An Introduction to. Comprehension Skills ESP

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2 An Introduction to EFL College Students' Reading Comprehension Skills ESP By Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Al-Noori Mr. Yousuf Taresh Hilal IDEA PUBLISHING i

3 Publishing-in-support-of, IDEA PUBLISHING Block- 9b, Transit Flats, Hudco Place Extension Near andrews Ganj, New Delhi Zipcode : Website: Copyright, Author All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer. ISBN: Price: D Publishing Year: December 2017 The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of idea publishing. Printed in India ii

4 About the Authors X Bushra Saadoon M. Al-Noori has received her Ph.D. degree in English Language Teaching from Baghdad University, Iraq in She is Currently an Associate Professor In English Language Teaching, Baghdad University College of Education, Ibn Rushd For Human Sciences, English Department, Baghdad, Iraq & She also Visited Italy As a Visiting Professor In the Year in Florence University, to evaluate the English Language Program between Iraq and Italy & she has got her Excellent Marks. She participated in an International Conferences in Italy, Germany, India, Dubai, Yemen and Turkey. She published many Articles and researches in English Language Teaching inside and outside Iraq Her Research Include Method of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Dr. Bushra is a member of the Iraqi Translation Association & Psychological Education and Iraqi Teacher Union. She has published Three books in IDEA Publishing. The first book with Dr. Fatima Al-Musawi entitled Reading and Writing Skills practice book and The second book with Dr.Bushra Nima Rashid entitled Teaching English Grammar In Iraq and The Third one is the current book with Mr.Yousuf Tarish this year 2017 in India and she had revised one book in Iraq with Ajwad T. Abood entitled Methods of Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Iraq iii

5 Yousuf Taresh Hilal has received his BA degree in English Arts from Baghdad University, College of Education, English Department. He has received his MA degree in English language Teaching from Jordan. He is currently an Assistant lecturer in English Language, Al-Muthana University. Iraq He is the Head of TEOFL centre and participated in the University Educational Activities. iv

6 About the Book X This book is talking about an introduction of Reading Comprehension and ESP English for Specific Purposes. It provides the College Students with the basic principles of reading comprehension. It helps them to focus on their needs to succeed in studying other University courses It is written in a clear and logical way that shows various subjects in Psychology, History and General Sciences (Biology, Chemistry and Physics).So the students can gain a deeper conceptual understanding of the basic material of Human and Scientific areas. We dedicated this humble efforts to our distinguished students in English Department and other Departments,with respect. v

7 Contents X Chapter No. Page No. Introduction Educational Psychology: Behaviour 3-44 The Aims of Psychology Psychology and Educational Psychology Meaning of Educational Psychology Status of Educational Psychology Educational Psychology Branches of Psychology Meaning and Definitions of Educational Psychology Brief History of Educational Psychology Nature of Educational Psychology Functions of Educational Psychology vi

8 Major Areas of Educational Psychology Limitations of Educational Psychology Educational Psychology as a Science Critical Thinking Needs and Problems of Children Physiological Needs and their Satisfaction Emotional Needs and their Satisfaction Social Needs and their Satisfaction Intellectual Needs and their Satisfaction Sequences in the Development of Social Behaviour of Students 2. Psychological Counselling and Educational Guidance Counselling in Schools Elementary School Education in the 21st Century Counsellors are social change experts Effective Counselling Services vii

9 3. The Foundations of Civilizations (Prehistory 3000 B.C.) Greek Civilization The Roman Republic Sumerian Civilization Civilizations in India and China The Greek City-States The Roman Empire Different Religions in India and China The Middle Ages in Europe -1 The Middle Ages in Europe -2 The Middle Ages in Europe 3 4. General Sciences Automation Science and Technology in the Middle Ages Universities in the Middle Ages ( ) Modern Universities The Science of Cells Discoveries in Biology and Chemistry viii

10 Science and the Church Science and Community The Age of Reason The Topic Sentence in the Scientific Paragraph Disease Language Activities for the Students of Science Synonyms and Hyponyms What is Chemistry? Biology (Basic Concepts) Biological Issues Ecology and Ecomssyste General Scientific Issues Scientific Definitions The Biosphere What is the Scientific Method? 5 Reading Comprehension Skills and Basic Grammatical Structures Nothing to Sell and Nothing to Buy Wanted: a Large Biscuit Tin By Heart It s Only Me ix

