PMR5406 Redes Neurais e Lógica Fuzzy. Aula 5 Alguns Exemplos
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1 PMR5406 Redes Neurais e Lógica Fuzzy Aula 5 Alguns Exemplos
2 APPLICATIONS Two examples of real life applications of neural networks for pattern classification: RBF networks for face recognition FF networks for handwritten recognition PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 2
3 FACE RECOGNITION The problem: Face recognition of persons of a known group in an indoor environment. The approach: Learn face classes over a wide range of poses using an RBF network. PhD thesis by Jonathan Howelland, Sussex University PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 3
4 Dataset Sussex database (university of Sussex) 100 images of 10 people (8-bit grayscale, resolution 384 x 287) for each individual, 10 images of head in different pose from face-on to profile Designed to asses performance of face recognition techniques when pose variations occur PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 4
5 Robustness to shiftinvariance, scale-variance PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 5
6 Datasets (Sussex) All ten images for classes 0-3 from the Sussex database, nosecentred and subsampled to 25x25 before preprocessing PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 6
7 Pre-Processing Raw data can be used, but with preprocessing. Possible approaches: Difference of Gaussians (DoG) Pre- Processing. Gabor Pre-Processing. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 7
8 Some justification PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 8
9 DoG PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 9
10 DoG masks PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 10
11 Some examples: PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 11
12 Binarisation (1) PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 12
13 Binarisation (2) PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 13
14 Gabor Pre-Processing PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 14
15 PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 15
16 Gabor Masks PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 16
17 Approach: Face unit RBF A face recognition unit RBF neural networks is trained to recognize a single person. Training uses examples of images of the person to be recognized as positive evidence, together with selected confusable images of other people as negative evidence. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 17
18 Network Architecture Input layer contains 25*25 inputs which represent the pixel intensities (normalized) of an image. Hidden layer contains p+a neurons: p hidden pro neurons (receptors for positive evidence) a hidden anti neurons (receptors for negative evidence) Output layer contains two neurons: One for the particular person. One for all the others. The output is discarded if the absolute difference of the two output neurons is smaller than a parameter R. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 18
19 RBF Architecture for one face recognition Supervised Output units Linear RBF units Non-linear Unsupervised Input units PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 19
20 PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 20
21 Hidden Layer Hidden nodes can be: Pro neurons: Evidence for that person. Anti neurons: Negative evidence. The number of pro neurons is equal to the positive examples of the training set. For each pro neuron there is either one or two anti neurons. Hidden neuron model: Gaussian RBF function. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 21
22 The Parameters Centers: of a pro neuron: the corresponding positive example of an anti neuron: the negative example which is most similar to the corresponding pro neuron, with respect to the Euclidean distance. Spread: average distance of the center vector from all other centers. If α, h hidden nodes, H total number of hidden nodes then: σ α = H 1 α 2 h t t h Weights: determined using the pseudo-inverse method. A RBF network with 6 pro neurons, 12 anti neurons, and R equal to 0.3, discarded 23 pro cent of the images of the test set and classified correctly 96 pro cent of the non discarded images. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 22
23 Handwritten Digit Recognition Using Convolutional Networks Developed by Yann Lecun while working at the AT&T PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 23
24 HANDWRITTEN DIGIT RECOGNITION PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 24
25 Convolutional Network Convolutional network is a multilayer perceptron designed specifically to recognize two-dimensional shapes with a high degree of invariance to translation, scaling, skewing and other forms of distortions. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 25
26 Characteristics (1) 1. Feature extraction: each neuron takes its synaptic input from a local receptive field from the previous layer. It extracts local features PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 26
27 Characteristics (2) 2. Feature mapping: each computational layer is composed of multiple feature maps. In each feature, map neurons must share weights. This promote: Shift invariance, Reduction in the number of the free parameters. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 27
28 Chracteristics (3) 3. Subsampling: each convolutional layer is followed by a computational layer that peforms local averaging and subsampling. This has the effect of reducing the sensitivity to shift s and other forms of distortions. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 28
29 Architecture (0) PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 29
30 Architecture (1) Input layer: 28x28 sensory nodes First hidden layer: convolution, neurons feature map. Each neuron is assigned a receptive field of 5x5. Second hidden layer: subsampling and local averaging. 4@12x12 neurons feature map. Each neuron: 2x2 receptive field, weight, bias and sigmoid activation function PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 30
31 Architecture (2) Third hidden layer: convolution. neurons feature map. Each neuron may have synaptic connections from several feature maps in the previous hidden layer. Fourth hidden layer: subsampling and averaging. neurons feature map. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 31
32 Architecture (3) Output layer: Convolution, one for each character. Each neurons is connected to a receptive field of 4x4. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 32
33 Architecture (4) Convolution -> subsampling -> convolution -> subsampling ->... At each convolutional or subsampling layer, the number of feature maps is increased while the spatial resolution is reduced synaptic conections but only free parameters. PMR5406 Alguns Exemplos 33
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