Between Micro and Macro: Individual and Social Structure, Content and Form in Georg Simmel
|
|
- Theodora Lyons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Michela Bowman Amy LeClair Michelle Lynn Robert Weide Classical Sociological Theory November 11, 2003 Between Micro and Macro: Individual and Social Structure, Content and Form in Georg Simmel Through exposition of his own philosophy, as well as comparisons to other historical periods and other disciplinary examples, Simmel aims to show the great difference between the forms of social life, which are stagnant and permanent, and the content of life itself, which is dynamic and fleeting. This difference between form and content is manifest in interpersonal relationships, within an individual life, and in the social production of culture. For Simmel, this difference is not simply a fact to be noticed; it is the great contradiction of life itself. Furthermore, he argues that the time in which he is writing represents the zenith of the struggle of the dynamism of life to overtake and destroy not only the current forms themselves, but indeed the very idea of forms. He tries to show that while this struggle has been present throughout history, in other times it was mitigated by the presence of shared ideals. In his time, however, this lack of shared ideals leaves a vacuum which allows life to come closer to consuming and discarding the form as such. Simmel s discussion of the interaction between the individual and society focuses primarily on the role of the individual. Simply put, society results from the interaction of individuals, or, in Simmel s words, Societal unification needs no factors outside its own component elements, the individuals (7). Not only does society develop from the interaction of individuals, however; so, too, does the
2 individual develop from his interaction with society: at any given moment, we consist of interactions with others. We are thus comparable to a physical body which consists merely of the sum of numerous impressions and does not have its own existence (17). Indeed, there is a relationship between the individual and society such as between two parties. Simmel employs his concept of sociation in this discussion. Sociation might be best understood as the symbiotic nature of society: Sociation is the form (realized in innumerably different ways) in which individuals grow together into a unity and within which their interests are realized (24). The individual and society are interdependent and cannot properly function without one another. Simmel s discussions of exchange and conflict provide helpful expositions of his conceptual framework applied to actual manifestations of the relationship between individuals and social structures, content and form. In his discussion of exchange, he describes value as distinct from economic value. Value, he says, is a universal substance, suggesting it has meaning or content which exists in itself, without need of reference to anything else. By contrast, the meaning of economic value arises from the form of exchange the context or social structure which characterizes a form of human interaction. So, he explains, the economic value of an object is determined by the exchange of that object for another. Its value is determined not intrinsically, but by its worth to another individual and by the sacrifice an individual feels in giving it up. Throughout his discussion of exchange, Simmel locates the meaning of different kinds of human exchange, what seem to be social forms in his theoretical framework, in their relationship to the content which individuals bring to exchange. He refers to individual desires, preferences, emotions, and needs in a manner that
3 suggests an understanding of these things as primal, intrinsic, and at some level spontaneous. The meaning of the content, the drive, perhaps, that the individual brings to a social interaction, is then transformed in the interaction, the exchange in this case, which gives new meaning to whatever prior content the individual brought to it. Conflict, according to Simmel, is a form of sociation, which exists only in human interaction, but which contains both content brought to it by individuals (their hatred, envy, needs and desires) and meaning gained from the social phenomenon itself. His discussion of conflict introduces further complexity to his understanding of social relationships. He says we ought to distinguish between, those relations which constitute a unit, that is, social relations in the strict sense, from those which counteract unity. He adds, though, that both relations can usually be found in every historically real situation. This suggests that his concept of social forms is not merely that they give structure and meaning to individual drives and needs, but that they have more or less socializing and unifying effects, and that the extent to which this is true is a matter of concern. He argues that conflict can have an integrative effect on a group, and not merely serve to counteract unity. Simmel also writes explicitly about the effects of group characteristics on individuals. He states that the expansion of group circles increases the degree of individuality in society. (252) He points out that individuality is affected by different circles of social interaction. In smaller social circles, such as the family, any one member s individuality is tightly constrained by the limits of variation within the small circle. In larger societal circles, the higher degree of variation within the circle allow the individual within it to have a wider range of choices in determining their
