Introduction to Social Psychology p. 1 Introduction p. 2 What Is Social Psychology? p. 3 A Formal Definition p. 3 Core Concerns of Social Psychology

Transcription

1 Preface p. xv Introduction to Social Psychology p. 1 Introduction p. 2 What Is Social Psychology? p. 3 A Formal Definition p. 3 Core Concerns of Social Psychology p. 3 Sociology, Psychology, or Both? p. 6 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociological Social Psychology p. 7 Symbolic Interactionism p. 9 Group Processes p. 12 Social Structure and Personality p. 16 Cognitive Perspectives p. 17 Evolutionary Theory p. 22 Conclusion p. 25 Summary p. 26 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 27 Critical Thinking Skill: An Introduction to Critical Thinking p. 27 Research Methods in Social Psychology p. 31 Introduction p. 32 Questions about Research Methods p. 32 Characteristics of Empirical Research p. 32 Objectives of Research p. 33 Research Hypotheses p. 33 Validity of Findings p. 34 Research Methods p. 35 Surveys p. 35 Field Studies and Naturalistic Observation p. 45 Archival Research and Content Analysis p. 47 Experiments p. 49 Comparison of Research Methods p. 54 Meta-Analysrs p. 55 Research in Diverse Populations p. 56 Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research p. 58 Potential Sources of Harm p. 58 Institutional Safeguards p. 59 Potential Benefits p. 61 Summary p. 62 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 62 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Sampling p. 63 Socialization Through the Life Course p. 65 Introduction p. 66

2 Perspectives on Socialization p. 67 The Developmental Perspective p. 67 The Social Learning Perspective p. 68 The Interpretive Perspective p. 69 The Impact of Social Structure p. 70 Agents of Childhood Socialization p. 70 Family p. 71 Peers p. 77 School p. 79 Mass Media p. 80 Processes of Socialization p. 81 Instrumental Conditioning p. 81 Observational Learning p. 85 Internalization p. 86 Outcomes of Socialization p. 87 Gender Role p. 87 Linguistic and Cognitive Competence p. 90 Moral Development p. 93 Work Orientations p. 97 The Life Course p. 98 Components of the Life Course p. 99 Influences on Life Course Progression p. 102 Historical Variations p. 107 Summary p. 112 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 114 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Difference Between Truth and Validity p. 114 Self and Self-Presentation p. 117 Introduction p. 118 The Nature and Genesis of Self p. 120 The Self as Source and Object of Action p. 120 Self-Differentiation p. 120 Role Taking p. 122 The Social Origins of Self p. 122 Identities: The Self We Know p. 125 Role Identities p. 125 Social Identities p. 126 Research on Self-Concept Formation p. 127 The Situated Self p. 130 Identities: The Self We Enact p. 130 Identities and Behavior p. 131 Choosing an Identity to Enact p. 133

3 Identities as Sources of Consistency p. 135 Self-Awareness and Self-Discrepancies p. 136 Self-Esteem p. 138 Assessment of Self-Esteem p. 138 Sources of Self-Esteem p. 140 Self-Esteem and Behavior p. 142 Protecting Self-Esteem p. 142 Self-Presentation p. 144 Self-Presentation in Everyday Life p. 147 Definition of the Situation p. 147 Self-Disclosure p. 148 Tactical Impression Management p. 149 Managing Appearances p. 150 Ingratiation p. 152 Aligning Actions p. 156 Altercasting p. 157 Impression Management Online p. 158 Detecting Deceptive Impression Management p. 160 Ulterior Motives p. 160 Nonverbal Cues of Deception p. 161 Ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled Identities p. 164 Embarrassment and Saving Face p. 164 Cooling-Out and Identity Degradation p. 167 Stigma p. 168 Summary p. 172 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 174 Critical Thinking Skill: Defending Against Everyday Persuasive Techniques p. 174 Emotions p. 177 Introduction p. 178 Defining Emotions p. 179 Classical Ideas about the Origins of Emotion p. 180 Universal Emotions and Facial Expressions p. 181 Facial Expressions of Emotions p. 181 Cultural Differences in Basic Emotions and Emotional Display p. 184 Emotional Display p. 185 The Social Psychology of Emotions p. 189 Cognitive Labeling Theory p. 189 Emotion Work p. 192 Social Emotions p. 194 Summary p. 201 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 202

