Personality development in juvenile delinquents. Klaus Schmeck

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Personality development in juvenile delinquents Eindhoven, 20.04.

1 Personality development in juvenile delinquents Eindhoven, Klaus Schmeck Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital Psychiatric University Hospitals Basel / Switzerland

2 Personality development Personality is codetermined by genetic and constitutional dispositions, on the one hand, and interaction of the individual with environmental, particularly psychosocial, features in the course of psychological development, on the other. (Kernberg, 2016) Personality development is a transactional process. Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel April

3 Person-Environment-Transactions (Schneewind, 2005) Reactive Person-Environment-Transactions different individuals react differently to the same environment (e.g. attributional bias of conduct disordered children) Evocative Person-Environment-Transactions specific personality traits or behaviours evoke certain reactions in other people (e.g. parental reaction towards children with difficult temperament) Proactive Person-Environment-Transactions individuals choose their environment and have an impact on it (e.g. choice of friends, partner, profession, leisure activities etc.) Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel April

4 Cloninger s biopsychosocial model of personality Personality Temperament automatic emotional reactions (activation, inhibition and maintenance of behavior), style of behavior (Neuro-) biologically based, stable dispositions, heterotype continuity modulated by character development basis of personality... Character Self concepts, goals and values, that influence the ability to adapt to oneself and the social environment continuos development by sociocultural learning is based on temperament... what is made out of it

5 Cloninger s biopsychosocial model of personality Four Temperament Dimensions Novelty Seeking Exploratory Excitability, Impulsiveness, Extravagance, Disorderliness Three Character Dimensions Self Directedness Responsibility, Purposefulness, Resourcefulness, Self-Acceptance Harm Avoidance Fear of uncertainty, Anticipatory worry, Shyness, Fatigability Cooperativeness Social acceptance, Empathy, Helpfulness, Compassion, Pure-hearted Conscience Reward Dependence Sensitivity, Openness to warm communication, Attachment, Dependence Self-Transcendence Self-forgetful, Transpersonal Identification, Spiritual Acceptance Persistence Eagerness of effort, Ambitious, Perfectionist

6 Cloninger s concept of personality development influence of temperament on character development ( - = decrease / + = increase of mature character development) NS high HA high RD high P high mature character development SD high CO high education / psychosocial influences Self Directedness Responsibility Purposefulness Resourcefulness Self-Acceptance Cooperativeness Social acceptance Empathy Helpfulness Compassion Conscience

7 mean of SD_T Influence of temperament on character development School Sample 350 boys, 356 girls reward dep low low persistence medium high medium high novelty seeking low 37 medium 30 low medium high high harm avoidance Schmeck (2001)

8 Mittelwert SL_T Mittelwert SV_T Personality and psychosocial adversity 60,0 Novelty Seeking 60,0 Harm Avoidance 59,1 55,0 55,0 52,3 53,6 52,0 53,2 53,0 50,0 50,0 48,8 45,0 45,7 45,0 40,0, >8 40,0, >8 AchseV-Lifetime-Bel astung AchseV-Lifetime-Bel astung 60,0 55,0 Self-Directedness 50,0 50,6 48,7 45,0 45,4 40,0 38,3 35,0, >8 AchseV-Lifetime-Bel astung

9 Correlations of JTCI personality dimensions with SDQ Emotional Problems (internalizing) JTCI JTCI JTCI Behaviour Problems (externalizing) JTCI JTCI JTCI Total Problem Score JTCI 3-6 JTCI 7-11 JTCI NS HA RD P SD CO ST NS = novelty seeking, HA = harm avoidance, RD = reward dependence, P = persistence, SD = self directedness, CO = cooperativeness, ST = self transcendence JTCI 3-6 (n=124) JTCI 7-11 (n=105) und JTCI R (n=115) Goth et al. (2009)

10 Temperament and the development of externalizing disorders Low social responsiveness externalizing disorders Strong behavioral activation Impaired acceptance of societal norms and rules decreased behavioral control

11 Mittelwert Level of aggressive and delinquent behavior (YSR) by Novelty Seeking (NS) and Reward Dependence (RD) nvba nvba NVBA NVba ns RD ns rd NS RD NS rd Delinquent behavior Dissozialität Aggressive behavior Ag gressivität p<.001 Schmeck (2001)

