A Study on the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Self Confidence

Transcription

1 A Study on the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Self Confidence Samit Kumar Das 1 Dr. Bapi Mishra 2 1. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Gour Banga, Malda, samitkumardas@gmail.com 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Gour Banga, Malda, dr.bapimishra@yahoo.com Abstract: Spiritual Intelligence and Self Confidence are two important variables of present study which are studied based on the nature of their relationship from two different angels of analysis. To test the result of relationship with the help of parametric and non-parametric relationship measuring technique, present study has been designed. Through the effective analysis of the corresponding facts, it has been found that spiritual intelligence is related to self-confidence. Gender wise relationship has been observed and also locality wise relationship has been analyzed in this study. In both cases, corresponding null-hypothesis has been rejected. Keywords: Spirituality, Spiritual Intelligence, Self Confidence 1.0. Introduction: Spiritual intelligence is an important individual ability which is not identically different from the existential intelligence. There is an effective connectivity between the spirituality and existential intelligence (Halama, P., Strizenec, M., 2004). Both spiritual intelligence and existential intelligence is overlapping to each other. Spiritual intelligence is an ability helps in the effective development of the existence of spirituality. Quality of spiritual care might be nurtured by the effective practice of spiritual intelligence. This intelligence is helpful to regulate the entire quality of spiritual practices (Yang, K. P.,2006). There are so many interrelated factor of individual psychology which can nurture the desirable nurturing styles. There is a significant relationship among spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence and psychological ownership (Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M., &Kumar, N., 2013). The real existence of an individual depends on the effective identification as well as effective implementation of them in the field of practical problems by which an effective level of conceptualization will be framed that will be the functional agenda in the case of personality development. Based on the theoretical explanation of the corresponding facts, it has been specified that spiritual intelligence and emotional health is associated to each other in respect to conduct the practical operations or handle the problems. There is a significant relationship between application of spiritual intelligence and mental health. Similarly, effective use of spiritual intelligence can reduce the level of individual s addiction (Moallemi, S., Raghibi, M., &Dargi, Z.S., 2010). Through the effective practice of spirituality of an individual by the 680

2 different practical approaches of religious practice or the corresponding analysis of secular approach, an individual will be able to develop an effective pattern of spiritual pattern in human personality. Spiritual intelligence is an ability of an individual which helps to improve the actual conceptualization as well as practice of religious thoughts (Kwilecki, S., 2000). To achieve the higher level of quality in life, practice of spiritual intelligence helps to direct as well as to express individual abilities as well as capabilities of an individual. In the development of higher level of the concept of wellbeing of humanity, the practice of spiritual intelligence is an effective system or practice of individuality (Selman, V., Selman, R.C., Selman, J., &Selman, E., 2005). There are so many aspects of effectiveness for the appropriate application of spiritual intelligence. Empowerment of the basic characteristics of ideal leadership or the nature of transformational leadership for the benefit of individuality as well as the social concept, an individual will need to practice of spiritual intelligence. Through the effective practice of spiritual intelligence, an individual will be able to find out the actual index of personality pattern in terms of the effective identification of the transactional as well as ideal leadership (Howard, B.B., Mudiwa, P.G., &White, S.R., 2009). Effective conceptualization of corporate leadership will be beneficiaries in the development of corresponding economic development. In the development of corporate leadership, the practice of spiritual intelligence will perform an effective level of individuality (Lynton, N.,&Thogersen, K.H., 2009). In the development of functional happiness or practical level of human patience, appropriate practice of spiritual intelligence will play an essential role to regulate the level of operationalization of spirituality. Through the effective practice of spiritual intelligence in life, an individual will be able to develop the level of corresponding patience as well as to assure the actual happiness in life by practicing the corresponding characteristics of said ability (Bagheri, F., Akbarizadeh, F., &Hatami, H., 2011). There is an effective relationship between the concept of spiritual intelligence and effective personality traits. In the development of personality traits, effective practice of spiritual intelligence will play an effective as well as functional role to regulate the applicability of individual personality. In the development of adjustable personality trait, an individual will be needed to perform with the help of effective nurturing of spiritual intelligence (Amrai, K., Farahani, A., Ebrahimi, M., &Bagherian, V., 2011). In the field of profession, an individual will be able to develop an effective attitudinal pattern regarding the matter of job or related aspects of the corresponding jobs. In the development of job satisfaction among professional personnel, the practice of spiritual intelligence will play an important role in this regard (Jeloudar, S.Y., & Goodarzi, F.L., 2012). Self Confidence is a functional characteristics of individual personality pattern by which an individual will be able to develop an effective belief system about the abilities as well as their corresponding applicability in respect to the nature of the situation. In the case of appropriate problem solving of the technical problems of the society and also in respect to the problems of an individual, the development of confidence about the applicability of own abilities or qualities for 681