11 The Death of a Ghost A Puma at Large A Very Dear Cat Mary had a Little Lamb Thirteen Equals One The Double Life of Alfred Bloggs One Man s Mean is Another Man s Poison Basic Grammatical Structures: Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense 6 Philosophy of Education Materials and Energy Life has Unity Important Biological Issues History of Biology The Origins of Organic Chemistry Basic Chemistry Principles 7 Important Skills in Historical Studies The Dawn of Civilization (Prehistory) Human Origins x

12 Adapting to New Environments Life in the Stone Age Can DNA Help Trace Human Origins? Stone Age Art and Religion The Beginnings of Agriculture in History Foundations of Civilizations The First Civilizations (Fertile River Valleys) Characteristics of Early Civilizations Developed Cities Organized Governments Formulized Religion Specialization of Labour Record Keeping and Writing Change in Civilizations River Valleys and Civilizations The Ancient Near East (4000 B. C. 550 B. C.) Mesopotamia and Sumer Sumerian Civilization Sumerian Culture Mesopotamian Achievements xi

13 Fertile Crescent Empires World History General Historical Subjects Two Kingdoms Industrialization and Nationalism ( ) Greek Achievements (2100 B.C. 150 B.C.) Socrates Plato Aristotle Great Events in History Alexander s Conquests End of the Empire General Concepts in History Society and Culture in the Islamic Civilization Astronomy and Mathematics Medicine Discoveries in Astronomy, Physics, and Mathematics xii

14 EFL Proficiency Tests in History: Various Subjects Dictators in Europe (After the World War I) Critical Thinking: Why Should We Study History? General Tests in History References xiii

15 Introduction University students are studying many subjects in English. This means that they will be listening to lectures and taking notes in English. Furthermore, they should be able to write scientific texts and examination answers in English. The general aim of this book is to help undergraduate students study their courses in English. They will learn reading comprehension skills that will help them read their textbooks more efficiently. In fact, undergraduate students should be able to learn writing skills that will help them write scientific texts. Through a scientific (academic) study of history, university students will become familiar with the varied experiences of people throughout history as well as with the common patterns of civilizations. University students will learn about the political, social, and economic developments that have created the world as they know it. As university students study the past, they will begin to better understand the challenges of the present and the major issues of the future. This book enables university students to better understand fundamental principles, solve problems, and focus on what they need to know to succeed in studying other university courses. It is written in a way that clearly shows various subjects in psychology, history, and general sciences (biology, chemistry, and physics). So that university students can gain a deeper conceptual understanding of the basic materials of human and scientific areas. 1

16 Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori & Dr. Yousuf Taresh Hilal 2

17 Chapter 1 Educational Psychology: Behaviour In fact, behaviour covers everything a human or an animal does during its life. Scientists who study behaviour are interested in finding out what affects behaviour. They want to know why an animal or a human behaves in a certain way in a particular situation, for example, the way people behave in groups, how they sit or look at each other, or why they differ in solving the same problems. Behaviour has been divided into three main types. They are: 1. Reflex Actions: Reflex actions are not planned or decided before. For example, if you accidently touch a hot object, you pull your hand away without thinking. 2. Instinctive Behaviours: Instinctive behaviour is the behaviour that is not learned at all. For example, A young bird that has never seen another bird built a nest, does not have to be taught how to build one. 3. Learned Behaviours: Scientifically, behaviour can be changed by learning. For example, many animals learn what is safe and what is not safe by experience. Scientists study behaviour by experiments. They often use statistics to analyse their observations. Study Questions: 1. Scientists claim that psychology studies certain behaviours in humans only. (True / False) 3

18 Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori & Mr. Yousuf Taresh Hilal 2. When scientists study behaviour, what do they want to discover? When scientists study behaviour, they want to discover what affects behaviour. 3. Find a word in the text which means discover. find out means discover. 4. What are the three main types of behaviour? The three main types of behaviour are: Reflex Actions, Instinctive Behaviours, and Learned Behaviours. 5. Choose the correct answer: Many animals learn what is safe and what is not safe by experience. (Reflex Behaviour / Instinctive Behaviour / Learned Behaviour) The Aims of Psychology (Psychology is the science of mind and behaviour) As a science, psychology has five central aims: 1. To describe how people and other animal species behave. 2. To understand the causes of these behaviours. 3. To predict how people and other animal species will behave under certain conditions. 4. To influence behaviour through the control of its causes. 5. To apply psychological knowledge in ways that enhance human welfare. In fact, the scope of modern psychology stretches from the borders of medicine and the biological sciences to the social sciences. Because we are biological creatures living in a very complex world, psychologists scientifically study all the factors that affect human behaviours to understand why people and other animal species behave, think, and feel as they do. 4

