STUDY REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES ON PRODUCT CHOICE

Transcription

1 ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY VOL. 5, ISSUE 4 STUDY REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES ON PRODUCT CHOICE MIHAI ANIŢEI, MĂDĂLINA CURELEA b a,b University of Bucharest, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Abstract The present study proposed to show the fact that audio subliminal stimuli may influence the behavior of choosing certain food and beverage producs among students at Psychology. The subjects of this research study were 193 students, 129 female and 64 male, aged between 19 and 35 years old M=21.71; S.D.=2.70), students at the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest. They have been divided into six different experimental groups. The utilized materiales included playing a melody which words were inserted on a auditive subliminal naming fruit, beverage and sandwich. The dependent variables were the following: the number of words the subkects hear during the melody, the hunger sensation induced and preference for a certain type of food (fruit, sweeets, sandwiches). The independent variables were: the intensity of words registered during the melody (high, low, very low). Also answer charts were utilized (both with images and text which represents the words registered during the melody) which the participants complete after listening to the stimuli-melody. The obtained results following hypothesis testing were partially confirmed (hypothesis 2 and partially, hypothesis 1). The study may be extended within populations different regarding age, qualifications and applied subliminal stimuli. Cuvinte cheie: stimuli subliminali, mâncare, sete, foame, alegerea consumatorului. Keywords: subliminal stimuli food, thirst, hurger, consumer choise.

2 1. INTRODUCTION Ducoffe (1996) apud Kim & Han (2014) consider that within the advertisement domain the most important factors are the cognitive and affective ones. The authors consider that the cognitive factors include the perception on information and credibility in advertising as long as the content has an informative purpose (Aaker, Norris, 1982 apud Kim, Han, 2014). MacKenzie & Lutz (1989) apud Kim & Han (2014) emphasize the fact that the advertising credibility refers to the general perception of the consumer regarding the veridicity of the advertising. Schlinger (1979b) apud Hyun, Kim &Lee (2011) consider that stimulating in advertising indicates that it is pleasent, enterteining in order to be followed and has the role of influencing the consumer s attitude. Eisend (2006) proposes a metaanalyzis of advertising based on empirical data within professional literature and shows that the study results confirm that persuasive messages in advertising depend on the information quantity, the attribute s quality, plasing negative information, marketing volunteering, correlation between positive and negative attributes. Manolea, Chraif, Sebastian & Ciolacu (2012) conducted an experiment that highlights the influence of triangle subliminal geometrical forms in choosing the most desired geometrical form. Gorn, 1982 (apud Alperta, Alpert and Maltz, 2005) have emphasized that background music utilized in commercials can be associated to the promoted product, both consciously and unconsciously, influencing the consumer regard the product choice by classical conditioning. In this regard authors show that by classical conditioninng, the exposed product is correlated to positive emotions transmitted by likeable music. Lewis (1981) apud Hyun, Kim & Lee (2011) have shown that when managers experiment pleasent feelings towards advertising, they have the tendency of offering a larger quantity of positive information. Doron and Parot (2007) define the subliminal stimuli as a type of stimuli which is placed under the absolute treshold, or connected to the distance between 55

3 two stimuli, a difference which cannot reach the differential treshold. It also describes an event situated beyond any treshold. (Doron & Parot, 2007, p756). Hawkins, 1970 (apud Chandrasekera, Vo, D Souza, 2012) have demonstrated that there is a possibility of inducing subliminal suggestions in short inspiration moments using external stimuli, through subliminal suggestions, namely stimuli under the mínimum of awarness level. Dehaene et al. (1998) apud Bustin et al (2012) have shown that the unconscious stimuli influence the semantic processing, emotional processing (Morris, Öhman, & Dolan, 1998 apud Bustin et al, 2012), the product choice (Verwijmeren, Karremans, Stroebe, & Wigboldus, 2011 apud Bustin et al, 2012 ) and action planification (Binsted, Brownell, Vorontsova, Heath, & Saucier, 2007 apud Bustin et al, 2012). According to Verwijmeren, T., et al (2013), in adverrtising, subliminal stimuli operates as an automatic process, which people are not aware of. Karremans, Stroebe, & Claus (2006) apud Verwijmeren, T.,et al (2013) have demonstrated that, in specific conditions, subliminal advertising may affect the consumer s behavior in choosing certain products. Karremans et al (2006) apud (Verwijmeren, T.,et al, 2013) have shown that subliminal action for the benefit of a certain soda company has increased the desire of drinking it only among the subjects who were already thristy. Strahan, Spencer, și Zanna (2002) apud Verwijmeren, T.,et al, 2013) have demonsted there is a relevant ovjective of the subliminal message (such as thirst) which affects the announcement s persuasión of directing the objective (decreasing the thirst), when there is a motivation of reaching the objective (when the thirst is present, or instance). 56

