Foundations of Cognitive Therapy. Theoretical Methods and Practical Applications

Transcription

1 Foundations of Cognitive Therapy Theoretical Methods and Practical Applications

2 Foundations of Cognitive Therapy Theoretical Methods and Practical Applications Edited by Nicolas Hoffmann The Free University of Berlin Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany Translated from German by Elizabeth Lachman Plenum Press New York and London

3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Grundlagen kognitiver Therapie. English. Foundations of cognitive therapy. Translation of: Grundlagen kognitiver Therapie. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Cognitive therapy. I. Hoffmann, Nicolas. II. Title. RC489.C63G '14 ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / The present edition is a translation of Grundlagen kognitiver Therapie. originally published by Hans Huber Verlag, Bern and Zurich 1984 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1984 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

4 Contributors Aaron T. Beck, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Peter A. Fiedler, Psychologisches Institut, Abteilung fur Klinische Psychologie, West. Wilhelms Universitiit, D-44 Munster, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Michael Frese, Technische Universitiit Berlin, Gesellschaftswissenschaften, D-I Berlin 10, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ruth L. Greenberg, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nicolas Hoffmann, Institut fur Psychologie, Freie Universitiit Berlin, D-I Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ferdinand Konig, Institut fur Psychologie, Freie Universitiit Berlin, D-I Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Evelyn Krautzig, Institut fur Psychologie, Freie Universitiit Berlin, D-I Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Michael Linden, Delbruckstrasse 13 17, D-I Berlin 33, Bundesrepublik Deutschland JOrgen Otto, Institutfur Psychologie, Freie Universitiit Berlin, D-I Berlin 41, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Thomas Bernhard Seiler, Technische Hochschule, Hochschulstrasse I, D-61 Darmstadt, Bundesrepublik Deutschland Norbert Semmer, Bullowstrasse 90, D-J Berlin 30, Bundesrepublik Deutschland v

5 Preface Cognitive therapy is one of the newest and most promising developments in the psychotherapeutic field. Following the basic proposals of Beck, Ellis, and Frankl, an increasing amount of work is being done which shows a strong interest by behavior therapists in cognitive strategies. An increasing number of outcome studies show that cognitive methods are effective in many disorders, and it can be predicted that they will have a growing part to play in the practice of psychological therapies. In spite of this, the development is only in its beginnings. Especially from a theoretical standpoint, many of the proposed techniques lack a sufficient foundation, and the implications of important results from different areas of psychology for providing a theoretical basis for cognitive intervention have not yet been sufficiently recognized. To investigate these developments is the main purpose of this book. The intention of the authors is not to give a summary of the present status of cognitive therapy but to try to show its possibilities for future development. A number of areas of psychological research have been selected as being the most important for future development of cognitive therapeutic techniques: the genetic theory of Piaget, the investigations of attitude theory, attribution theory, and psychological action theory, and the psychology of problem-solving. After a description of the latest developments in these areas, the authors attempt to extract the theoretical implications for cognitive therapy and, on this basis, to make a few initial proposals for practice. As the most finely elaborated form of cognitive therapy, and the one with the firmest theoretical foundations, the approach of Beck could not have been omitted. Beck and Greenberg give a description of the therapy of depression, which, thus far, constitutes the area most extensively encountered in practice. The chapter by Fiedler also has a more practical orientation; he shows the impact of cognitive elements on behavior therapy. In the final chapter, Krautzig and Linden warn that the increased vii

6 viii PREFACE usage of cognitive terminology may lead, if the terms are used imprecisely, to the loss of their meaning. Many aspects of these various themes could not be discussed as extensively as they deserve; but the authors hope to provide some useful suggestions and to help clarify certain problems. NICOLAS HOFFMANN