12 Samples and study-instruments Samples: Community sample (N = 840, 12-18y.; 480 boys, 360 girls) MAZ-project in Swiss juvenile justice institutions (N = 592; 402 boys, 190 girls) Instruments: Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) Self report Questionnaire (50 Items to assess the three factor model of psychopathy) Self reported delinquency (Boers & Reinecke, 2007)

13 YPI to assess psychopathy in adolescents (Andershed et al. 2002; German version Schmeck et al. 2005) Dishonest Charm Grandiosity Lying Interpersonal (grandiose, manipulative) Manipulation Remorselessness Unemotionality Callousness Affective (callous, unemotional) Impulsiveness Thrill-Seeking Irresponsibility Behavioral (impulsive, irresponsible)

14 Description of the samples Institutions, gender, age, country of birth Residential care N=592 School N=894 Data collection Institutions Male 402 (67.9%) 508 (56.8%) Female 190 (32.1%) 386 (43.2%) Age range Mean age (SD) 15.9 (3.0) 17.6 (1.7) Born in Switzerland 484 (81.8%) 763 (85.3%) Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel

15 YPI and Delinquency in Males Mean ** ** ** ** P < 0,01 = ** P < 0,05 = * N = no offence (n=21) 7.5 low-level offence (n=24) moderate offence (n=25) severe offence l.v. (n=76) 5 severe offence h.v. (n=76) Interpersonal Affective Behavioral Total Score

16 YPI and Delinquency in Females Mean ** ** ** P < 0,01 = ** P < 0,05 = * Interpersonal Affective Behavioral Total Score no offence (n=11) low-level offence (n=13) moderate offence (n=19) severe offence l.v. (n=24) severe offence h.v. (n=11)

17 YPI Callous-Unemotional Dimension Distribution 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Residential care (N=519) School (N=888)2 Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel

18 Lennox & Dolan (2014). Temperament and character and psychopathy in male conduct disordered offenders. Psychiatry Res. 215(3): incarcerated juvenile male offenders who met the criteria for conduct disorder in the absence of current psychiatric disorder PCL: YV total score was positively correlated with Novelty Seeking but negatively correlated with Cooperativeness and Harm Avoidance. Examination of the PCL: YV facets indicated a significant negative correlation between Harm Avoidance and PCL: YV Interpersonal and PCL: YV Antisocial; and Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness and PCL: YV Lifestyle/Behavioral. Relationships were primarily with lifestyle/behavioral and antisocial facets of psychopathy. TCI profile resembles that seen in adult offenders and has implications for treatment as low cooperativeness and reward dependency are likely to be key responsivity factors that need to be addressed in treatment planning.

19 Basoglu et al. (2011).Temperament traits and psychopathy in a group of patients with antisocial personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 52(6): In comparison to a control group (N=65) showed ASPD patients (N=68): significantly higher psychopathy scores (PCL) significantly higher TCI Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance scores, significantly lower TCI Reward Dependence, Persistence, Self- Directedness, and Cooperativeness scores.

20 Kerr et al. (2012). Psychopathic traits moderate peer influence on adolescent delinquency. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53(8): Research question: Do psychopathic traits moderate peer influence on delinquency? Moderation in two ways: 1) psychopathic traits of targets (those being influenced) could make targets more or less easily influenced by peers (those exerting influence) 2) peers psychopathic traits could make peers more or less influential. peer network approach with five waves of longitudinal data from 847 adolescents in one community Targets' and peers' callous-unemotional and grandiose-manipulative traits uniquely moderated peer influence on delinquency: 1) targets who were high on these traits were less influenced by peers' delinquency 2) peers who were high on these traits were more influential on targets' delinquency.