4 own individuality, thereby resulting in a higher degree of heterogeneity among individuals within the circle. (257) Simmel states: the larger circle encourages individual freedom, the smaller one restricts it (269). Conversely, the individuality of the group is diminished when the social circle expands. Those narrow traits possessed by members that comprise the individuality of small social circles are diminished and no longer shared by members when a larger social circle provides a higher degree of differentiation among individuals. That is the traits that make members a part of the small social circle are dropped in favor of other traits that better suit the personality of each individual, thereby severing the bonds that hold them together (259). Simmel generalizes that although social life consists of many overlapping circles of different sizes, individuals will exhibit the greatest attachment to the smallest and the largest of these circles, and a lesser attachment to the intermediary circles that connect the two extremes (267). Individuals are generally likely to sacrifice for family and country, but not so likely say, for municipality. They focus more on the widest and narrowest circles and less on the intermediate ones. Simmel s analysis of the political sphere supports his generalization in this regard. He points out that nations tend to discourage intermediary associations so that the attention of individuals will be directed toward the state level rather than to intermediary circles such as guilds or other non-governmental associations (277-80). The wider social circle that encompasses all of society provides the individual a greater opportunity than intermediary social circles to discover that, which matches his own unique personality and provides him with the greatest opportunity to express his individuality. For this reason, individuals will favor the widest social circle as a point of focus rather than intermediate ones.
5 Simmel s work provides an interesting comparison to Durkheim. As in Durkheim s theory of organic solidarity, the whole cannot function without any one part. Also like Durkheim, Simmel believes that there is a basic underlying commonality of beliefs which makes society possible. Society may be conceived as a purely objective system of content and actions, connected by space, time, concepts, and values (19). Making an argument that parallels Durkheim s theory of solidarity, Simmel argues, A given number of individuals may be a society to a greater or a smaller degree (27). While intuitively this makes sense, it contains the same flaw as Durkheim s theory as well namely, the inability to be tested. Simmel gives us no measures for gauging the degree of society-ness of a group of individuals. Despite these similarities, Simmel s ideas about the role of forms in social life could be understood as contradictory to Durkheim s, since Simmel, unlike Durkheim, does not seem to privilege any aspect of the whole over the parts. Rather, Simmel suggests that there is something about the greatness of society which is transmuted to the individual; the individual is something because he or she is a social being. In Durkheim s theories, the social form was the social fact, worthy of study and attention in its own right; social facts were the stuff of life, and they were, by definition, permanent. Simmel s theory does not dismiss social facts (or social forms) as unimportant in the study of society, but it does contend that these forms are, on the one hand, rigid and permanent and, on the other hand, in danger of being destroyed by the forces of life. While this contradiction in Simmel s theory seems apparent, he states that he specifically does not want to resolve the complexities and questions that his theory raises. In discussing Simmel s work, it might be appropriate to invoke the painfully tedious discussion of structure versus agency. Indeed, Simmel tends to neglect a
6 discussion of social structure in order to privilege the actions of individuals. Does this weaken his theory?
Durkheim. Durkheim s fundamental task in Rules of the Sociological Method is to lay out
Michelle Lynn Tey Meadow Jane Jones Deirdre O Sullivan Durkheim Durkheim s fundamental task in Rules of the Sociological Method is to lay out the basic disciplinary structure of sociology. He begins by
More informationThe four chapters in Part I set the stage. Chapter 1 moves from the implicit common sense theories of everyday life to explicit theories that are
Preface This volume is designed as a basic text for upper level and graduate courses in contemporary sociological theory. Most sociology programs require their majors to take at least one course in sociological
More informationsociety. The social perspective is a way of looking at society. It sees society as something over and above the very people who are in that society.