4 Critical Thinking Skill: Effortful Consideration of Ideas p. 202 Social Perception and Cognition p. 205 Introduction p. 206 Schemas p. 208 Types of Schemas p. 209 Schematic Processing p. 210 Person Schemas and Group Stereotypes p. 214 Person Schemas p. 214 Group Stereotypes p. 216 Impression Formation p. 223 Trait Centrality p. 223 First Impressions p. 224 Impressions as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies p. 225 Heuristics p. 226 Attribution Theory p. 227 Dispositional versus Situational Attributions p. 228 Inferring Dispositions from Acts p. 229 Covariation Model of Attribution p. 231 Bias and Error in Attribution p. 233 Overattribution to Dispositions p. 233 Focus-of-Attention Bias p. 234 Actor-Observer Difference p. 235 Motivational Biases p. 237 Attributions for Success and Failure p. 238 Summary p. 239 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 240 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Stereotyping p. 241 Attitudes p. 243 Introduction p. 244 The Nature of Attitudes p. 244 The Components of an Attitude p. 244 Attitude Formation p. 245 The Functions of Attitudes p. 248 Attitude Organization p. 249 Attitude Structure p. 249 Cognitive Consistency p. 251 Balance Theory p. 252 Theory of Cognitive Dissonance p. 254 The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior p. 258 Do Attitudes Predict Behavior? p. 258 Accessibility and Activation of the Attitude p. 259

5 Characteristics of the Attitude p. 260 Attitude-Behavior Correspondence p. 262 Situational Constraints p. 264 Reference Groups p. 264 The Reasoned Action Model p. 265 Summary p. 266 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 268 Critical Thinking Skill: Analyzing Attitudes p. 268 Symbolic Communication and Language p. 271 Introduction p. 272 Language and Verbal Communication p. 273 Linguistic Communication p. 273 The Encoder-Decoder Model p. 276 The Intentionaltst Model p. 277 The Perspective-Taking Model p. 280 Nonverbal Communication p. 282 Types of Nonverbal Communication p. 282 Computer-Mediated Communication p. 285 What's in a Face? p. 286 Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication p. 286 Social Structure and Communications p. 288 Gender and Communication p. 289 Social Stratification and Speech Style p. 291 Communicating Status and Intimacy p. 293 Normative Distances for Interaction p. 299 Normative Distances p. 299 Conversational Analysis p. 302 Initiating Conversations p. 302 Regulating Turn Taking p. 304 Feedback and Coordination p. 305 Summary p. 306 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 307 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Importance of Clear Communication p. 308 Social Influence and Persuasion p. 311 Introduction p. 312 Forms of Social Influence p. 312 Attitude Change via Persuasion p. 313 Communication-Persuasion Paradigm p. 314 The Source p. 315 The Message p. 318 The Target p. 322

6 Compliance with Threats and Promises p. 325 Effectiveness of Threats and Promises p. 328 Obedience to Authority p. 331 Experimental Study of Obedience p. 333 Factors Affecting Obedience to Authority p. 336 Resisting Influence and Persuasion p. 337 Inoculation p. 337 Forewarning p. 338 Reactance p. 338 Summary p. 339 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 340 Critical Thinking Skill: Evaluating Persuasive Messages p. 340 Altruism and Prosocial Behavior p. 343 Introduction p. 344 Motivation to Help p. 345 Egoism p. 345 Altruism and Empathetic Concern p. 346 Evolutionary Perspectives p. 348 Characteristics of the Needy that Foster Helping p. 350 Acquaintanceship and Liking p. 350 Similarity p. 350 Deservingness p. 352 Normative Factors in Helping p. 353 Norms of Responsibility and Reciprocity p. 354 Personal Norms p. 355 Gender Norms p. 356 Situational Influences p. 356 Modeling p. 357 Mood p. 357 Costs p. 358 Bystander Intervention in Emergency Situations p. 359 The Decision to Intervene p. 360 The Bystander Effect p. 361 Seeking and Receiving Help p. 363 Other Forms of Prosocial Behavior p. 364 Summary p. 365 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 366 Critical Thinking Skill: Creative Thinking p. 366 Aggression p. 369 Introduction p. 370 What Is Aggression? p. 370

7 Aggression and the Motivation to Harm p. 371 Aggression as Instinct p. 371 Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis p. 372 Aversive Emotional Arousal p. 374 Social Learning and Aggression p. 375 Characteristics of Targets that Influence Aggression p. 376 Gender and Race p. 376 Attribution of Intention p. 377 Retaliatory Capacity p. 379 Situational Impacts on Aggression p. 379 Potential Rewards p. 379 Modeling p. 380 Norms p. 381 Stress p. 382 Aggressive Cues p. 383 Reducing Aggressive Behavior p. 384 Reducing Frustration p. 384 Punishment p. 385 Nonaggressive Models p. 385 Catharsis p. 385 Aggression in Society p. 386 Sexual Assault p. 386 Pornography and Violence p. 390 Media Violence and Aggression p. 392 Summary p. 395 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 396 Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Scientific Research to Policy Decisions p. 396 Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships p. 399 Introduction p. 400 Who Is Available? p. 400 Routine Activities p. 401 Proximity p. 401 Familiarity p. 403 Who Is Desirable? p. 404 Social Norms p. 404 Physical Attractiveness p. 405 Exchange Processes p. 408 The Determinants of Liking p. 412 Similarity p. 412 Shared Activities p. 414 Reciprocal Liking p. 415

