Review Sheet Learning (7-9%)

Transcription

1 Name Ms. Gabriel/Mr. McManus Date Period AP Psychology Review Sheet Learning (7-9%) 1) learning 2) associative learning Classical Conditioning 3) Ivan Pavlov 4) classical conditioning 5) John Watson 6) behaviorism 7) Pavlov s Experiment 8) unconditioned response (UCR) 9) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) 10) conditioned response (CR) 11) conditioned stimulus (CS) 12) acquisition 13) extinction 14) spontaneous recovery

2 15) generalization 16) discrimination Updating Pavlov s Understanding a) Cognitive Processes b) Biological Predispositions i) John Garcia ii) Little Albert Operant Conditioning 17) operant conditioning 18) respondent behavior 19) operant behavior 20) B.F. Skinner 21) Edward L. Thorndike 22) law of effect 23) operant chamber (Skinner Box) 24) shaping 25) reinforcement

3 26) primary reinforcer 27) conditioned reinforcer Reinforcement Schedules a) continuous reinforcement b) partial (intermittent) reinforcement c) fixed-ratio schedule (FR) d) variable-ratio schedule (VR) e) fixed-interval schedule (FI) f) variable-interval schedule (VI) 28) punishment Updating Skinner s Understanding a) Cognition and Operant Conditioning i) cognitive map ii) latent learning iii) overjustification effect iv) intrinsic motivation v) extrinsic motivation

4 b) Biological Predispositions Learning by Observation 29) observational learning 30) modeling 31) mirror neurons 32) Albert Bandura 33) Bandura s Experiment 34) prosocial behavior

5 Comparing Operant and Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning

6 Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Operant Conditioning Reinforcement vs. Punishment

7 Practice Questions Schedules of Reinforcement Label each of the following with the appropriate schedule FR, FI, VR, VI 1) Mailman on route must visit the same amount of houses each day to go home. 2) Sales commission you have to talk to many customers before you make a sale, and you never know whether the next one will buy. 3) Test preparation when you know the date and time of the test ahead of time. 4) Checking cookies in the oven when you know how long it takes to bake. 5) Pop quizzes theoretically causes a steady rate of studying because you never know when they ll occur, so you have to be prepared all the time. 6) Watching a football game, waiting for a touchdown. It could happen anytime if you leave the room, you may miss it, so you have to keep watching continuously. 7) Buying lottery tickets. 8) Reward card free sandwich for every 10 you buy Reinforcement vs. Punishment Label each of the following with the correct answer PR, NR, PP, NP 1) Giving a child a compliment or candy for a job well done. 2) Child has a toy taken away for fighting with his sister. 3) Getting nauseous after eating rotten food. 4) Burning your hand when you touch a hot stove. 5) One person in a relationship stops talking to the other in response to a behavior. 6) Watching your favorite TV show after doing all your homework. 7) Scratching an insect bite that itches 8) Pretending to be sick in order to avoid going to school

8 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning 1) Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. 2) Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. 3) A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain perfect attendance during the quarter. His students attendance increases dramatically. 4) John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes startled at the sight of the white rat. 5) When a professor first starts teaching about a concept, she'll praise any answer that is close to the right answer.

9 1) Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which of the following concepts best supports Kelly s belief? a. modeling b. spontaneous recovery c. classical conditioning d. stimulus generalization e. latent learning 2) Which of the following provides an effective explanation for the data above? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. prepared conditioning d. self-actualization e. observational learning 3) To stop his uncle s constant requests, Ravi takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Ravi s behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement? a. intermittent b. positive c. negative d. vicarious e. delayed 4) A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using which of the following reinforcement schedules? a. Fixed-interval b. Fixed-ratio c. Variable-ratio d. Variable-interval e. Continuous 5) Researchers paired rats drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus in the study? a. The drug b. Sweetened water c. The immune system weakening in response to the drug d. The immune system weakening in response to the water e. The immune system getting stronger

10 6) If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence? a. They will be unable to learn a maze. b. They will learn a maze as well as mice who have the enzyme. c. They will learn a maze only through observational learning. d. They will learn a maze only through classical conditioning. e. They will learn a maze only through positive reinforcement. 7) Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to a. work harder and enjoy their work more b. work less and enjoy their work less c. more eagerly look forward to rewards like paychecks d. be less creative and less effective e. respond to a challenge by working less 8) In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog s tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touch and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies, which of the following was the conditioned stimulus? a. touch to the body b. vinegar on the tongue c. salivation to the vinegar d. salivation to the touch e. time interval between the touch and the vinegar 9) Of the following, which is essential for operant conditioning to occur? a. partial reinforcement b. a behavioral consequence c. a stimulus substitution d. spontaneous recovery e. delayed conditioning 10) Money most often modifies people s behavior because it is a powerful a. negative reinforcer b. secondary reinforcer c. conditioned stimulus d. high-order stimulus e. discriminative stimulus