What is sociology? The systematic study of human society. What is the sociological perspective? The social perspective is a way of looking at society. It sees society as something over and above the very
More informationThe Sociological Point of View. Chapter 1
The Sociological Point of View Chapter 1 Examining Social Life Section 1 Sociologists like to study what makes people similar and what makes them different. SOCIOLOGY the science that studies human society
More informationMartha C. Nussbaum Creating Capabilities. The Human Development Approach Cambrigde Mass.-London, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011
Martha C. Nussbaum Creating Capabilities. The Human Development Approach Cambrigde Mass.-London, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011 Sergio Filippo Magni 1. Creating Capabilities is conceived
More informationPRESENTATION OF SOCIOLOGY FUNCTIONALISM
PRESENTATION OF SOCIOLOGY FUNCTIONALISM Contents Meaning Notable Persons Features Importance Criticism A related Video Functionalism Meaning of Function Function refers to the act of working mechanism
More informationThe Standard Theory of Conscious Perception
The Standard Theory of Conscious Perception C. D. Jennings Department of Philosophy Boston University Pacific APA 2012 Outline 1 Introduction Motivation Background 2 Setting up the Problem Working Definitions
More informationThinkers on Education -Carl Ransom Rogers ( )
Thinkers on Education -Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) Best known for his contribution to client-centered therapy and his role in the development of counseling, Rogers also had much to say about education
More informationSOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology
SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 5 Major Perspectives in Sociology Lecturer: Dr. Samson Obed Appiah, Dept. of Sociology Contact Information: soappiah@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of
More informationThe Structure of Desire and Recognition: Self-Consciousness and Self-Constitution
The Structure of Desire and Recognition: Self-Consciousness and Self-Constitution Bob Brandom I. The Historicity of Essentially Self-Conscious Creatures 1. Definition: A creature is essentially self-conscious
More informationTHE EIGHTEEN MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES
THE EIGHTEEN MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES GOAL AND ACTION MANAGEMENT CLUSTER Efficiency Orientation Proactivity Concern with Impact a. Sets goals or deadlines for accomplishing tasks which are challenging but
More informationHumanism. Chapter 13. Abraham Maslow
Humanism Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Big Ideas Abraham Maslow Human Needs: A Hierarchical Theory D-needs B-Needs Hierarchy of Needs Drive to become self-actualized and to fulfill potentials Self-actualization
More informationINTRODUCTION TO SYMBOLIC INTERACTION: GEORGE HERBERT MEAD PART ONE: THEORETICAL APPROACH OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
WEEK TWO Mon Sept 21, 2009 Tues Sept 22, 2009 INTRODUCTION TO SYMBOLIC INTERACTION: GEORGE HERBERT MEAD LECTURE OUTLINE PART ONE: THEORETICAL APPROACH OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM 1. Pragmatism as a Theoretical
More informationIs integrated information theory viable as a theory of consciousness? George Deane
Is integrated information theory viable as a theory of consciousness? George Deane Reasonable Scope We want a theory of consciousness to have reasonable scope. A theory of consciousness that is too inclusive
More informationTHEORIES OF PERSONALITY II
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY II THEORIES OF PERSONALITY II Learning Theory SESSION 8 2014 [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.
More informationFurther Properties of the Priority Rule
Further Properties of the Priority Rule Michael Strevens Draft of July 2003 Abstract In Strevens (2003), I showed that science s priority system for distributing credit promotes an allocation of labor
More informationThe Sociological Perspective
The Sociological Perspective The Sociological perspective is illustrated through considering causes of suicide Suicide often regarded as a supremely antisocial and non-social act Yet there are hidden social
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY THEORY 5. DIFFERENTIATION OF SELF
FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY THEORY 5. DIFFERENTIATION OF SELF 5.1. Introduction of Concept The first concept is Differentiation of Self, or the ability to separate feelings and thoughts. Undifferentiated people
More information2. Americans now insist much more strongly that jobs become more impersonal. True False
Chapters 5 & 17 Quiz Name Values and Ethics True or False: 1. Values and attitude are essentially the same concept. 2. Americans now insist much more strongly that jobs become more impersonal. 3. One could
More informationSystems Theory: Should Information Researchers Even Care?
Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) SAIS 2016 Proceedings Southern (SAIS) 2016 Systems Theory: Should Information Researchers Even Care? Kane J. Smith Virginia Commonwealth
More informationKohlberg: Implications for high school programs
Kohlberg: Implications for high school programs Author: Robert R. Newton Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/4397 This work is posted on escholarship@bc, Boston College University Libraries. Published
More informationEmpowerment Part I. The focus of power has moved from having power over followers to sharing power with followers. The Philosophy Behind Empowerment
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, LEXINGTON, KY, 40546 ELK2-104 GROUP BEHAVIOR Empowerment Part I The Philosophy Behind Empowerment Kristina G. Ricketts, Community
More informationReview of Interspecies Ethics. Cynthia Willett Columbia Univ. Press 2014 p. 232, pbk. Thomas Randall University of Western Ontario
128 Between the Species Review of Interspecies Ethics Cynthia Willett Columbia Univ. Press 2014 p. 232, pbk. Thomas Randall University of Western Ontario trandal3@uwo.ca Volume 20, Issue 1 Summer, 2017
More informationWe Can Test the Experience Machine. Response to Basil SMITH Can We Test the Experience Machine? Ethical Perspectives 18 (2011):
We Can Test the Experience Machine Response to Basil SMITH Can We Test the Experience Machine? Ethical Perspectives 18 (2011): 29-51. In his provocative Can We Test the Experience Machine?, Basil Smith
More informationWhat You Will Learn to Do. Linked Core Abilities Build your capacity for life-long learning Treat self and others with respect
Courtesy of Army JROTC U3C1L1 Self-Awareness Key Words: Assessment Associate Cluster Differentiate Introspection What You Will Learn to Do Determine your behavioral preferences Linked Core Abilities Build
More informationThe idea of an essentially contested concept is incoherent.
Daniel Alexander Harris 1 The idea of an essentially contested concept is incoherent. Daniel Alexander Harris (2015) Daniel Alexander Harris 2 This essay will demonstrate the idea of an essentially contested
More informationPSYCHOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND PHENOMENAL CONSCIOUSNESS. Overview
Lecture 28-29 PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND PHENOMENAL CONSCIOUSNESS Overview David J. Chalmers in his famous book The Conscious Mind 1 tries to establish that the problem of consciousness as the hard
More informationFoundations for Success. Unit 3
Foundations for Success Unit 3 Know Yourself Socrates Lesson 1 Self-Awareness Key Terms assessment associate cluster differentiate introspection What You Will Learn to Do Determine your behavioral preferences
More informationHealth capabilities and the dignity of the individual
Health capabilities and the dignity of the individual John B. Davis Marquette University and University of Amsterdam Without health nothing is of any use, not money nor anything else. (Democritus) 1 Introduction
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY THEORY 8. SOCIETAL EMOTIONAL PROCESS & EMOTIONAL CUT-OFF
FUNDAMENTALS OF FAMILY THEORY 8. SOCIETAL EMOTIONAL PROCESS & EMOTIONAL CUT-OFF 8.1. Societal Emotional Process Emotional process in society, along with emotional cut-off, is one of Bowen s most recently
More informationExistential Therapy scores GOALS!
Existential Therapy scores GOALS! Attitudes and possible solutions for the problem of measurement in existential psychotherapy M. Rayner and D.Vitali School of Psychotherapy & Counselling Psychology Regent's
More informationWhat is analytical sociology? And is it the future of sociology?
What is analytical sociology? And is it the future of sociology? Twan Huijsmans Sociology Abstract During the last few decades a new approach in sociology has been developed, analytical sociology (AS).
More informationPaul Figueroa. Washington Municipal Clerks Association ANNUAL CONFERENCE. Workplace Bullying: Solutions and Prevention. for
Workplace Bullying: Solutions and Prevention for Washington Municipal Clerks Association ANNUAL CONFERENCE Paul@PeaceEnforcement.com 206-650-5364 Peace Enforcement LLC Bullying described: Why people do
More informationConsciousness and Intrinsic Higher- Order Content
1 Consciousness and Intrinsic Higher- Order Content David Rosenthal City University of New York Graduate Center http://web.gc.cuny.edu/cogsci Tucson VII, April 7, 2006 OVERVIEW (Some slides were skipped
More informationEmotions as Evaluative Feelings. Bennett Helm (2009) Slides by Jeremiah Tillman
Emotions as Evaluative Feelings Bennett Helm (2009) Slides by Jeremiah Tillman Helm s Big Picture (Again) The central thesis: Emotions are intentional feelings of import; that is, they re affective modes
More informationChapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods
Chapter 1 Social Science and Its Methods MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) Scientific knowledge is knowledge that has been: A) systematically gathered, classified, related, and interpreted. B) rediscovered and cherished
More informationabout where this motion is taking us.