3 operations will be needed. In this case of study, confidence will convert the general ability into functionality. Due to the effective practice of confidence or functional belief system, an individual will be able to develop some specific functionality in respect to the different types of adjustment requirement. In every conducted task buy an individual, the presence of confidence might be reflected properly. Confidence regarding the application of linguistic aspects or the development of linguistic self-confidence can help to perform related language based jobs properly. There are so many aspects directly related to the matter of effective development of self-confidence. Development of self-confidence in respect to the linguistic application depends on the effective comprehension of the corresponding skills or actual meaning of linguistic facts (Edwards, E.,& Roger, P.S., 2015). Development of effective meaning regarding anything of an individual will help to develop the level of confidence regarding the basic properties; by which an individual will be able to develop confidence. There is an effective relationship between self-confidence and effective nurturing of individual psychology. There is significant stimulating influencing role of self-confidence on the development of motivation (Benabou, R., Tirole, J., 2002). Motivation is an approach to develop inner psychological power to regulate approaches of individual attempts. By the development of confidence, the level of motivation or the development of functional motivation will be developed properly. Rationality in action or the development of appropriate meaning on anything is considered as a boosting mechanism in respect to develop the level of selfconfidence. In the development of self-confidence, the matter of rationality in respect to deal with the situation can play an important role in the development of self- confidence (McCarthy, M., 2012). Motivation in respect to achieve the higher order status is an important stimulating component to develop the level of self-confidence. There is an effective influence of achievement motivation in the development of functional belief system by which an individual will be able to develop an effective level of awareness (Reddy, M. M., 2014). Through the effective training and proper practice of corresponding culture, an individual will be able to develop the level of confidence. The confidence level is an responsible factor to develop competency which can be effectively nurtured through the effective arrangement of functional guidance and related training (Moore, B. M., 1952). 2.0.Objectives of the Study: Present study has been deigned on the basis of a specific objective. At the end of this study, investigator intends To find out the relationship between spiritual intelligence and self- confidence Population and sample: All the students of higher secondary (Class-XI & XII) of West Bengal are the population of the study. To select representative sample group from the population, researchers covey purposive random sampling technique. The sample group is comprised with two thousand (2000) Bengali medium higher secondary students under WBCHSE of Malda District of West Bengal. Locality and gender wise the sample group is divided in to different strata. 682

4 4.0. Hypothesis of the Study: To conduct the present study, the researchers formulated hypothesis according to the design of the study. The present research is hypothesized by the following hypothesis. Ho: There is no strata wise significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and self-confidence of higher secondary students. 5.0.Tools used in the study: To conduct the present study, researchers used two standardize tests to collect data from representative sample group which are mention below. i) Spiritual Intelligence Scale and ii) Self-Confidence Scale. 6.0.Analysis and Interpretation: In the present study the researchers intend to find out the present status of variables of higher secondary students and the different types of relationship among them. To fulfill the aim of the study, researchers conduct descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson s correlation and Kendall s and Spearman s non-parametric correlation are done to analyze the collected data from the representative sample group. Statistical analysis and interpretation are discussed here. Table -1: Descriptive Analysis of Spiritual Intelligence (strata wise) of Higher Secondary Students N MEAN MEDIAN MODE SD P25 P50 P75 SIUB SIUG SIRB SIRG a SIURBAN SIRURAL SIMALE SIFEMALE SITOTAL Form the above table, the descriptive analysis indicates the result of central tendency. From the result it is found that mean value lies from to ; median lies from 238 to 265; and mode lies from 229 to 264. In all the cases of mean, median and mode value indicates the status of SI of higher secondary students are above average level as per interpretation index. The value of SD is from to Percentile value for P25 is 224 for rural girl students which indicate average level of performance and rest all the cases for P25, P50 and P75, the result indicates above average level of performance as per measurement criterion. 683

5 Table -2: Descriptive Analysis of Self-Confidence (strata wise) of Higher Secondary Students N MEAN MEDIAN MODE SD P25 P50 P75 SCUB SCUG SCRB SCRG SCURBAN SCRURAL SCMALE SCFEMALE SCTOTAL a From table-2, the calculated result shows that the mean value lies from to which indicates self-confidence of higher secondary students is above average level as measurement index indicates. From the analysis of the result the performance level of the students measured by median and mode is same as indicates in case of mean value refers. The value of SD lies from to In percentile calculation for P25, almost all the cases the performance level is above average and in for P50 and P75 the performance level of SC of higher secondary students is above average. So from the analysis it can be conclude that self-confidence level of the said students is above average. Collected has been analyzed for find out different relationship between SI and SC, the analysis and their interpretation are given below. Table-3 Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Urban Boy Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIUB SCUB SIUB SCUB Pearson Correlation ** Pearson Correlation.304 ** 1 From the above table-3, it has been shown that the relationship between SI and SC for urban boy higher secondary students is significant. From the calculated result it can be interpret that spiritual intelligence and self-confidence are correlated to each other and the correlation is significant at 0.01 level. So, locality cum gender wise connected null hypothesis is rejected. 684

6 Table-4 Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Urban Boy Sample SIUB SCUB SIUB SCUB SIUB SCUB Correlation Coefficient ** Sig. (2-tailed)..007 Correlation Coefficient.084 ** Sig. (2-tailed).007. Correlation Coefficient ** Sig. (2-tailed)..006 Correlation Coefficient.122 ** Sig. (2-tailed).006. Table-4 shows the non-parametric correlation between SI and SC for urban boys. Kendall s tau and Spearman s rho method is applied to analyze the collected data. In the both method the relation is significant at 0.01 level for the said variables. This result is similar to the Pearson s method which indicate that locality cum gender wise the connecting null hypothesis is rejected. Table-5 Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Urban Girl Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIUG SCUG SIUG SCUG Pearson Correlation ** Pearson Correlation.774 ** 1 In the table-5 Pearson correlation has been done for SI and SC for urban girl higher secondary students. The correlation value is for SI and SC and the level of significance is From the result it can be conclude that positive relationship exists between SI and SC and connecting null hypothesis rejected here. 685

7 Table-6: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Urban Girl Sample SIUG SCUG SIUG SCUG SIUG SCUG Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.571 ** Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.739 ** From table-6, it has been observed from the statistical analysis that the correlation between SI and SC by Kendall s tau and Spearman s rho method is significant and the level of significance is From the result it is clear that SI and SC are correlated to each other for urban girl higher secondary students which is supported by the Pearson result. So the concern null hypothesis is rejected. Table-7: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Rural Boy Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIRB SCRB Pearson Correlation ** SIRB Pearson Correlation.197 ** 1 SCRB From the table -7, it is found that Pearson correlation is significant for SI and SC reflected by the rural boy higher secondary students and calculated value is On the basis of the statistical result, it has been interpreted that SI and SC have been interrelated to each other. So, locality cum gender wise the relationship between spiritual intelligence and self-confidence is significant and the level of significance is 0.01 level. Therefore, corresponding null-hypothesis will be rejected in this condition of measurement. 686

8 Table-8: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Rural Boy Sample SIRB SCRB SIRB SCRB SIRB SCRB Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.123 ** Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.168 ** Table-8 shows the result of non-parametric correlation between SI and SC for rural boys. Kendall s tau and Spearman s rho method is applied to analyze the collected data from the sample group. In the both method the relation is significant at 0.01 level for the said variables. This result is similar to the Pearson s method which indicate that locality cum gender wise the connecting null hypothesis is rejected. Table-9: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Rural Girl Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIRG SCRG SIRG SCRG Pearson Correlation ** Pearson Correlation.630 ** 1 In the table-9 Pearson correlation has been done for SI and SC for rural girl higher secondary students. The correlation value is for the variables and the level of significance is From the result it can be conclude that SI and SC are correlated to each other and locality cum gender wise connecting null hypothesis rejected. 687

9 Table-10: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Rural Girl Sample SIRG SCRG SIRG SCRG SIRG SCRG Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.436 ** Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.600 ** From table-10, it has been observed from the result that the non-parametric correlation between SI and SC according to Kendall s and Spearman s method is significant at 0.01 level. In this case the level of significance found from non-parametric method is similar that the result found from Pearson correlation method. So, it can be said that locality cum gender wise the relationship between spiritual intelligence and self-confidence is significant and connecting null hypothesis is rejected. Table-11: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Urban Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIURBAN SCURBAN SIURBAN SCURBAN Pearson Correlation ** Sig. (2-tailed).003 Pearson Correlation.094 ** 1 Sig. (2-tailed).003 From the table -11, the calculated result indicate that there is significant relationship between SI and SC reflected by the urban higher secondary students. On the basis of the calculated result, it has been interpreted that corresponding variables (SI & SC) have been interrelated to each other. So, it can be interpreted that locality wise the relationship between spiritual intelligence and selfconfidence is significant at 0.01 level and corresponding null-hypothesis is rejected in this condition of measurement. 688

10 Table-12: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Urban Sample SIURBAN SCURBAN SIURBAN SCURBAN *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). SIURBAN SCURBAN Correlation Coefficient * Sig. (2-tailed)..019 Correlation Coefficient.051 * Sig. (2-tailed).019. Correlation Coefficient * Sig. (2-tailed)..020 Correlation Coefficient.073 * Sig. (2-tailed).020. Table-12 shows the statistical result of non-parametric correlation between SI and SC for urban higher secondary students. Kendall s tau and Spearman s rho method is applied to analyze the collected data. In the both method the relation is significant at 0.05 level for the said variables. So, locality wise the connecting null hypothesis is rejected. Table-13: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Rural Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIRURAL SCRURAL SIRURAL SCRURAL Pearson Correlation ** Pearson Correlation.443 ** 1 In the table-13 statistical analysis has been done for Pearson correlation between SI and SC for rural higher secondary students. The correlation value is for SI and SC and the level of significance is From the result it can be conclude that SI and SC are correlated to each other and connecting null hypothesis rejected here. 689