21 Mann et al. (2015). Person Environment Interactions on Adolescent Delinquency: Sensation Seeking, Peer Deviance and Parental Monitoring Pers Individ Dif. 76:

23 Psychobiological foundation of personality (Roth & Strüber, 2014) FOUR LEVELS OF PERSONALITY Cortex / Hippocampus left assoc. Neocortex, Broca - Wernicke COGNITIVE-COMMUNICATIVE SELF intellect, intelligence, problem solving working memory, structuring of information personal goals, planned action upper limbic level OFC, vmpfc, ACC, Insula INDIVIDUAL-SOCIAL SELF emotional / social experiences moral, ethics, normative values unconscious personality components early childhood middle limbic level NAcc, VTA, basal ganglia, basolateral Amygdala emotional conditioning reward and motivation systems middle + late childhood adolescence lower limbic level Brainstem, Hypothalamus, PEG, central Amygdala inborn / prenatal Temperament basic affective reactivity 23

24 Personality Development, a transactional process Genetic Predisposition + Pre- / perinatal influences Postnatal influences / Nutrition, Diseases, Accidents etc. Developmental Tasks Gene-Environm.-Interaction Neurobiological / Psychological STRUCTURE Temperament Cognitive Capacity Character Object Relations Moral Values Identity early relationship experiences emotional conditioning Influences of psychosocial environment / Life Events Interpersonal Relationships PERSONALITY

25 Summary Personality development has to be understood as a transactional process, i.e. a constant exchange between constitutional factors and environment the individual plays an active role in these processes. Personality and juvenile delinquency personality traits like callous-unemotional or grandiose-manipulative traits, high novelty seeking or low reward dependence - are risk factors for the development of antisocial behavior - serve as moderators for environmental influences on juvenile delinquency Positive parental influences substantially decrease the risk of peer influence on delinquent development April 2017

26 Person-Environment-Transactions (Schneewind, 2005) Reactive Person-Environment-Transactions different personalities react differently to the same environment (= Multifinality) Evocative Person-Environment-Transactions specific personality traits or behaviours evoke certain reactions in other people Proactive Person-Environment-Transactions individuals high in psychopathic traits have a stronger impact on peers Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel April

27 Thank you for your attention! Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel April

28 Nilsson et al. (2015). Genotypes Do Not Confer Risk For Delinquency but Rather Alter Susceptibility to Positive and Negative Environmental Factors: Gene-Environment Interactions of BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA-uVNTR. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015:1 10 In 2006, as part of the Survey of Adolescent Life in Västmanland, Sweden, high-school students, aged years, anonymously completed questionnaires and provided saliva samples for DNA analyses. Results: the two genotype combinations that differed the most in expression levels (BDNF Val66Met Val, 5-HTTLPR LL, MAOA-uVNTR LL [girls] and L [boys] vs BDNF Val66Met Val/Met, 5-HTTLPR S/LS, MAOAuVNTR S/SS/LS) in interaction with family conflict and sexual abuse were associated with the highest delinquency scores. The genetic variants previously shown to confer vulnerability for delinquency (BDNF Val66Met Val/Met 5-HTTLPR S MAOA-uVNTR S) were associated with the lowest delinquency scores in interaction with a positive child-parent relationship. Conclusions: Functional variants of the MAOA-uVNTR, 5-HTTLPR, and BDNF Val66Met, either alone or in interaction with each other, may be best conceptualized as modifying sensitivity to environmental factors that confer either risk or protection for teenage delinquency.

29 Nilsson et al. (2015). Genotypes Do Not Confer Risk For Delinquency but Rather Alter Susceptibility to Positive and Negative Environmental Factors: Gene-Environment Interactions of BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA-uVNTR. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015:1 10

30 Nilsson et al. (2015). Genotypes Do Not Confer Risk For Delinquency but Rather Alter Susceptibility to Positive and Negative Environmental Factors: Gene-Environment Interactions of BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA-uVNTR. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015:1 10

31 Aghajani et al. (2016). Dissociable Relations Between Amygdala Subregional Networks and Psychopathy Trait Dimensions in Conduct-Disordered Juvenile Offenders. Human Brain Mapping 37:

The reasons of overextended studies: Relationship between temperament, character and procrastination

Ŕ periodica polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 18/2 (2010) 51 61 doi: 10.3311/pp.so.2010-2.01 web: http:// www.pp.bme.hu/ so c Periodica Polytechnica 2010 The reasons of overextended studies: