5 4 Proposed Model
More informationContinuum Specification in Construct Validation
Continuum Specification in Construct Validation April 7 th, 2017 Thank you Co-author on this project - Andrew T. Jebb Friendly reviewers - Lauren Kuykendall - Vincent Ng - James LeBreton 2 Continuum Specification:
More informationAssociate Prof. Dr Anne Yee. Dr Mahmoud Danaee
Associate Prof. Dr Anne Yee Dr Mahmoud Danaee 1 2 What does this resemble? Rorschach test At the end of the test, the tester says you need therapy or you can't work for this company 3 Psychological Testing
More informationSupplemental materials for:
Supplemental materials for: Krist AH, Woolf SH, Hochheimer C, et al. Harnessing information technology to inform patients facing routine decisions: cancer screening as a test case. Ann Fam Med. 2017;15(3):217-224.
More informationStudent Journal for Social and Emotional Learning. Special thanks to Kevin Atlas and the entire Believe in You team at Varsity Brands.
= Student Journal for Social and Emotional Learning Name: Start Date: Special thanks to Kevin Atlas and the entire Believe in You team at Varsity Brands. The OPEN Basketball Nation is a group of people
More informationCHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER VI RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6.1 Research Design Research is an organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the
More informationAppendix: Instructions for Treatment Index B (Human Opponents, With Recommendations)
Appendix: Instructions for Treatment Index B (Human Opponents, With Recommendations) This is an experiment in the economics of strategic decision making. Various agencies have provided funds for this research.
More informationPersonality Traits Effects on Job Satisfaction: The Role of Goal Commitment
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Management Faculty Research Management, Marketing and MIS Fall 11-14-2009 Personality Traits Effects on Job Satisfaction: The Role of Goal Commitment Wai Kwan
More informationCommunication Research Practice Questions
Communication Research Practice Questions For each of the following questions, select the best answer from the given alternative choices. Additional instructions are given as necessary. Read each question
More informationVariability. After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
LEARIG OBJECTIVES C H A P T E R 3 Variability After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Explain what the standard deviation measures Compute the variance and the standard deviation
More informationCONSTRUCTION OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE RATING SCALE
CONSTRUCTION OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE RATING SCALE Sumita Rao Email: sumitaraok@gmail.com INTRODUCTION Human beings are psychologically very complex. The human mind is able to reason, remember, learn
More informationClose reading plan. "Identical Twins' Genes Are Not Identical" by Anne Casselman. Corey Nagle, 2014 Connecticut Dream Team Teacher
Close reading plan "Identical Twins' Genes Are Not Identical" by Anne Casselman Corey Nagle, 2014 Connecticut Dream Team Teacher Text and Author "Identical Twins' Genes Are Not Identical" Anne Casselman
More informationCognitive Self-Change: Thinking Controls Behavior THINKING REPORTS
Cognitive Self-Change: Thinking Controls Behavior THINKING REPORTS August 2015 Thinking Controls Behavior Thoughts / feelings control the way we act We can control how we act by controlling our ways of
More informationSCALING TECHNIQUES IN SOCIO LEGAL RESEARCH
SCALING TECHNIQUES IN SOCIO LEGAL RESEARCH B.N. Ghosh" Introduction IN SOCIO-LEGAL research, it is sometimes very essential to make distinctions ofdegree rather than ofquality. The technique for registering
More informationThe Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) measures a broad range of leadership types from passive leaders, to leaders who give contingent rewards
Published by: Mind Garden, Inc. www.mindgarden.com info@mindgarden.com Copyright 1998, 2007, 2011, 2015 by Bernard M. Bass and Bruce J. Avolio. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce
More informationValidity and Reliability of Sport Satisfaction
International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2014 Available online at www.irjabs.com ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 8 (10): 1782-1786 Science Explorer Publications Validity and Reliability of Sport
More informationUCLA Social Support Inventory * (UCLA-SSI) Christine Dunkel-Schetter. Lawrence Feinstein. Jyllian Call. University of California, Los Angeles
UCLA Social Support Inventory * (UCLA-SSI) Christine Dunkel-Schetter Lawrence Feinstein Jyllian Call University of California, Los Angeles December, 1986 Further information on the instrument can be obtained
More informationThe Attribute Index - Leadership
26-Jan-2007 0.88 / 0.74 The Attribute Index - Leadership Innermetrix, Inc. Innermetrix Talent Profile of Innermetrix, Inc. http://www.innermetrix.cc/ The Attribute Index - Leadership Patterns Patterns
More informationTHOMAS R. STEWAB'P University of Illinoh
THE LINEAR MODEL IN A'ITIZTUDE MEASUREMENT: AN EXAMPLE AND SOME COMMENTS1 THOMAS R. STEWAB'P University of Illinoh RAMSAY and Case (1970) propose a promising method for attitude measurement based on the
More informationOptimal Health Questionnaire
Optimal Health Questionnaire This questionnaire is intended to help you assess how well you are balancing the various elements in your life. The basis of the process is that we have 5 dimensions which
More information1. Evaluate the methodological quality of a study with the COSMIN checklist
Answers 1. Evaluate the methodological quality of a study with the COSMIN checklist We follow the four steps as presented in Table 9.2. Step 1: The following measurement properties are evaluated in the
More informationBasic SPSS for Postgraduate
Basic SPSS for Postgraduate Dr. Shamshuritawati Sharif School of Quantitative Science Email : shamshurita@uum.edu.my Office : +6049286336 Mobile :+60194248001 In the process of carrying out the research,
More informationISSN X Journal of Educational and Social Research Vol. 2 (8) October 2012
The Investigation of Czech Lower Secondary School Pupils Toward Science Subjects Milan Kubiatko Doi:10.5901/jesr.2012.v2n8p11 Institute for Research in School Education, Masaryk University, Brno,Czech
More informationTECH 646 Analysis of Research in Industry and Technology
TECH 646 Analysis of Research in Industry and Technology PART III The Sources and Collection of data: Measurement,, Questionnaires & Instruments, Sampling Ch. 12 Lecture note based on the text book and
More informationHARRISON ASSESSMENTS DEBRIEF GUIDE 1. OVERVIEW OF HARRISON ASSESSMENT
HARRISON ASSESSMENTS HARRISON ASSESSMENTS DEBRIEF GUIDE 1. OVERVIEW OF HARRISON ASSESSMENT Have you put aside an hour and do you have a hard copy of your report? Get a quick take on their initial reactions
More information