4 2. OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESES 2.1. OBJECTIVE The present study objective was to emphasize the influence of subliminal audio messages on consumers. In other words the research was focused on inducing the participants the feeling of hunger and preference for a certain type of food on a consciously activated musical background. Such messages were describing certain food types such as fruit, sweets, sandwiches, etc HYPOTHESES Hypothesis 1: The more the recorded speech intensity during melody increases, the more the participants will hear more recorded words during the song during both tasks. Hypothesis 2: The more the recorded speech intensity decreases during the melody, the more the participants will be induced the feeling of hunger during both tasks. Hypothesis 3: The more the intensity of speech decreases during the melody, the more the participants will have preferences for types of foods described by words recorded within the melody (fruit, sweets, sandwich). Hypothesis 4: There are statistically significant differences between the subject s responses in the first situation compared to the responses from the second part of testing, thus, the number of participants from the second test phase who will be induced the sensation of hunger and will present preferences for types of foods presented during the melody, but also the number of words heard during the melody will be higher compared to the participants of the first situation. The diversity of perspectives on a creative group task influences the number of categories for the ideas generated. 57

5 3. METHOD 3.1. PARTICIPANTS The participants were 193 undergraduate students, 129 female participants and 64 male participants, age between 19 and 35 years old (M=21.71; S.D.=2.70) Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest. They were split in 6 experimental groups according the experimental design INSTRUMENTS The following instruments have been used: A melody with Romanian lyrics; The stimuli recorded between the melody lyrics, pronounced in Romanian language: 6 words representing food (3 fruits: banana, orange and apple; 2 sweets: croissant and chocolate and the word sandwich ). The stimuli were listened using a laptop and sound devices. The response files were included in two categories: one with images and the other with words representing the stimuli mixed with another fruits and sweets PROCEDURE The participants were told they will listen to a melody which they will have to pay attention to. They were asked both not to talk to each other and to closed windows, the door and turn off the mobile phones in order to hear the melody as well as possible. Following the melody, they were told to complete a chart, being asked not to talk to each other during the completion. Also, they were told, although it was already written in the chart instructions, that their answers are confidential and used strictly for academic purpose; also, their answers were anonymous. Both in the final part of completing the chart and at the end of the testing, the participants were thanked for their contribution and time dedicated for the present study. 58

6 3.4. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The study included the following variables: Dependent variables: Number of words the subjects hear during the melody Hunger sensation Preference for a certain type of food (fruit, sweets, sandwiches) Independent varibles: Intensity of words recoded during the melody (loud, low and very low) High, low and very low intensity audio stimuli Situation 1 Correct word recognition stimuli Situation 2 Stimuli auditivi la intensitatea mare, mică și foarte mică Correct recognition stimuli visual Reponses charts (both images and text representing words recorded during the melody) the participants will complete after listening to the melody. (Chraif, 2013) 59

7 4. RESULTS Data has been analyzed using SPSS 15. Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the variables measured in the first experimental situation. 95% Confidence Interval for Mean N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Cuv_alese_prm_sit, ,0857 1,59727, ,5370 4,6344,00 6,00 1, ,3333 1,13652, ,9303 3,7363 2,00 6,00 2, ,2813 1,39664, ,7777 2,7848,00 5,00 Total 100 3,2600 1,56747, ,9490 3,5710,00 6,00 Nevoie_prm_si,00 35,7143,71007,12002,4704,9582,00 2,00 1,00 33,9091,84275,14670,6103 1,2079,00 2,00 2,00 32,9375,71561,12650,6795 1,1955,00 2,00 Total 100,8500,75712,07571,6998 1,0002,00 2,00 Pref_prm_sit, ,1143 1,38843,23469,6373 1,5912,00 3,00 1,00 33,7576 1,22552,21334,3230 1,1921,00 3,00 2, ,0313 1,23090,21759,5875 1,4750,00 3,00 Total 100,9700 1,28279,12828,7155 1,2245,00 3,00 1. Table 1 presents the means, standard deviations, minimum and maximum scores for each variable included in the first situation. We may notice that the mean of the words selected after listening to a high intensity melody is higher (m=4,08, ab.st=1.59) compared to the mean of words selected after the lower intensity melody (m=3,33, ab.std=1,13) and compared to the mean of words selected after the very low intensity melody (m=2,28, ab.std=1,39). 2. The mean score of the need experienced after listening to a high intensity melody is lower (m=0,71, ab.std=0,71) compared to the need felt after listening to the lower intensity melody (m=0,90, ab. Std=0,84) and the need experienced after listening to the very low intensity melody (m=0,93, ab. Std=0,71). 3. The mean of the preferences shown after listening to a high intensity melody (m=1,11, ab.std=1,38) compared to the mean of the preferences experienced after listening to the lower intensity melody (m=0,75, ab.std=1,22) and the mean of preferences shown after listening to the very low intensity melody (m=1,03, ab.std=1,23). 60

8 In table 2 we may notice that the Skewness and Kurtosis values are placed within the (-2, 2) range, resulting that the normality is not affected, thus, parametric tests are viable. Table 2 Skewness and Kurtosis values for the variables: words chosen in the first situation, needs in the first situation and preferences show in the first situation Cuv_alese_prm_sit Nevoie_prm_sit Pref_prm_sit N Valid Missing Skewness -,122,258,760 Std. Error of Skewness,241,241,241 Kurtosis -,607-1,205-1,235 Std. Error of Kurtosis,478,478,478 Table 3 shows results of the One-Way ANOVA for variables included in the first situation. Thus, we notice that there is a statistically significant difference between the number of words chosen after listening to the melody, the number of words chosen being significantly lower when the intensity of the melody was lower, as the model is statistically significant by F(2, 97) = 14.06, p<0.05. After such results, the first research hypothesis according to which the more the intensity of recorded speech during the melody increases, the more the participants will hear more words recorded during the melody during the both tasks, has been confirmed. Table 3 One-Way ANOVA in the first situation Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Cuv_alese_prm_sit Between Groups 54, ,348 14,069,000 Within Groups 188, ,944 Total 243, Nevoie_prm_sit Between Groups 1,005 2,502,874,420 Within Groups 55,745 97,575 Total 56, Pref_prm_sit Between Groups 2, ,169,706,496 Within Groups 160, ,655 Total 162,

9 In Table 3 we may also notice that there is no statistically significant difference between the type of need manifested according to the melody intensity, as F(2, 97)=0,87, p>0.05 nor between the preference manifested according to the melody intensity, as F(2, 97)=0,70, p>0.05. As these results who, the following hypothesis have not been confirmed: the more the intensity of the words recorded decreases, the more the participants will be induced the hunger sensation for both tasks, but also the hypothesis that the more the intensity of words recorded during the melody decreases, the more the participants will have preferences regarding the types of foods described by the words recorded during the melody (fruits, sweets, sandwiches). Table 4 Post-hoc analysis in the first situation 95% Confidence Interval (J) Mean Lower Upper Dependent Variable (I) Mel_prm_sit Mel_prm_sit Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Bound Cuv_alese_prm_sit,00 1,00,75238,33829,085 -,0718 1,5765 2,00 1,80446 *,34100,000,9737 2,6352 1,00,00 -,75238,33829,085-1,5765,0718 2,00 1,05208 *,34590,009,2094 1,8948 2,00,00-1,80446 *,34100,000-2,6352 -,9737 1,00-1,05208 *,34590,009-1,8948 -,2094 Nevoie_prm_sit,00 1,00 -,19481,18394,877 -,6429,2533 2,00 -,22321,18542,695 -,6749,2285 1,00,00,19481,18394,877 -,2533,6429 2,00 -,02841, ,000 -,4866,4298 2,00,00,22321,18542,695 -,2285,6749 1,00,02841, ,000 -,4298,4866 Pref_prim_sit,00 1,00,35671,31219,768 -,4038 1,1173 2,00,08304, ,000 -,6836,8497 1,00,00 -,35671,31219,768-1,1173,4038 2,00 -,27367, ,000-1,0513,5040 2,00,00 -,08304, ,000 -,8497,6836 1,00,27367, ,000 -,5040 1,0513 As we may notice in Table 4, there is a statistically significant difference for the words variable in the first situation depending on the three groups (p<0.05). Statistical hypothesis testing for the second situation. Table 5 presents descriptive statistical analyzis for the second experimental situation.. 62

10 Words chosen second situation Needs second situation Preferences second situation Table 5 Descriptive statistics for the second experimental situation 95% Confidence Interval for Mean N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum, ,9000 1,39827, ,3779 4,4221 1,00 6,00 1, ,0000 1,41421, ,4813 4,5187 1,00 6,00 2, ,9688 1,40240, ,4631 3,4744 1,00 6,00 Total 93 3,6129 1,46727, ,3107 3,9151 1,00 6,00,00 30,8333,64772,11826,5915 1,0752,00 2,00 1, ,0000,57735,10370,7882 1,2118,00 2,00 2, ,0938,58802,10395,8817 1,3058,00 2,00 Total 93,9785,60753,06300,8534 1,1036,00 2,00, ,1000 1,18467,21629,6576 1,5424,00 3,00 1, ,4194 1,23218,22131,9674 1,8713,00 3,00 2, ,4063 1,21441,21468,9684 1,8441,00 3,00 Total 93 1,3118 1,20667, ,0633 1,5603,00 3,00 Table 5 shows that the mean of the chosen word following listening to the melody of high intensity (m=3,90, ab.std=1,39) is higher compared to the mean of words chosen as a result of listening to the moderate intensity melody (m=4,oo, ab.std=1,41). Also, we may notice that the mean of the mean of the needs experienced after listening to the high intensity melody (m=0,83, ab.std=0,64) is lower compared to the mean of the needs experienced following listening to the moderate intensity melody (m=1,00, ab. Std=0,57) and the mean of the needs experienced after listening to the very low intensity melody (m=1,09, ab std=0,58). We may notice that the mean of the preferences experienced after listening to the high intensity melody (m=1,10, ab. Std=1,18), is lower compared to the mean of preferences felt after listening to a lower intensity melody (m=1,41, ab. Std=1,23) and the mean of the preferences experienced after listening to a very low intensity melody (m=1,40, ab.std=1,21). Words chosen second situation Needs second situation Table 6 One-way ANOVA for the second situation Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 20, ,198 5,166,008 Within Groups 177, ,974 Total 198, Between Groups 1,072 2,536 1,466,236 Within Groups 32,885 90,365 Total 33, Preferences second situation Between Groups 1,990 2,995,679,510 Within Groups 131, ,466 Total 133,

