Homework Answers. 1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design
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1 Homework Answers 2. Ordinal, Interval, Ratio 4. False. You can calculate meaningful differences. 6. False. Data at the ratio level can be put in order. Sep 7 1:51 PM 1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design Sep 4 1:25 PM 1
2 Four Methods of Data Collection Do an observational study Perform an experiment Use a simulation Use a survey Sep 7 1:57 PM Data collection Several ways to collect data: Do an observational study: a researcher observes and measures characteristics of interest of part of a population but does not change existing conditions. Perform an experiment: a treatment is applied to part of a population and responses are observed. A control group does not receive the treatment. The responses of the treatment group and control group can then be compared and studied. Sep 7 7:48 PM 2
3 Data Collection Cont'd... Use a simulation: the use of a mathematical or physical model to reproduce the conditions of a situation or process. Use a survey: an investigation of one or more characteristics of a population. In designing a survey, it is important to work the questions so that they do not lead to biased results, which are not representative of a population. Sep 7 7:50 PM Consider the following statistical studies. Which method of data collection would you use to collect data for each study and why? A study of the effect of exercise on relieving depression A study of the success of graduates of a large university in finding a job within one year of graduation Sep 7 7:49 PM 3
4 Designing a Statistical Study Guidelines *Identify the variable(s) of interest (the focus) and the population of the study. *Develop a detailed plan for collecting data. If you use a sample, make sure the sample is representative of the population. *Collect the data. *Describe the data, using descriptive statistics techniques. *Interpret the data and make decisions about the population using inferential statistics. *Identify any possible errors. Sep 7 7:56 PM Consider a statistical study of the effect of exercise on relieving depression. 1. Identify the focus of the study effect of exercise on relieving depression 2. Identify the population of the study collection of all people with depression 3. Choose an appropriate method of data collection experiment Sep 7 7:53 PM 4
5 Experimental Design *Three key elements of a well designed experiment are control, randomization, and replication. Confounding Variable occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on a variable. For example: To attract more customers, a coffee shop owner experiments by remodeling her shop using bright colors. At the same time, a shopping mall nearby has its grand opening. If business at the coffee shop increases, it cannot be determined whether it is because of the new colors or the new shopping mall. The effects of the colors and the shopping mall have been confounded. Sep 7 7:56 PM Blinding is a technique where the subjects do not know whether they are receiving a treatment or a placebo. In a double blind experiment, neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are receiving a treatment or a placebo. The experimenter is informed after all the data have been collected. This type of experimental design is preferred by researchers. Sep 7 7:57 PM 5
6 Randomization is a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups. In a completely randomized design, subjects are assigned to different treatment groups through random selection. In some experiments, it may be necessary for the experimenter to use blocks, which are groups of subjects with similar characteristics. A commonly used experimental design is a randomized block design. Sep 7 8:00 PM Another type of experimental design is a matched pairs design, where subjects are paired up according to a similarity. One subject in the pair is randomly selected to receive one treatment while the other subject receives a different treatment. *For instance, two subjects may be paired up because of their age, geographical location, or a particular physical characteristic. Sep 7 8:02 PM 6
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