5+ Class 1 - Trend Description LS Hub P.1

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2 Trend Description ( 數據分析 ) 11/5/2018 (Lesson 1) Name:_ Grade: Your Goal: 4/4 in Trend Description What is Trend Description? 1. Describing the Data from the given statistics 2. Observing the trend from the given statistics 3. Phenomenon expressed from the given statistics ***To conclude the information shown from the given statistic Start Interpreting the Data 1. Look at the title to know what the statistic is talking about ( 睇標題去 了解圖表介紹內容 ) 2. Observe the different items in the chart ( 深入觀看圖表內容 ) [Tips: Look at the literal part, to see what is comparing with one another 淨 係睇文字, 去知道內容 數據 / 數字寫個陣時才直接引用 慳時間 ] 3. Mark down the significant items ( 圈出重要, 具象徵的資訊 ) Significant Items: Maximum / Minimum ( 最大與最小 ) Fluctuation and Changes ( 轉變 ) 4. Start writing your essay. As the question about interpreting statistical data are slightly different, you cannot always use the same method. P.2

3 Planning After you have briefly read the statistic, you need to plan how will you write the essay: 1. Relationship between the title and the question asked 2. LS Module Involved and Module Topic 3. 5W1H (Where does it refer to? When it happens? Who are the stakeholders? What is the event? Why is there such statistic? How can we show the key points?) 4. ***The general trend of the statistic 5. Significant Items (E.g. Max. Min. Transitioning Point) Common Statistical Graphs Chart Line Graph Bar Chart Pie Chart Usually Appear, Time change Item Numerical Proportion test organization Data (100%) skills Structure and General Step of Trend Description General Steps: 1. Quotation Words (E.g. Firstly, secondly ) 標示語 2. Topic Sentence (The general trend) 主題句 3. Use the source (According to the source ) 數據引用 4. Further Explanation (Explain the relationship between the source and the trend) 解釋說明 5. Short Conclusion (Repeating the trend) 小結 P.3

4 Structure Structure: Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly, (Topic Sentence/Overall Trend). From the graph, it shows that (Data from the graph). It implies that (Implication). Therefore, (Restate Topic Sentence/Overall Trend). Steps to Write Trend Description Essay (Whole Process) 1. Find the relationship between the statistic and the question a. Title Relation with the question b. Related Category to the question 2. Find the relationship between the X-axis and Y-axis to find the corresponding data of description 3. Horizontal Analysis (Same Category, Different Items): Compare the items in the same category but different items, use descriptive trend wordings) a. E.g. Same Item in Different Years 4. Vertical Analysis (Different Category, Different/Same Items): Compare the items in different categories but same items a. E.g. Same Year different items (Get the max. and min.) 5. Overall Analysis The Whole Trend and the Significant Values 6. Concluding Trend - Implication P.4

5 Template Method 1 - General Description Paragraph 1: Overall Trend How many people? Percentage involved? Overall Increase / Decrease? Increase / Decrease how much? More or less than what? The problem and issue appear (E.g. It shows that..) Paragraph 2: X-axis Analysis Most significant figure of X-axis (Maximum and Minimum) - Trend of X-axis Calculate percentage change (how much) Compare different items in X-axis (XXX has the most and YYY has the least, it show that XXX deals with than YYY.) Paragraph 3: Y-axis Analysis Most significant figure of Y-axis (Maximum and Minimum) - Trend of Y-axis Calculate percentage change (how much) Compare different items in Y-axis (XXX has the most and YYY has the least, it show that XXX deals with than YYY.) Paragraph 4: Overall Analysis (Implication) Link the relationship between X and Y axis What overall phenomenon has appear? The problem shown through the implication. P.5

6 Method 2 - Particular Trend Description Paragraph 1 Trend 1 1. The Trend you will be talking about 2. What has been shown in the statistic to prove your trend, describe the corresponding statistic 3. Proving your trend 4. Implication (Short Conclusion) Repeat the trend Paragraph 2 Trend 2 1. The Trend you will be talking about 2. What has been shown in the statistic to prove your trend, describe the corresponding statistic 3. Proving your trend 4. Implication (Short Conclusion) Repeat the trend Paragraph 3 Trend 3 1. The Trend you will be talking about 2. What has been shown in the statistic to prove your trend, describe the corresponding statistic 3. Proving your trend 4. Implication (Short Conclusion) Repeat the trend Elements for Good Trend Description 1. Describe at least 3 objectives/trends 2. Provide at least 2 implications 3. Clearly and logically explain the source 4. Structure is precise, strong and expression is clear. P.6

7 Common Terms using in Trend Description Term Gradually Increase/Decrease Steadily Increase/Decrease Fluctuated Sharply Increase/Decrease Drastically Decrease Meaning Increased/decreased Slowly Increased/decreased in a stable rate Not stable, ups and downs Increased/decreased significantly, a lot Decreased a lot Continuously Increase/Decrease Increased/Decreased in a similar rate Stable/In a constant rate Improving Deteriorating Generally / Mainly Usually Increase/Decrease Higher/Lower Changed Performs well/badly In Shrinkage Stable, not fluctuated, normal, same The situation becomes better The situation becomes worser The overall situation Usually Increase/Decrease ( 整體上升 / 下降 ) 比較低 / 比較多 改變 表現良好 / 惡劣 逐漸式微 In lead 帶頭領導 ( 上升 ) Leaping forward Falling Back The result is improved/worsen Positively/Negatively Correlated with 躍升 退後 成績進步 / 倒退 Positive/Negative Relationship ( 正比 / 反比關係 ) P.7