The Evolving Self I ve been re-reading Robert Kegan s, The Evolving Self, and finding it an invigorating read. Neither Piaget, whose foundational research informs Kegan s own theory, nor Freudian psychoanalytic
More informationPhysiological Function, Health and Medical Theory
Physiological Function, Health and Medical Theory Amanda Thorell PhD-student at the Department of Philosophy, Stockholm University amanda.thorell@philosophy.su.se Abstract In medicine, the concepts of
More informationResilience: A Common or Not-So-Common Phenomenon? Robert Brooks, Ph.D.
Resilience: A Common or Not-So-Common Phenomenon? Robert Brooks, Ph.D. In my last article I discussed the emergence of positive psychology as an area of research and practice that focuses on human strengths
More informationElection 2016: A Proposal to Counter the Divisiveness. Thomas J. Schur. Copyright Anxiety
Election 2016: A Proposal to Counter the Divisiveness Thomas J. Schur Copyright 2017 Anxiety The world is much smaller now. It has changed rapidly in a short period of time, much of it within the timespan
More informationUsing the sociological perspective changes how we perceive the surrounding world and ourselves. Peter Berger
Using the sociological perspective changes how we perceive the surrounding world and ourselves. Peter Berger ...the systematic study of human society systematic scientific discipline that focuses attention
More informationChild Mental Health: A Review of the Scientific Discourse
Child Mental Health: A Review of the Scientific Discourse Executive Summary and Excerpts from A FrameWorks Research Report Prepared for the FrameWorks Institute by Nat Kendall-Taylor and Anna Mikulak February
More informationModels of Information Retrieval
Models of Information Retrieval Introduction By information behaviour is meant those activities a person may engage in when identifying their own needs for information, searching for such information in
More informationTitle: Losing Faith in Depression: toward a more expansive relationship between religion and mental health.
Title: Losing Faith in Depression: toward a more expansive relationship between religion and mental health. Abstract: By reviewing religion and depression research through a medical anthropological perspective,
More informationTHEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY F U N C T I O N A L I S M, C O N F L I C T T H E O R Y A N D S Y M B O L I C I N T E R A C T I O N A L I S M
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY F U N C T I O N A L I S M, C O N F L I C T T H E O R Y A N D S Y M B O L I C I N T E R A C T I O N A L I S M DO NOW: IN JOURNALS Explain one example from your life
More informationPsychological Visibility as a Source of Value in Friendship
Undergraduate Review Volume 10 Issue 1 Article 7 1997 Psychological Visibility as a Source of Value in Friendship Shailushi Baxi '98 Illinois Wesleyan University Recommended Citation Baxi '98, Shailushi
More informationCHIP-2. 12/Feb/2013. Part 0: Concepts and history in psychology. Recap of lecture 1. What kinds of data must psychology explain?
CHIP-2 Concepts and history in psychology Steve Draper, Glasgow University Part 0: Recap of lecture 1 What types of explanation and data does psychology use? CHIP-2 12 Feb 2013 1 2 Kinds of data / evidence
More informationThe 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Powerful Lessons In Personal Change
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Powerful Lessons In Personal Change By Stephen R. Covey www.thebusinesssource.com All Rights Reserved Habits are powerful factors in our lives. According to Dr.
More informationAlfred North Whitehead s Process and Reality
Alfred North Whitehead s Process and Reality Alfred North Whitehead s Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology is based on the Gifford Lectures which he delivered at the University of Edinburgh in 1927-8.