7 Contents Chapter 1 Cognitive Therapy: Introduction to the Subject... 1 Nicolas Hoffmann 1. Definitions Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy as a Result of a Turnabout from Psychoanalysis Cognitive Therapy as a Development within Behavior Therapy The Common Elements of Cognitive Therapies The Present Theoretical Status of Cognitive Therapy... 7 References Chapter 2 Developmental Cognitive Theory, Personality, and Therapy Thomas Bernhard Seiler 1. Principles of a Genetic Theory of Cognition Cognitive Structures Cognition and Meaning-Functions of Cognitive Structures The Memory Function of Cognitive Structures The "Systems" Aspect of Cognitive Structures The Dynamic Character of Cognitive Structures The Generality and Specificity of Cognitive Structures The Genesis and Development of Cognitive Structures Social Conditions in the Development of Cognitive Structures Personality and Personality Disorders from the Viewpoint of the Theory of Cognition ix

8 x CONTENTS 2.1. Personality Explanations of Personality Disorders by Cognitive Theories Therapy Based on Cognitive Theory General Theoretical Principles and Considerations General Guidelines for Therapeutic Management Cognitive-Theory Interpretations of Behavior Therapy Techniques References Chapter 3 Attitude Change and Cognitive Therapy Nicolas Hoffmann 1. Introduction Attitude and Behavior The Concept of Attitude Attitudes and Behavior: Empirical Evidence The Connection between Attitudes and Behavior Attitudes and Problem Behavior Attitude Change and Cognitive Therapy Strategies for Changing Beliefs, Attitudes, and Intentions Changes through Verbal Communication Changes Based on Active Participation References Chapter 4 The Problem of Attribution and Cognitive Therapy J iirgen Otto 1. Introduction Classical Theories of Attribution: General Introduction and Comparison of the Theories Heider's Naive Phenomenology (1958) Jones and Davis: Correspondence Theory (1965) Kelley: Attribution Theory (1967, 1973) Aspects of the More Recent Attribution Research Relevant to Clinical Practice

9 CONTENTS xi 4. Attribution Therapy Summary and Critique References Chapter 5 Implications of Action Theory for Cognitive Therapy Norbert Semmer and Michael Frese 1. Introduction Cognition versus Reinforcement: Is There a Noncognitive Therapy? Cognition and Emotion Cognition and Behavior I: Cognitive Factors in the Regulation of Behavior Cognition and Behavior II: Mechanisms of Cognitive Action Regulation The Sequential Organization of Action The Hierarchical Organization of Action The Levels of Regulation Criteria of Effective Action III 6. Implications of an Action-Theory Approach General Therapeutic Rules Derived from Action Theory A Taxonomy of Behavioral Disorders in the Context of Action Theory Conclusion References Chapter 6 Problem Solving and Cognitive Therapy Ferdinand Konig 1. Introduction Problem-Solving Skills as the Therapeutic Goal Problems and Their Classification Cognitive Structures and Cognitive Operations Heuristic Procedures in Problem Solving Approaches for the Enhancement of Competence in Problem Solving Problem Solving in Cognitive Therapy

10 xii CONTENTS 8. Problem Solving under the Conditions of Therapy References Chapter 7 Cognitive Therapy in the Treatment of Depression Aaron T. Beck and Ruth L. Greenberg 1. Overview The Cognitive Model of Depression The Development of Depression The Cognitive Model of Depression: Empirical Investigations...' Cognitive Therapy of Depression Behavioral Techniques Cognitive Strategies References Chapter 8 The Applicability of Cognitive Components of Behavior in Diagnosis and Therapy: Practical Approaches for a Cognitive Theory Peter A. Fiedler 1. Therapy as a Cognitive-Social Problem-Solving Process Diagnostic Applicability of Cognitive Components of Behavior Problem Description: Data Investigation and Organization Analysis of Conditions: Systematization and Evaluation Determination and Analysis of Goals Basic Plans for Change Inducing and Evaluating Behavior Therapeutic Applicability of Cognitive Components of Behavior Therapeutic Dialogue: Necessary Framework for a Cognitively Oriented Therapy Therapeutic Strategies to Modify Cognitive Determinants of Behavior Therapeutic Transfer Final Remarks References

11 CONTENTS xiii Chapter 9 The Problem of the Use of Cognitive Constructs and Cognitive Terminology: A Critical Analysis Exemplified by the Construct of 'Learned Helplessness' Evelyn Krautzig and Michael Linden 1. The Definition of Cognition The Use of Cognitive Concepts in the Paradigm of Helplessness The Use of Cognitive Concepts References Author Index Subject Index