ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

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1 ADVANCING THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ALESSANDRO ZENNARO Evidence-based Psychological Assessment (EPA)

2 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Purposes of psychological assessment Description of psychopathology and differential diagnosis Description and prediction of everyday behavior Inform psychological treatment Monitoring of treatment Personality assessment as treatment Types of assessment tests Self-report Performance-based Behavior ratings Psychological assessment attempts to find out not only what a person does, but what that person is like

3 MAIN GOALS AND ACHIEVEMENTS Investigating the empirical foundation of the Rorschach Neuro-physiological research with the Rorschach Development and validation of new Rorschach indexes Testing the psychometric properties of the Rorschach Advancing the techniques to detect feigned psychopathology Testing the validity of and refining the IOP Comparing different symptom validity measures (e.g., SIMS) Validation of assessment tools for use within the Italian context Cross-cultural validation of complex, personality inventories (e.g., PAI) Cross-cultural adaptation of research tools (e.g., DERS, TMMS, ICQ)

4 RORSCHACH RESEARCH What is the Rorschach? A set of 10 inkblot designs: what might this be? Projective versus Performance-based measure Scientific foundation Late 90s criticisms and moratorium 2013 Psychological Bulletin meta-analyses and withdrawal of moratorium A set of 10 inkblot designs: what might this be? Projective versus Performance-based measure EPA research Neuro-physiological Development and/or validation of specific indexes Reliability and validity

5 RORSCHACH RESEARCH NEUROPHYSIOL. 1) Human Movement (M) responses and mirroring activity

6 RORSCHACH RESEARCH NEUROPHYSIOL. [Selected publications] Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Pineda, J., Porcelli, P., Hubbard, D., Zennaro, A., & Cauda, F. (2017). Human movement responses to the Rorschach and mirroring activity: an fmri study. Assessment, in press. Andò, A., Salatino, A., Giromini, L., Ricci, R., Pignolo, C., Cristofanelli, S., Ferro, L., Viglione, D. J., & Zennaro, A. (2015). Embodied simulation and ambiguous stimuli: The role of the mirror neuron system. Brain Research, 1629, Porcelli, P., Giromini, L., Parolin, L., Pineda, J. A., & Viglione, D. J. (2013). Mirroring Activity in the Brain and Movement Determinant in the Rorschach Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95 (5), Pineda, J., Giromini, L., Porcelli, P., Parolin, L. & Viglione, D. (2011). Mu suppression and human movement responses to the Rorschach test. NeuroReport, 22 (5), Giromini, L., Porcelli, P., Viglione, D., Parolin, L. & Pineda, J. (2010). The feeling of movement: EEG evidence for mirroring activity during the observations of static, ambiguous stimuli in the Rorschach cards. Biological Psychology, 85,

7 RORSCHACH RESEARCH NEUROPHYSIOL. 2) Neurological and psycho-physiological correlates - fmri map of brain activity during the Rorschach - EDA and HRV research on Rorschach and stress

8 RORSCHACH RESEARCH NEUROPHYSIOL. [Selected publications] Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Zennaro, A., & Cauda, F. (2017). Neural activity during production of rorschach responses: An fmri study. Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging, 262, Giromini, L., Ando', A., Morese, R., Salatino, A., Di Girolamo, M., Viglione, D.J., & Zennaro, A. (2016). Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) and vulnerability to stress: A preliminary study on electrodermal activity during stress. Psychiatry Research, 246, Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Brusadelli, E., Zennaro, A., Di Girolamo, M., & Porcelli, P. (2016). The Effects of Neurological Priming on the Rorschach: A Pilot Experiment on the Human Movement Response. Rorschachiana, 37, 58-73

9 RORSCHACH RESEARCH NEW INDEXES Cross-cultural validation of the Developmental Index The DI is a new, Rorschach measure that correlates with development and age Development and initial validation of a Rorschach Empathy index Using self-report and performance-based measures as criterion variable, a new, Rorschach-based, empathy scale is being developed and tested [Selected publication] Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Brusadelli E., Lang, M., Reese, J., & Zennaro, A. (2015). Cross- Cultural Validation of the Rorschach Developmental Index. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97 (4),