19 An Introduction to EFL Collage students Reading Comprehension Skills ESP Study Questions: 1. Why do psychologists scientifically study all the factors that affect human behaviours? Psychologists scientifically study all the factors that affect human behaviours because we are biological creatures living in a very complex world. 2. The underlined word complex means.. (complicated / simple / comprehensive / reasonable) 3. According to the five aims of psychology, what does psychology try understand? According to the five aims of psychology, psychology tries to understand the causes of human and animal behaviours. 4. According to the five aims of psychology, what does psychology describe? According to the five aims of psychology, psychology describes how people and other animal species behave? 5. What does the underlined pronoun they refer to? The underlined pronoun they refers to people and other animal species. 6. According to the five aims of psychology, what does psychology apply? According to the five aims of psychology, psychology applies psychological knowledge in ways that enhance human welfare. Psychology and Educational Psychology In fact, psychology deals with the study of human behaviour in general. It emphasizes on learning theories and principles. Educational psychology studies the behaviour of humans in the educational situation, the process of learning, conditions that help and reinforce learning, and 5

20 Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori & Mr. Yousuf Taresh Hilal motivation to learn. Actually, educational psychology focuses on ways to achieve effective improvements in learning and problem solving capacities. Study Questions: 1. What does psychology does study in general? Psychology studies human behaviour in general. 2. What does educational psychology study? Educational psychology studies the following important scientific aspects: A. The behaviour of humans in the educational situation. B. The process of learning. C. Conditions that help and reinforce learning. D. Motivation to learn. E. Ways to achieve effective improvements in learning. 3. What does the underlined pronoun It refer to? The underlined pronoun It refers to psychology. Meaning of Educational Psychology Different psychologists and scholars have defined educational psychology in different ways: 1. Walter (1935) considers that psychology for teachers should be a branch of social psychology concerned with the study of human beings. 2. Anderson (1949) argues that educational psychology should aim at providing effective information and related principles for the solution of education problems and further development of skills in dealing with children in different situations. 3. Freeman (1953) argues that educational psychology should include topics (issues) such as motivation, personality, development, factors 6

21 An Introduction to EFL Collage students Reading Comprehension Skills ESP in mental growth, and social development, in the context of influencing learning. 4. Caroll (1965) defines educational psychology as the study of school learning in all its aspects. 5. Klausmier (1975) suggests that educational psychology is the science that studies student behaviour in an educational setting. 6. Ausubel (1969) argues that educational psychology is concerned with the nature, conditions, outcomes, and evaluation of school learning. He also argues that the school situation can be considered as a system. 7. Skinner (1968) argues that educational psychology deals with developing concepts, principles, and theories of teaching. He also argues that educational psychology needs to develop a general methodology of teaching based on the understanding of the learning process with application to teaching. Teaching and learning are in this context required to be considered as closely inter-related. 8. Anderson (1967) also stresses on the centrality of teaching and learning in the study of educational psychology. He argues that educational psychology should mainly deal with two questions: 1) What are the effective conditions that can develop student learning? 2) What are the features of instructional materials that facilitate student learning. In fact, educational psychology is aimed at generating knowledge and organising it systematically in the form of information, principles, theories and systems to be applied to teaching and learning. Status of Educational Psychology Susan Isaac (1924) said that there was little knowledge about learning and instruction in educational colleges. Drever (1935) argued that since education is the process of modifying and controlling the behaviour of children, and psychology is the scientific study of behaviour, the teacher must be fully and clearly informed about the facts and principles of human behaviour. 7

22 Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori & Mr. Yousuf Taresh Hilal Drever found that teachers did not make analysis of specific behaviours of children. He suggested that psychology should be taught as a discipline in its own right. Study Questions: 1. What does the underlined pronoun He in the second paragraph refer to? The underlined pronoun He in the second paragraph refers to Drever. 2. What did Susan Isaac say about learning and instruction in educational colleges in 1924? Susan Isaac said that there was little knowledge about learning and instruction in educational colleges. 3. According to the text, what is education? According to the text, education is the process of modifying and controlling the behaviour of children. 4. Why did Drever argue that the teacher must be fully and clearly informed about the facts and principles of human behaviour? Drever argued that the teacher must be fully and clearly informed about the facts and principles of human behaviour because education is the process of modifying and controlling the behaviour of children, and psychology is the scientific study of behaviour. 5. Why dis Drever suggest that psychology should be taught as a discipline in its own right? Drever suggested that psychology should be taught as a discipline in its own right because he found that teaches did not make analysis of specific behaviours of children. 6. Find a word in the text which means completely. fully means completely. 8

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