11 Table 6 presents the results of the One-Way ANOVA test for the variables included in the second situation. Therefore, we notice there is a statistically significant difference between the number of words chosen after listening to the melody, the number of words chosen being significantly lower when the intensity of the melody has been reduced, as the model is statistically significant by F(2, 90) = 5.16, p<0.05. Thus, the first hypothesis of the research namely the more the intensity of the words recorded during the melody increases, the more the participants will hear more words recorded during the melody for both tasks has been confirmed. Also, we may notice there is no statistically significant difference between the type of need manifested according to the melody intensity, with cu F(2,90)=1,46, p>0.05, nor the preference manifested according to the melody intensity with F(2,90)=0,67, p>0.05. Considering these results, the following hypothesis: the more the intensity of the words recorded during the melody decreases, the more the participants will be induced the feeling of hunger for both tasks and also the hypothesis according to which the more the intensity of words recording during the melody decreases, the more the participants will present preferences for types of foods induced by words recorded during the melody (fruit, sweets, sandwich) have not been confirmed. In table 6 presents the Post-Hoc Bonferoni analysis for the second experimental situation. Table 6 Post-Hoc Bonferoni for the second situation Dependent Variable Words chosen second situation Needs second situation (I) (J) Mean Difference (I- 95% Confidence Interval Lower Melody_img Melody_img J) Std. Error Sig. Bound Upper Bound,00 1,00 -,10000, ,000 -,9778,7778 2,00,93125 *,35706,032,0602 1,8023 1,00,00,10000, ,000 -,7778,9778 2,00 1,03125 *,35408,014,1675 1,8950 2,00,00 -,93125 *,35706,032-1,8023 -,0602 1,00-1,03125 *,35408,014-1,8950 -,1675,00 1,00 -,16667,15481,854 -,5443,2110 2,00 -,26042,15362,280 -,6352,1143 1,00,00,16667,15481,854 -,2110,5443 2,00 -,09375, ,000 -,4654,2779 2,00,00,26042,15362,280 -,1143,

12 Preferences second situation 1,00,09375, ,000 -,2779,4654,00 1,00 -,31935,31012,918-1,0759,4372 2,00 -,30625,30773,967-1,0570,4445 1,00,00,31935,31012,918 -,4372 1,0759 2,00,01310, ,000 -,7313,7576 2,00,00,30625,30773,967 -,4445 1,0570 1,00 -,01310, ,000 -,7576,7313 In order to test the last research hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences between the subject s responses in the first situation compared to the responses from the second part of testing, thus, the number of participants from the second test phase who will be induced the sensation of hunger and will present preferences for types of foods presented during the melody, but also the number of words heard during the melody will be higher compared to the participants of the first situation the T-student for dependent samples was applied. Table 7 Descriptive statistics for the variables in both experimental situations Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 1 Words chosen firs situation 3, ,61502,17119 Words chosen second situation 3, ,48864,15780 Pair 2 Needs first situation, ,76036,08060 Needs second situation, ,61143,06481 Pair 3 Preferences first situation 1, ,29685,13747 Preferences second situation 1, ,20985,12824 Table 7 presents the means and standard deviations for the variables included in the two situations. We notice that the mean of the words chosen after completing the questionnaire after the first situation, with words-stimuli (m=3,26, ab.std=1,61) is much lower compared to the mean of words chosen after completing the questionnaire in the second situation, namely involving images-stimuli (m=3,61, ab.std=1,48). We may also notice that the mean of the need experienced after completing the questionnaire in the first situation is lower (m=0,88, ab.std=0,76) compared to the need felt after completing the questionnaire in the second situation (m=0,96, ab.std=0,61). Also, we may notice that the mean of preferences manifested after completing the questionnaire in the first situation is lower (m=1,00, ab.std=1,29) compared to 65

13 the preference manifested after completing the questionnaire for the second situation (m=1,30, ab.std=1,20). Table 8 T-student for pears test values and statistically significance for both experimental situation Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Pair 1 Cuv_alese_prm_sit- Cuv_alese_sit_doua Pair 2 Nevoie_prm_sit Nevoie_sit_doua Pair 3 Pref_prm_sit Pref_sit_doua Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2- tailed) -, ,98346, ,76614, ,657 88,101 -,07865,96795, ,28255, ,767 88,445 -, ,72814, ,66741, ,656 88,101 Table 8 presents the results of the t test for paired samples. Thus, we may notice that there is no significant difference between the words chosen in the first situation (words stimuli) and words chosen for the second situation (stimuli images) with p>0.005, nor between the type of need manifested for the first situation and the second situation, with cu p>0.005 and nor between the preferences manifested for the first situation and the second situation, with cu p>0.005, therefore the following hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences between the subject s responses in the first situation compared to the responses from the second part of testing, thus, the number of participants from the second test phase who will be induced the sensation of hunger and will present preferences for types of foods presented during the melody, but also the number of words heard during the melody will be higher compared to the participants of the first situation has not been confirmed. 66