10 RORSCHACH RESEARCH PSYCHOMETRICS Reliability of R-PAS scores Do different examiners code the same Rorschach similarly? Accuracy and applicability of Rorschach norms What is the accuracy and applicability of current Rorschach norms? What can we do to further improve them? [Selected publications] Pignolo, C., Giromini, L., Ando, A.Ghirardello, D., Di Girolamo, M., Ales, F., & Zennaro, A. (2017). An inter-rater reliability study of Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) raw and complexity-adjusted scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, in press. Viglione, D. J., & Giromini, L. (2016). The effects of using International versus Comprehensive System Rorschach norms for children, adolescents, and adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98 (4), Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., & McCullaugh (2015). Introducing a Bayesian approach to determining degree of fit with existing Rorschach norms. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97 (4),

11 MALINGERING RESEARCH What does the term malingering refer to? Deliberate fabrication of symptoms of mental or physical disorders Typically associated with secondary gain motives (e.g., criminal, civil) Assessment Symptom validity tests (SVTs) versus malingering measures Complex, personality inventories (e.g., MMPI, PAI) or interviews (e.g., SIRS) Stand-alone, SVTs such as the SIMS or TOMM EPA research Development and validation of the Inventory of Problems (IOP) Comparison between various SVTs and feigning scales (e.g., SIMS, PAI, etc.)

12 MALINGERING RESEARCH IOP Development of the IOP and IOP-29 Originally developed in the late 90s, in California Refined and revised through the years, and published in 2016 Key features of the IOP instruments Doesn t make sense, in addition to classic True-False options Items addressing testing-related behaviors Mixture of mental and cognitive/neuropsychological symptoms Easy-to-use, probability score

13 MALINGERING RESEARCH IOP (U.S.)

14 MALINGERING RESEARCH IOP (ITALY) IOP-29 r SIMS Total Z p FDS Diff. Entire Sample (N = 452) < Psychotic Spectrum Subgroup (n = 214) < Anxiety, Depression, and/or Trauma Related Subgroup (n = 238)

15 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION STUDIES Cross-cultural adaptation of complex, personality inventories Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III; Millon et al., 2006, 2015) Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991, 1996, 2007) Personality Assessment Screener (PAS; Morey, 1997) Brief, self-report measures, mainly used for research purposes Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE; Reniers et al., 2011) Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ; Buhrmester et al. 1988) Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS; Salovey et al., 1995) EPA research Development and validation of Italian versions Contribution to developing normative data Collaboration with foreign research groups (e.g., development of a Brazilian version of the DERS)

16 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION STUDIES - VALIDATION OF ITALIAN VERSIONS

17 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION STUDIES - VALIDATION OF ITALIAN VERSIONS THE CONVERGENT VALIDITY BETWEEN THE PAI AND MCMI-III SCORES BY USING CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS (CCA) PAI MCMI- III ALC DRG ALC DOM PARANOID PD COMPULSIVE PD

18 CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION STUDIES - CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOPING NORMATIVE DATA

19 OTHER CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDATION STUDIES [Selected publications] Miguel, F. K., Giromini, L., Colombarolli, M.S., Zuanazzi, A.C., & Zennaro, A. (2017). A Brazilian investigation of the 36- and 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, in press Giromini, L., Ales, F., de Campora, G., Zennaro, A., & Pignolo, C. (2017). Developing age and gender adjusted normative reference values for the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, in press Giromini, L., Colombarolli, M. S., Brusadelli, E., & Zennaro, A. (2017). An Italian contribution to the study of the validity and reliability of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. Journal of Mental Health, in press Giromini, L., de Campora, G., Brusadelli, E., D Onofrio, E., Zennaro, A., Zavattini, G. C., & Lang, M. (2016). Validity and reliability of the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire: Empirical evidence from an Italian study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, Giromini, L., Velotti, P., de Campora, G., Bonalume, L., & Zavattini, G. C. (2012). Cultural Adaptation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: Reliability and Validity of an Italian Version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68 (9),

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