8 Determining and Examining Performances of a Trend (5**) 1. Pass/Not Pass a. >50% ~ A passing result ~ Performs Well b. <50% ~ A failed result ~ Performs Badly c. =50% ~ Performs satisfactory with a just passing result 2. Finding Mean, Median and Mode (Central Tendency) a. Mean - General Average Score i. Higher than average ~ Done better than the average / the group of items ii. Lower than average ~ Done worse than the average / the group of items b. Median - Middle Number of a set of data c. Mode - Most of the results give out. 3. Number Rounding Skills a. Use more/less than a rounded (ten) percentage i. E.g. 62% ~ More than 60% ii. E.g. 39% ~ Less than 40% b. Use absolute rounding i. E.g. 5% ~ Almost none ii. E.g. 96% ~ Almost all 4. Base on the results, provide implications to examine the result a. E.g. 50%< Done well b. Higher than average ~ Generally doing satisfactory c. 95% ~ Outstanding P.8

9 More Hints and Techniques 1. Use percentage change formula whenever talking about time change (E.g. Difference between 2002 and 2003) New Formula: Old 100% Old 2. Do comparison a. Horizontal Comparison (Different item, same category) b. Vertical Comparison (Same item, different category) c. Overall Comparison (The overall trend) d. Significant Data (E.g. Max. and Min. distance, drastic change ) 3. Overall Trend (5-20 words) a. Concluding and explaining the phenomenon of the society 4. Use descriptive terms/adjectives to describe the statistic (E.g. Drastically decrease, stable ) What if the source figure is unclear? Solution 1: Don t do it, find another objective/implication Solution 2: Fluctuation - From the source, you can see that the number is not even between each form, therefore, the is very fluctuated, affecting. Solution 3: There are no direct relationship between the 2 objectives Fluctuation: Unstable P.9

10 Different Interpretations in Different Statistical Diagrams Chart Vertical and Horizontal Comparison Find max. and min. Line Graph Pay attention on time change First and Last Time Comparison Significant Transitioning Points X and Y-axis Slope Calculation to see change Bar Chart Comparison of different items (Max and Min) If more than 1 bar combine, compare the bars. Check out the genre if such case Pie Chart The largest proportion and the least proportion Arrange the order and the ratio Common Mistakes 1. Did not connect the relationship between the statistic and the phenomenon -> Need to explain the phenomenon appear 2. Only describe the basic content, lack of specific elaboration -> Need to use specific terms (E.g. Increased gradually, fluctuation.) 3. Quote the wrong numbers 4. Mis-using Percentage Change Formula (Percentage Change occurs when there is a time difference/time change) P.10

11 Different Types of Trend Descriptions Trend ( 趨勢 ) The Direction of the phenomenon o E.g. Hong Kong s agricultural development is turning down. Pattern ( 格局 ) Common Pattern Similar Trend o E.g. Hong Kong s agricultural development pattern is similar to Singapore, also turning down gradually Features ( 特徵 ) Key Characteristics, Overall Characteristics/Overall Key point/focus o E.g. Generally, more male suicide than female Performance ( 表現 ) The performance of an activity. Usually quite subjective by using your own view o E.g. Hong Kong performance on quality of life is quite good. categories Mode ( 模式 ) Need conceptualization to generalize different P.11

12 Sample Essay Causes for DSE Examination Pressure (Source A) Percentage (%) Pressure Causes Lack of Learning Time Too much learning content Personal Expectation Parent s Expectation Peer Competence Consideration of Future Path (a) Describe the trend of cause of DSE examination pressure as shown in source A. (4 marks) (Reference: DSE_2018_LS_Paper 1_Question 2(a)) ~ 答題重點 ~ P.12

13 Sample (¾ marks) Firstly, students highest pressure comes from Lack of Learning Time. From the chart, Lack of Learning Time has the highest percentage among all the items. From % to % which is the highest among all other items. This implies that students don t have enough time for learning and preparation. Secondly, pressures due to lack of learning time, too much learning content, personal expectation, parent expectation, peer competence have a decreasing trend. They all have the highest percentage in 2013 but have been slightly decreasing till Such as too much learning content, it slightly decreases from 42.3% in 2013 to 38.0% in And then slightly decreases from 38.0% to 35.4% in This implies that students pressure has been slightly decreasing in DSE exams. Thirdly, pressure due to consideration of future path have an unstable trend. From 56.3% in 2013, slightly increased to 61.0% in It then rapidly dropped to 47.2% in This implies that the future path for DSE candidates is unstable. ~Comment~ P.13

14 Sample (4/4 marks) Firstly, students highest pressure comes from Lack of Learning Time. From the chart, in no matter each year, Lack of Learning Time has the highest percentage among all the items. From % to % which is the highest among all other items. This implies that students don t have enough time for learning and preparation such that they have a pressure when dealing DSE exams. Secondly, pressures due to lack of learning time, too much learning content, personal expectation, parent expectation, peer competence have a decreasing trend. They all have the highest percentage in 2013 but have been slightly decreasing till Such as too much learning content, it slightly decreases from 42.3% in 2013 to 38.0% in 2015 which is around 4%. And then slightly decreases from 38.0% to 35.4% in 2017 which is around 2.5%. For all others, they also slightly decreases. This implies that students pressure has been slightly decreasing in DSE exams. Thirdly, pressure due to consideration of future path have an unstable trend. From 56.3% in 2013, slightly increased to 61.0% in 2015, increased for 4.7%. It then rapidly dropped to 47.2% in 2017 which dropped 13.2%. This implies that the future path for DSE candidates is unstable so the trend is fluctuated. ~Comment~ P.14

15 ~Notes~ P.15

16 Practice Assignment (Retrieved from DSE_LS_2012_Practice Paper_Question 2) (a) Describe the trend of Hong Kong Young People as shown in source A. (4 marks) ~ 答題重點 ~ ~ 答題思路 ~ P.16

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