8 The Growth of Relationships p. 416 Self-Disclosure p. 416 Trust p. 419 Interdependence p. 421 Love and Loving p. 422 Liking versus Loving p. 422 Passionate Love p. 423 The Romantic Love Ideal p. 424 Love as a Story p. 426 Breaking Up p. 428 Progress? Chaos? p. 428 Unequal Outcomes and Instability p. 428 Differential Commitment and Dissolution p. 430 Responses to Dissatisfaction p. 432 Summary p. 434 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 436 Critical Thinking Skill: (Relationship) Decision Making and Problem Solving p. 436 Understanding Groups p. 439 Introduction p. 440 What Is a Group? p. 440 Group Cohesion p. 441 The Nature of Group Cohesion p. 442 Sources and Consequences of Cohesion p. 443 Group Goals p. 444 Group Goals and Individual Goals p. 445 Group Norms p. 445 Functions of Norms p. 445 Conformity and Influence p. 446 Increasing Conformity p. 450 Intergroup Conflict p. 452 Effects of Intergroup Conflict on Within-Group Processes p. 453 Sources of Intergroup Conflict p. 454 Realistic Group Conflict p. 455 Social Identity p. 456 Aversive Events p. 457 Persistence of Intergroup Conflict p. 458 Out-Group Homogeneity p. 458 Group Stereotypes and Images p. 458 Ultimate Attribution Error p. 459 Blased Evaluation of Group Preferences p. 459 Resolving Intergroup Conflict p. 460

9 Superordinate Goals p. 460 Intergroup Contact p. 461 Summary p. 464 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 466 Critical Thinking Skill: Promoting Higher Order Cognitive Skills p. 466 Group Processes p. 469 Introduction p. 470 The Systematic Study of Groups p. 471 Status and Expectations p. 474 Status Characteristics p. 475 Status Generalization p. 476 Overcoming Status Generalization p. 479 Status Construction and Status Value p. 480 Group Decision Making p. 481 Groupthink p. 481 Risky Shift, Cautious Shift, and Group Polarization p. 484 Social Exchange p. 485 Power and Dependence p. 486 Commitment and Trust p. 488 Forms of Exchange p. 489 Contemporary Exchange Theories p. 490 Equity and Justice p. 490 Distributive Justice Principles p. 491 Responses to Inequity p. 494 Procedural Justice p. 495 Summary p. 496 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 497 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding Theory as a Bridge p. 498 Social Structure and Personality p. 501 Introduction p. 502 Status Attainment p. 503 Occupational Status p. 503 Intergenerational Mobility p. 504 Individual Values p. 512 Occupational Role p. 514 Education p. 515 Social Influences on Health p. 516 Physical Health p. 516 Mental Health p. 522 Alienation p. 533 Self-Estrangement p. 533

10 Powerlessness p. 535 Summary p. 537 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 538 Critical Thinking Skill: Thinking as Hypothesis Testing p. 538 Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction p. 541 Introduction p. 542 The Violation of Norms p. 542 Norms p. 543 Anomie Theory p. 543 Control Theory p. 547 Differential Association Theory p. 550 Routine Activities Perspective p. 552 Reactions to Norm Violations p. 555 Reactions to Rule Breaking p. 556 Determinants of the Reaction p. 557 Consequences of Labeling p. 560 Labeling and Secondary Deviance p. 561 Societal Reaction p. 562 Secondary Deviance p. 564 Formal Social Controls p. 565 Formal Labeling and the Creation of Deviance p. 566 Long-Term Effects of Formal Labeling p. 573 Summary p. 575 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 576 Critical Thinking Skill: Applying Stigmatizing Labels Critically p. 577 Collective Behavior and Social Movements p. 579 Introduction p. 580 Collective Behavior p. 581 Crowds p. 581 Gatherings p. 587 Underlying Causes of Collective Behavior p. 589 Precipitating Incidents p. 593 Empirical Studies of Riots p. 593 Social Movements p. 599 Preconditions p. 599 Ideology and Framing p. 600 Recruitment p. 601 Mobilization p. 603 Conservative Movements in the United States p. 604 Summary p. 608 List of Key Terms and Concepts p. 608

11 Critical Thinking Skill: Understanding the Difference Between Anecdotal and Scientific Evidence p. 608 Glossary p. 611 References p. 625 Index p. 703 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.