What is Artificial Intelligence? A definition of Artificial Intelligence. Systems that act like humans. Notes

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Alyson Roberts
5 years ago
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1 What is? It is a young area of science (1956) Its goals are what we consider Intelligent behaviour There are many approaches from different points of view It has received influence from very diverse areas (Philosophy, Mathematics, Psychology, Biology) Involves many areas of work with generic goals (learning, perception, problem solving...) and specific goals (chess, diagnosis of diseases, driving cars,...) (LSI-FIB-UP) 1 / 20 A definition of Systems that act like humans Systems that think like humans The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better (Rich & Knight, 1991) The exciting new effort to make computers think... machines with minds, in the full and literal sense (Haugeland, 1985) omputational intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents (Poole et al, 1998) The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models (harniak & McDermott, 1985) Systems that act rationally Systems that think rationally (LSI-FIB-UP) 2 / 20 Systems that act like humans The model is the human being, the goal is to build a system that can pass as human. Turing s Test: If a system pass the test is intelligent (?) Abilities: Natural language processing, knowledge representation, reasoning, learning. It is not the goal of AI to pass the test The interaction between programs and people brings the necessity to make programs that act like humans. (LSI-FIB-UP) 3 / 20

Turing s test (LSI-FIB-UP) 4 / 20 Systems that think like humans The model is how the human mind works By experimentation we obtain a theory about how the mind works (psychological experiments) From

2 Turing s test (LSI-FIB-UP) 4 / 20 Systems that think like humans The model is how the human mind works By experimentation we obtain a theory about how the mind works (psychological experiments) From this theory we can build computational models ognitive science (LSI-FIB-UP) 5 / 20 Systems that think rationally The laws of rationality are based on logic Formal logic has to be the basis of intelligent systems (Logicism) There are two obstacles: It is very difficult to formalize knowledge in logic language There is a great leap between the theoretical capacity of logic and its practical application (LSI-FIB-UP) 6 / 20

3 Systems that act rationally To act rationally means to perform acts to achieve the best outcome, to obtain some goals given some beliefs The paradigm is the agent An agent perceives and act, accordingly to the environment it is situated The capacities that are needed are the same than those to pass the Turing s test: Natural language processing, knowledge representation, reasoning, learning, perception It is a more general approach, not centered on the human model (LSI-FIB-UP) 7 / 20 Is possible? The possibility to build an artificial intelligence raises some complex philosophical problems Are thinking machines conscious? The chinese room, (Searle, 1980) Is intelligence an emerging property of the biological elements that sustains it? There is no definitive conclusion (LSI-FIB-UP) 8 / 20 The chinese room + > + > + > (LSI-FIB-UP) 9 / 20

rational part of the mind (logic) Decart

research Neuroscience How does the brain

4 Foundations of Foundations of - Philosophy Are mechanical intelligences possible? Aristotle Llull Laws that govern the rational part of the mind (logic) Decart Leibniz The mind is a physical system Actions are justified by a connection between goals and knowledge Knowledge = Logic Theories Perception is the source of knowledge (Induction) Aristotle Russell Hume Bacon (LSI-FIB-UP) 10 / 20 Foundations of Foundations of - Mathematics Mathematics Logic omplexity Probability Boole Frege Gödel Turing Fermat Bernoulli Bayes What are the rules of reasoning? What is computable? How to reason with uncertainty? (LSI-FIB-UP) 11 / 20 Foundations of Foundations of (III) Economics How do we make decisions... that benefit us? against competitors? when there is not immediate benefit? Decision theory/game theory/operations research Neuroscience How does the brain process information? Neurons/Specialized areas in the brain Psychology How does people act and think? ognitive psychology/ognitive science: Behavioural theories, foundations of rational behaviour (LSI-FIB-UP) 12 / 20

Foundations of Foundations of (IV) omputer Science In order AI to exist it is needed a

systems ontrol theory/ybernetics Development of autonomous systems Linguistics homsky:

areas Knowledge representation Automatic problem solving, heuristic search Specific areas

Perception Machine learning Intelligent agents (LSI-FIB-UP) 14 / 20 Autonomous robots

5 Foundations of Foundations of (IV) omputer Science In order AI to exist it is needed a physical device to support it (Hardware) AI needs also software tools to develop intelligent systems ontrol theory/ybernetics Development of autonomous systems Linguistics homsky: Knowledge representation, language grammar omputational linguistics (LSI-FIB-UP) 13 / 20 Basic areas Knowledge representation Automatic problem solving, heuristic search Specific areas Automatic planning Natural language processing Automatic reasoning Knowledge based systems Perception Machine learning Intelligent agents (LSI-FIB-UP) 14 / 20 Autonomous robots Autonomous Navigation Assistive Technologies omplex tasks (vision, planning, coordination, real time,...) (LSI-FIB-UP) 15 / 20

6 Image recognition Faces Medical Images Hand writing recognition Object recognition (LSI-FIB-UP) 16 / 20 omputer games Path finding Strategy oordination, cooperation, learning, adaptation,... (LSI-FIB-UP) 17 / 20 Electronics appliances Intelligent vacuum cleaners ameras with face recognition Apliances with intelligent control (LSI-FIB-UP) 18 / 20

7 Intelligent Interfaces/Recommendation/Personalization Ambient Intelligence (LSI-FIB-UP) Recommendation/Personalization 19 / 20 Diagnostic/ontrol/Design/Planning systems Medicine Logistics Intelligent Manufacturing Industrials Processes Industrial Design omplex Processes (LSI-FIB-UP) 20 / 20

What is AI? The science of making machines that:

What is AI? The science of making machines that: Think like humans Think rationally Act like humans Act rationally Thinking Like Humans? The cognitive science approach: 1960s ``cognitive revolution'':