More informationSocietal Structure. The formation of Intra-Cultural Identity
Societal Structure The formation of Intra-Cultural Identity Basic Principles of Societal Structure Social Structure - A network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human behavior. Status - A
More informationKey Concepts in. Sociology
Key Concepts in Sociology 00-Braham_Prelims.indd 1 19/12/2012 12:45:50 PM The result is that when males are marginalised, they respond with more serious, often violent crime; when females are marginalised,
More informationU N I V E R S I T Y O F V I R G I N I A H E A L T H S Y S T E M
When interacting with others we are influenced by our own history and interpersonal characteristics as well as the other s history and interpersonal characteristics. Two components Learning history: our
More informationCALL FOR PAPERS: THE 8th MIDTERM CONFERENCE ON EMOTIONS, EDINBURGH, 2018
CALL FOR PAPERS: THE 8th MIDTERM CONFERENCE ON EMOTIONS, EDINBURGH, 2018 This is the call for papers for the 8th midterm conference of the European Sociological Association s Sociology of Emotions Research
More informationChapter 01: The Study of the Person
Chapter 01: The Study of the Person MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad? a. behavior c. psychological health b. thoughts d. feelings C DIF: Easy REF: The Study
More informationCOUNSELING INTERVIEW GUIDELINES
Dr. Moshe ben Asher SOC 356, Introduction to Social Welfare CSUN, Sociology Department COUNSELING INTERVIEW GUIDELINES WHAT DISTINGUISHES A PROFESSIONAL FROM OTHER KINDS OF WORKERS? Education and training
More informationChanging manager behaviour
Mowbray Occasional Paper Vol. 3 No. 7 Changing manager behaviour Derek Mowbray August 2010. Why is behaviour so important? The role of the manager is to get the job done. Normally, this will involve one
More informationWomen s Involvement in Local Leadership (WILL):
Women s Involvement in Local Leadership (WILL): Facilitating Effective and Sustainable Participation in Community Organizations and Democratic Culture Building PVC/ASHA Research APS: November 2006 A schoolteacher
More informationSWINBURNE S NEW SOUL: A RESPONSE TO MIND, BRAIN AND FREE WILL
SWINBURNE S NEW SOUL: A RESPONSE TO MIND, BRAIN AND FREE WILL JAMES K. DEW, JR. Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary Richard Swinburne s recent book Mind, Brain, & Free Will is a welcomed addition
More informationThe Sociological Point of View
The Sociological Point of View Our daily lives shape our view of the world Values, beliefs, lifestyles, experiences make us unique individuals Gives our society rich diversity Social sciences study human
More informationSocial Values and Health Priority Setting Case Study
Social Values and Health Priority Setting Case Study Title of Case Study Author Author Contact Novo Seven in haemophilia: clinical decision making and funding policies in Germany Author: Dr Alena Buyx,
More informationThe Power to Change Your Life: Ten Keys to Resilient Living Robert Brooks, Ph.D.
The Power to Change Your Life: Ten Keys to Resilient Living Robert Brooks, Ph.D. The latest book I co-authored with my colleague Dr. Sam Goldstein was recently released. In contrast to our previous works
More informationStudy Guide for Exam #1 Soc 101, Summer 2009
Terminology and Concepts Agents of Socialization The persons, groups or organizations from which people learn social expectations. Achieved Role A social role chosen by an individual through their actions,
More informationThe 7 Habits Of Highly Effective People Powerful Lessons In Personal Change
Powerful Lessons In Personal Change By Stephen R. Covey Habits are powerful factors in our lives. According to Dr. Stephen Covey, a graduate of Harvard Business School and author of the best-selling The
More informationConclusion. The international conflicts related to identity issues are a contemporary concern of societies
105 Conclusion 1. Summary of the argument The international conflicts related to identity issues are a contemporary concern of societies around the world. It is only necessary to watch the news for few
More informationFunctional Analysis and Library Science
JOHN M. CHRIST Functional Analysis and Library Science Functional analysis is a tool with significant positive implications for library research because of: (1) its facility for investigating the social
More informationCrossing boundaries between disciplines: A perspective on Basil Bernstein s legacy
Crossing boundaries between disciplines: A perspective on Basil Bernstein s legacy Ana M. Morais Department of Education & Centre for Educational Research School of Science University of Lisbon Revised
More informationWhat Constitutes a Good Contribution to the Literature (Body of Knowledge)?