11 Table-14: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Rural Sample SIRURAL SCRURAL SIRURAL SCRURAL SIRURAL SCRURAL Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.299 ** Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.408 ** From table-14, it has been observed from the statistical analysis that the non-parametric correlation between SI and SC according to Kendall s and Spearman s method is significant at 0.01 level for rural higher secondary students. In this case the result is also support the result found from Pearson correlation method. So, it can be said that locality wise the relationship between spiritual intelligence and self-confidence is significant and connecting null hypothesis is rejected. Table-15: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Total Boy Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIMALE SCMALE SIMALE SCMALE Pearson Correlation ** Pearson Correlation.324 ** 1 From the table -15, it has been found from the calculated result that there is significant relationship between SI and SC reflected by the boy higher secondary students and calculated value is On the basis of the calculated result, it has been interpreted that corresponding variables SI and SC have been interrelated to each other and the level of significance is 0.01 level. Therefore, corresponding null-hypothesis will be rejected in this condition of measurement. 690

12 Table-16: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Total Boy Sample SIMALE SCMALE SIMALE SCMALE SIMALE SCMALE Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.180 ** Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.253 ** Table-16 shows the result of non-parametric correlation between SI and SC for boy higher secondary students. Kendall s tau and Spearman s rho method is applied to analyze the collected data. In the both method the relation is significant at 0.01 level for the correlation between SI and SC. This result is similar to the Pearson s method which indicate that gender wise the connecting null hypothesis is rejected. Table-17: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Girl Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SIFEMALE SCFEMALE SIFEMALE SCFEMALE Pearson Correlation ** Pearson Correlation.745 ** 1 In the table-17 Pearson correlation has been done for SI and SC for total girl higher secondary students. The correlation value is for SI and SC and the level of significance is From the result it can be said that SI and SC are correlated to each other and connecting null hypothesis rejected here. 691

13 Table-18: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Girl Sample SIFEMALE SCFEMALE SIFEMALE SCFEMALE SIFEMALE SCFEMALE Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.546 ** Correlation Coefficient ** Correlation Coefficient.718 ** From table-18, it has been observed that the correlation between SI and SC according to Kendall s and Spearman s method is significant at 0.01 level. In this case the result is same as the result found from Pearson correlation method. So, it can be said that gender wise the relationship between spiritual intelligence and self-confidence is significant and connecting null hypothesis is rejected. Table-19: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Total Sample (by Pearson Correlation Method) SITOTAL SCTOTAL SITOTAL SCTOTAL Pearson Correlation ** N Pearson Correlation.587 ** 1 N In the table-19 the correlation between SI and SC for total higher secondary students by Pearson method has been done. The value of correlation is for SI and SC and the level of significance is From the result it can be said that SI and SC are correlated to each other and connecting null hypothesis rejected here. 692

14 Table-20: Analysis of Relationship between SI and SC based on response of Total Sample SITOTAL SCTOTAL SITOTAL SCTOTAL SITOTAL SCTOTAL Correlation Coefficient ** N Correlation Coefficient.396 ** N Correlation Coefficient ** N Correlation Coefficient.537 ** N Table-20 shows the result of correlation between SI and SC for non-parametric method for total higher secondary students. Kendall s tau and Spearman s rho method is applied to analyze the collected data and the relation is found significant at 0.01 level for the said variables (SI & SC). This result is similar to the Pearson s method which indicate that locality cum gender wise the connecting null hypothesis is rejected as per measurement Conclusion: After completing the study, it has been concluded that spiritual intelligence and self confidence are related to each other. This relationship is also accepted in respect to the response based on the locality as well as gender related analysis of the facts. At the end of the study, it has been found that the said relationship has been accepted from both angels of measurement namely parametric analysis (Pearson techniques) and non-parametric analysis (Kendall & Spearman techniques) respectively. On the basis of this result, it has been concluded that spiritual intelligence and self confidence is significantly related to each other. Reference Halama, P., Strizenec, M. (2004). Spiritual, existential or both? Theoretical considerations on the nature of 'higher' intelligences (discussion).studia Psychologica, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 46(3), pp , retrieved fromhttps:// Yang, K.P. (2006). The Spiritual Intelligence of Nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Research,14(1), retrieved from Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M., Kumar, N. (2013). Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: a cross- 693

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