Modules. PART I Module 26: How We Learn and Classical Conditioning
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1 UNIT VI Learning 1
2 Modules PART I Module 26: How We Learn and Classical Conditioning Part II Module 27: Operant Conditioning Part III Module 28: Operant Conditioning s Applications, and Comparison to Classical Conditioning Part IV Module 29: Biology, Cognition, and Learning Part V Module 30: Learning by Observation 2
3 Module 26: How We Learn and Classical Conditioning Part I Define learning, and identify some basic forms of learning. Describe the basic components of classical conditioning and explain behaviorism s view of learning. Summarize the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. Explain why Pavlov s work remains so important, and describe some applications of his work to human health and well-being. 3
4 What is learning? the process of By learning we are able to adapt to our environments Learn to expect and prepare for significant events such as food or pain Learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and to avoid acts that bring unwanted results Learn by observing events and others 4
5 How do we learn? Learn by by linking two events that occur close together How many of you need to have popcorn when you go to the movies? Walk on the right side of the hall? Sleep a certain way? Have a bedtime ritual? 5
6 Our minds naturally connect events that occur in. you see and smell fresh pizza, eat some, and find it satisfying next time you see and smell fresh pizza you will expect eating it will be satisfying again Learned associations often operate. people using a red pen rather than a black pen to grade will spot more errors leading to lower grades 6
7 Learned associations also feed our habitual behaviors we repeat behaviors in a given context movie & popcorn route from class to class habits form on an average 66 days H an organism s. Moving from a country setting to a city setting, over time the noisy city will decrease as a stimulus YouTube Video:Classical Conditioning Frasier Crane 7
8 Types of Learning Associative learning linking two events that occur close together the two events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events (stimulus = any event or situation that evokes a response) we learn a flash of lighting signals crack of thunder learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence we learn to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results Cognitive learning the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language 8
9 Classical Conditioning (CC) a type of learning in which. Ivan Pavlov ( ) & John B. Watson (1913) behaviorism the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2). 9
10 Fun facts about Ivan Pavlov Russian scientist that studied digestion of dogs Before pursuing science as a career Pavlov wanted to follow in his father s footsteps and become a priest Pavlov disagreed with Communism, his fame and his work kept him from persecution. The Soviet government funded him so well that he was able to host international conferences in physiology. Won a NOBEL prize in 1904 in Physiology and Medicine YouTube Video: Ivan Pavlov Experiment 10
11 11
12 Terms that go with Classical Conditioning Conditioned: Learned Unconditioned: Natural, automatic US: Stimulus: NS or Neutral Stimulus: Does nothing UR: Response CS: Stimulus: Learned Stimulus CR: Response: Learned Response 12
13 Classical Conditioning (Unlearned) Unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and triggers a response (UR). Unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning, an UNLEARNED, (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). 13
14 Neutral stimuli (NS) does nothing. 14
15 Conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). Conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). YouTube Video: Watch Out 15
16 Acquisition in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. YouTube Video:Kitty uses the toilet 16
17 Higher-order conditioning a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. 17
18 18
19 Practice An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to the tone alone. What is the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR? US, NS, CS, UR, CR? 19
20 Practice Lassie is a border collie dog who loves going for a ride on the back of his owner s tractor on the sheep farm. Every time his owner would walk towards the farm motorbike, Lassie would wag his tail. Recently, his owner noticed that when he picks up his motorbike keys, Lassie s tail wags excitedly. US, NS, CS, UR, CR? 20
21 Practice The Office: Classical Conditioning Video US, NS, CS, UR, CR? 21
22 Extinction the diminished responding that occurs when the CS (bell) no longer signals an impending US (food). 22
23 Spontaneous recovery the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. 23
24 Generalization the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. Example: -When toddlers taught to fear moving cars they also became afraid of moving trucks and motorcycles 24
25 Discrimination in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. Example: Confronted by a guard dog, your heart may race; confronted by a guide dog, it probably will not 25
26 Class experiment? Li Hing? 26
27 Why is Pavlov s work important? Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively salivary response is a behavior measurable in cubic centimeters of saliva 27
28 Application to human health & well-being Former drug users often feel a craving when they are again in the drug using context with people or in places they associate with previous highs counselors advise addicts to steer clear of these that trigger cravings Classical conditioning even works on the body s diseasefighting immune system. When a particular taste accompanies a drug that influences immune response, the taste by itself may come to produce an immune response 28
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