10/9/2018. Ways to Measure Variables. Three Common Types of Measures. Scales of Measurement

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1 Ways to Measure Variables Three Common Types of Measures 1. Self-report measure 2. Observational measure 3. Physiological measure Which operationalization is best? Scales of Measurement Categorical vs. quantitative variables Categorical variables Quantitative variables Types of quantitative variables Ordinal scale Interval scale 1

2 Three Types of Reliability 1. Test-retest reliability 2. Interrater reliability 3. Internal reliability Reliability =TRUSTWORTHY Using a Scatterplot to Evaluate Reliability Scatterplots Can Show Interrater Agreement or Disagreement 2

3 Using the Correlation Coefficient r to Evaluate Reliability Correlation coefficient (r) Slope direction Strength 1. Test-retest reliability 2. Interrater reliability 3. Internal reliability Cronbach s alpha Reading About Reliability in Journal Articles Validity of Measurement: Does It Measure What It s Supposed to Measure? Measurement validity of abstract constructs Face validity and content validity: Does it look like a good measure? Criterion validity: Does it correlate with key behaviors? Convergent validity and discriminant validity: Does the pattern make sense? Relationship between reliability and validity 3

4 Measurement Validity of Abstract Constructs Face Validity and Content Validity: Does It Look Like a Good Measure? Both face validity and content validity are subjective ways to assess validity. Face validity: It looks like what you want to measure. Content validity: The measure contains all the parts that your theory says it should contain. Criterion Validity: Does It Correlate with Key Behaviors? Correlational evidence for criterion validity Attachment behaviors (Strange Situation) related to sociability, Inter-personal relationships, emotional regulation 4

5 Convergent Validity and Discriminant Validity: Does the Pattern Make Sense? Convergent validity extent to which two measures of the same construct are correlated (or go together). Discriminant validity extent to which two measure of different constructs are not correlated (do not go together). Adult Attachment Interview Description of relationship with parents General description Five adjectives Specific situations How childhood experiences influence: Personality development Parenting Hopes for children Attachment representations: Secure Insecure Attachment figure available, sensitive, cooperative, and responsive Secure script or representation develops Stable, coherent knowledge base about how secure base relationships work Confidence in others as trustworthy Self as lovable & competent Attachment figure rejecting or inconsistent Insecure/incomplete script Stable, but incoherent knowledge base; fails to make plausible connections between experiences and their meaning or influence Attachment experiences are source of anxiety & anger Others not reliable Self unworthy 5

6 Examples of coherent secure base scripts What did you do when you were upset? I would tell my mother and she would hug me. She would sit and listen and give me a suggestion for what I might do. It made me feel better that she cared. My mother wasn t very affectionate. I always wished she would talk with me. I want my child to be able to come to me with his problems. What happened when you were hurt? One time I fell off my bike and hurt my knee. My dad saw it. He came running over and picked me up and took me in the house. He cleaned up my knee and we went back outside together. Examples of incoherent secure base scripts What did you do when you were upset? Cry. What did your mother do? I don t remember. To this day my mother is a nasty interfering witch who can t keep her nose out of my business, My mother was always loving to me, she only beat my brother. What happened when you were hurt? I remember one time I broke my arm, my father didn t believe me. He said I was a baby. He made me a stronger person. What was your relationship like with your father? My father is not worth discussing, he was a real nothing. Scoring/Classification Coherence: The ability to provide a unified, believable, collaborative, free-flowing account of attachment experiences with their parents, and the influence of experience on their development. Scale 1-9 6

7 Convergent Validity of AAI AAI Secure Base Related Variables Self-Report ECR Self-Report Attachment style.04 CRI Coherence interview about attachment experiences romantic relationships.45*** Attachment in Infancy Observation of infant behavior.45*** Using Secure Base Support Providing Secure Base Support Maternal SB support Observation of couples interactions Observation of couples interactions (playground observations of mother-toddler interactions).46***.45***.54*** Experiences in Close Relationships Self-report Questionnaire Sample items: Anxiety I'm afraid that I will lose my partner's love. I often worry that my partner will not want to stay with me. I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me. I worry that romantic partners won t care about me as much as I care about them. 5 I often wish that my partner's feelings for me were as strong as my feelings for him or her. I worry a lot about my relationships. Sample items: Avoidance I'm afraid that once a romantic partner gets to know me, he or she won't like who I really am. It makes me mad that I don't get the affection and support I need from my partner. I worry that I won't measure up to other people. My partner only seems to notice me when I m angry. I prefer not to show a partner how I feel deep down. Discriminant Validity of the AAI Discrimant measures/variables AAI Intelligence.42** Discourse Style.10 Social Desirability.10 7

8 The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity The validity of a measure is not the same as its reliability. A measure can be less valid than it is reliable, but it cannot be more valid than it is reliable. Reliability is necessary, but not sufficient for validity. 8

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