What Constitutes a Good Contribution to the Literature (Body of Knowledge)? Read things that make good contributions to the body of knowledge. The purpose of scientific research is to add to the body of
More informationNonjudgmentally and Cognitive Therapy
Nonjudgmentally and Cognitive Therapy See, but don t evaluate. Take a nonjudgmental stance. Just the facts. Focus on the what, not the good or bad, the terrible or wonderful, the should or should not.
More informationCONTROLLABLE DOSE: A discussion on the control of individual doses from single sources. Roger H Clarke
CONTROLLABLE DOSE: A discussion on the control of individual doses from single sources Roger H Clarke (1 October 1998) OVERVIEW Contaminated land is an issue of considerable interest in many countries.
More informationTHE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ATTRIBUTE INDEX
THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ATTRIBUTE INDEX "He who knows others is learned He who knows himself is wise" Lao Tse Jerry Doe Financial Analyst XYZ Corporation 7-11-2003 THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ATTRIBUTE
More information"Games and the Good" Strategy
"Games and the Good" Hurka!1 Strategy Hurka argues that game-playing is an intrinsic good! He thinks game-playing as an intrinsic good is a "modern view value"! Hurka says he will "defend the value only
More informationCHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2.0.0 INTRODUCTION The details about introduction, rationale of the present study, statement of the problem objectives of the study, hypotheses of the study, delimitation
More informationA Difference that Makes a Difference: Welfare and the Equality of Consideration
84 A Difference that Makes a Difference: Welfare and the Equality of Consideration Abstract Elijah Weber Philosophy Department Bowling Green State University eliweber1980@gmail.com In Welfare, Happiness,
More informationSociological Imagination Review One of the concepts that we discussed in the last lecture was the sociological imagination.
Lecture Notes Lecture- Sociological Perspectives/Theories Today: -Define Sociology -Review the Sociological Imagination -Discuss Perspectives -Functionalism -Conflict Theory -Symbolic Interactionism -Other
More informationLife Groups Research
Life Groups Research Group: People who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group Group Dynamics: The ways in which individuals affect
More informationMotivational Interviewing for Family Planning Providers. Motivational Interviewing. Disclosure
for Family Planning Providers Developed By: Disclosure I I have no real or perceived vested interests that relate to this presentation nor do I have any relationships with pharmaceutical companies, biomedical
More informationFOUR SURVIVAL ARCHETYPES IN ACTION
FOUR SURVIVAL ARCHETYPES IN ACTION THE LEARNING BENEFIT: This is an introduction to the world of the archetypes of the collective unconscious. You will learn to understand and manage the four survival
More informationSFHPT24 Undertake an assessment for family and systemic therapy
Undertake an assessment for family and systemic therapy Overview This standard is about systemic assessment. It is not a once-only event and may change as the therapeutic work proceeds. Systemic assessment
More informationChapter.3 METHODOLOGY. The aim of this study is to analyse the types of politeness strategies found in economic
Chapter.3 METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction The aim of this study is to analyse the types of politeness strategies found in economic texts of journal articles and this is followed by comparing politeness strategies
More information#70 Carl Jung: What are the Archetypes?
#70 Carl Jung: What are the Archetypes? Is the mind of a newborn a blank slate, awaiting stimuli and input from the world to obtain structure and form? Or does it have a pre-formed structure which influences
More informationGE SLO: Ethnic-Multicultural Studies Results
GE SLO: Ethnic-Multicultural Studies Results Background: This study was designed to assess the following College s Ethnic/Multicultural Studies General Education SLO. Upon completion of this GE requirement
More informationTTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Emotional Intelligence Version
TTI Personal Talent Skills Inventory Emotional Intelligence Version "He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is wise." Lao Tse Henry Stein 7-31-2008 Copyright 2004-2008. Target Training International,
More informationPersonal Talent Skills Inventory
Personal Talent Skills Inventory Sales Version Inside Sales Sample Co. 5-30-2013 Introduction Research suggests that the most effective people are those who understand themselves, both their strengths
More informationFall 2013 Day 1 S. Marshall Perry, Ph.D.