14 REFERENCES Chraif, M. (2013). Psihologie experimentală [Experimental psychology], Bucureşti: Ed Universitară. Bustin,B.M, Quoidbach,J., Hansenne,M., Capa,R.L., (2012), Personality modulation of (un)conscious processing: Novelty Seeking and performance following supraliminal and subliminal reward cues, Consciousness and Cognition Chandrasekera,T., Vo, N., D Souza, N.,(2012), The effect of subliminal suggestions on Sudden Moments of Inspiration (SMI) in the design process, Department of Architectural Studies, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO , USA Doron, R., Parot, F.,(2007), Dicționar de psihologie, Humanitas: București Hyun,S.S., Kim, W., Lee,M.J., (2011), The impact of advertising on patrons emotional responses, perceived value, and behavioral intentions in the chain restaurant industry: The moderating role of advertising-induced arousal, The International Journal of Hospitality Management, Kim, Y.J., Han, J., (2014), Why smartphone advertising attracts customers: A model of Web advertising, flow, and personalization, Computers in Human Behavior 33, Manolea, A., Chraif, M., Sebastian, V., Ciolacu, M.V. (2012).The subliminal influence of the form's quantum effect on youngsters perception and choice of geometrical forms In Editor (s) Anitei, M., Chraif, M. &Vasile, C., In the Proceedings of the International Conference on Psychology and the Realities of the Contemporary World 2011, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier, 33, Verwijmeren, T., Karremans, J.C., Bernritter,S.F., Stroebe,W., Wigboldus,D.H- J.,(2013) Warning: You are being primed! The effect of a warning on the impact of subliminal ads, The Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, REZUMAT Studiul de faţă investighează influenţa stimulilor subliminali sub formă de cuvinte aupra alegerii produselor dintr-o listă cu produse prezentate în imagini şi o listă de produse prezentată în cuvinte. The participants were a number of 193 undergraduate students, 129 female participants and 64 male participants, age between 19 and 35 years old (M=21.71; S.D.=2.70) Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest. Materialele folosite sunt: audioclip cu fundal musical şi cuvinte ce reprezintă produse de consum alimentar: fructe, şi băuturi răcoritoare. Rezultatele au confirmat partial ipotezele cercetării. Această 67

15 cercetare se cere a fi extinsă pe un eşantion mai mare de subiecţi de diferite vârste, populaţie din mediul rural şi urban dar şi modificarea stimulilor şi introducerea şi a altor stimuli subliminali. De asemenea pentru a verifica ipoteza cu nevoile bazale de foame şi sete trebuie să se introduce şi stimuli alimentary precum: carne, ouă, peşte dar şi lichide de bază precum apa. 5. APPENDIX Orange questionnaire/chart For the first situation: Data confidentiality: your responses will be only utilized for scientific purpose. Each respondent will benefit from data confidentiality. Gender: Age: You are asked to answer the following questions by choosing one of the options: - Select the answers which represent the words you have heared during the melody: - Cucumber - Banana - Orange - Hot-dog - Sandwich - Apple - Croissant - Biscuits - chocolate In this moment you feel: Hungry (need to eat) Thirsty (need to drink) Other needs: No needs. 68

16 Answer the following question in the case that the answer for question 2 is not a). What would you like to eat? Fruit Cooked meal Sandwich Sweets Other... No preference Answer the following question if the answer to question 2 is b). What would you like to drink? Plain water Soda Tea Other (specify)... No preference Thank you for your time! For the second situation: Data confidentiality: your responses will be only utilized for scientific purpose. Each respondent will benefit from data confidentiality. Gender: Age: You are asked to answer the following questions by choosing one of the options: Check the answer options which represent the words you have heard during the melody: 69

17 b. c. d. e. f. 70

18 g. h. i. j. In this moment you feel: Hungry (need to eat) Thirsty (need to drink) Other needs: No needs. Answer the following question in the case that the answer for question 2 is not a). What would you like to eat? Fruit Cooked meal Sandwich Sweets Other... No preference 71

19 Answer the following question if the answer to question 2 is b). What would you like to drink? Plain water Soda Tea Other (specify)... No preference Thank you for your time! 72