Fall 2013 Day 1 S. Marshall Perry, Ph.D. The study of human conduct The ultimate goal of ethics is to establish standards of conduct How should people conduct themselves? What is a good way to conduct
More informationLeader or Psychopath? A Short Guide to Recognizing Corporate Predators
Leader or Psychopath? A Short Guide to Recognizing Corporate Predators Leader or Psychopath? Most of us associate psychopaths with serial killers like Ted Bundy or Hannibal Lector. Yet, people with psychopathic
More informationEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE TEST-R
We thank you for taking the test and for your support and participation. Your report is presented in multiple sections as given below: Menu Indicators Indicators specific to the test Personalized analysis
More informationMotivational Affordances: Fundamental Reasons for ICT Design and Use
ACM, forthcoming. This is the author s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version will be published soon. Citation:
More informationNotes Unit I Theories, Perspectives and Background Information
Notes Unit I Theories, Perspectives and Background Information Social Work is the professional activity of helping individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning
More informationPerceptual Imagination and Perceptual Memory
1 Perceptual Imagination and Perceptual Memory An Overview Fiona Macpherson The essays in this volume explore the nature of perceptual imagination and perceptual memory. How do perceptual imagination and
More informationProfessor Tony Ward. Empathy, altruism and the treatment of sex offenders.
Professor Tony Ward Empathy, altruism and the treatment of sex offenders. Key References Law, D. R. & Ward, T. (2011). Desistance from sexual offending: Alternatives to throwing away the keys. New York,
More informationPerspectives. on Social Problems. Social Problems. Functionalism. Symbolic Interactionism. Conflict Theory
HGU Byungdeok Kang Perspectives Functionalism on Social Problems Social Problems Symbolic Interactionism Conflict Theory Functionalism Society = a system of interrelated parts To Understand Society = to
More informationSOCIOLOGICAL THEORY (Michaelmas 2017) Dr Michael Biggs
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY (Michaelmas 2017) Dr Michael Biggs Theoretical Perspectives 4. Interpersonal interaction http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sfos0060/ SociologicalTheory.shtml! Introduction Social life comprised
More informationJournal of Political Economy, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Apr., 1985)
Confirmations and Contradictions Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Apr., 1985) Estimates of the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: The Importance of the Researcher's Prior Beliefs Walter
More informationValidity and Reliability. PDF Created with deskpdf PDF Writer - Trial ::
Validity and Reliability PDF Created with deskpdf PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com Validity Is the translation from concept to operationalization accurately representing the underlying concept.
More informationThe Common Priors Assumption: A comment on Bargaining and the Nature of War
The Common Priors Assumption: A comment on Bargaining and the Nature of War Mark Fey Kristopher W. Ramsay June 10, 2005 Abstract In a recent article in the JCR, Smith and Stam (2004) call into question
More informationFeedback Mechanisms and Self-Regulatory Processes in the Social Sciences
Feedback Mechanisms and Self-Regulatory Processes in the Social Sciences Beginning in the 1940s, the engineer s concept of feedback entered the social sciences. The essence of the concept is a circle of
More informationThe Behavior Analyst 2012, 35, No. 1 (Spring) In Response. On Critchfield s Proposal: Student Concerns and Recommendations
The Behavior Analyst 2012, 35, 127 131 No. 1 (Spring) In Response On Critchfield s Proposal: Student Concerns and Recommendations Makenzie W. Bayles, Ariana R. Boutain, Julie A. Ackerlund Brandt, Nikki
More informationWritten by admin Monday, 24 December :50 - Last Updated Saturday, 05 January :05
Conflict Mediation and Resolution Introduction Ethics in healthcare is a matter that needs to be given a lot of priority as well as a keen approach. This is because what one person might consider being
More informationPhil 490: Consciousness and the Self Handout [16] Jesse Prinz: Mental Pointing Phenomenal Knowledge Without Concepts
Phil 490: Consciousness and the Self Handout [16] Jesse Prinz: Mental Pointing Phenomenal Knowledge Without Concepts Main Goals of this Paper: Professor JeeLoo Liu 1. To present an account of phenomenal
More information