Social Studies Skills and Methods Analyzing the Credibility of Sources
|
|
- Steven Gray
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Social Studies Skills and Methods Analyzing the Credibility of Sources In the Social Studies, the analysis of sources is an essential skill a social scientist must master. Not all sources are equal in the quality and accuracy of the information they provide, therefore a social scientist must learn how to use his or her sources correctly in order to insure that the conclusions they draw from them are accurate. It is essential that social scientists learn how to determine whether or not the information contained in a source is reliable, accurate, and credible (the word credible means believable). Types of Sources Different branches within the social sciences (history, psychology, political science, economics, anthropology, sociology, and geography) each rely on different types of sources, some of which are more reliable or credible than others. For example, in history historians rely on both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are first hand accounts of events created by people who lived through them (such as speeches, letters, laws, and diaries), while secondary sources are second hand accounts of events based upon primary sources (such as a textbook or a biography about an historical figure). Other social scientists may also rely on statistics, charts, graphs, and various types of published studies the types of sources a social scientist may use are endless. Basic Characteristics of a Credible Source Despite the fact that social scientists can use an abundant array of resources, not all sources are of the same quality. In determining whether or not to use a source, a social scientist must determine the source s credibility. Some characteristics of credible sources of information are as follows: The source contains information that is based on facts. A source that is based on facts rather than opinions if preferable in the field of social studies. A fact is a claim that can be verified, which means it can be proven to be true or untrue. An opinion, however, cannot be proven to be true or untrue. Consider the following examples: Fact: In 2007, 42 persons in 10 the United States were executed 26 in Texas; 3 each in Alabama and Oklahoma; 2 each in Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee; and 1 each in South Dakota, Georgia, South Carolina, and Arizona. 1 Opinion: Capital punishment is wrong, and governments do not have the right to take an individual s life. The first statement is a fact because it contains information that can be verified one can prove or disprove is the numbers are true. The second statement, however, is an opinion because it is based on the author s personal beliefs one cannot ultimately proof if capital punishment is either right or wrong. The Source is Free of Bias. Bias refers to an author s personal opinion or feelings that may lead them to support one side of an issue. For example, an advertisement in support of a political candidate is likely to provide only favorable information about a candidate while failing to mention the candidate s shortcomings. Ideally in history and the social studies, an author will rely on sources that express opinions on both sides of an issue rather than just analyzing sources that favor one side over another. 1 U.S. Department of Justice: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
2 The author of the source provides his or her name and/or credentials. In the day and age of the Internet, anyone with access to the Internet can post information about some issue or topic. Social scientists should only use a source if the author at a minimum provides his or her name. Ideally the author will also provide his or her qualifications to write about a particular topic, but at a minimum if they provide a name the author s credentials (their training that prove they are an expert) can be verified. For example, if one is studying the national debt it would be preferable if they used information provided by the Congressional Budge Office rather than an individual who does not identify his or her credentials. The author cites other credible sources within his or her own source. It is essential that an author support the information he or she provides in a source by citing (referring to with a footnote or endnote) the other sources from which he or she obtained his or her information. When an author provides citations, it shows that: 1.) their conclusions are consistent (in agreement with) other credible sources of information; 2.) they have taken the care to credit other scholars who have conducted similar studies. Sources provide direct, firsthand accounts of information. Especially in the field of history, it is important that the person providing the account of an event witnessed it firsthand. If the author of a source received his or her information from a second hand account, there is a much greater chance the information will be less credible. Identifying Common Problems Affecting the Credibility of Sources No source is perfect. Social scientists will still at times need to use sources that are flawed in some way. It is possible, however, to identify common errors that occur which affect the accuracy of sources. These include the use of propaganda, stereotypes, logical fallacies, and unstated assumptions. Propaganda. Ideally, all sources used by social scientists would be completely objective: free of any bias and contain nothing but facts. Rather than simply reporting facts, however, sometimes sources contain propaganda or stereotypes. Propaganda is information that is distorted information that is spread to convince someone to support a cause or movement of some kind. Propaganda is deliberately slanted towards a person s emotions, and therefore cannot be used as credible source (For example, during World War II Adolph Hitler used extensive propaganda against Jews and other enemies of the Nazis). Stereotypes are generalizations about entire groups of people which are not based on actual facts. Since stereotypes are preconceived judgments about people not rooted in fact, sources that use stereotypes cannot be considered credible. The source is free of logical fallacies. As opposed to a factual error (in which untrue information is reported), a logical fallacy is an error in reasoning. That is, an author draws an incorrect conclusion from the facts he or she reports in the source. There are a number of different common types of logical fallacies: The Bandwagon: The bandwagon technique is a common logical fallacy, especially in advertising. The bandwagon technique relies on emotion rather than reasoning, and its strength lies in making one fear rejection by his or her peers. The bandwagon argument basically can be summarized by saying, Since everyone is doing A, A is beneficial. (even in the lack of factual evidence). For example, an advertisement may claim 4 out of 5 Americans prefer a company s product over others, but never offer factual proof of the product s superiority. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc: (After this, therefore because of this): In this type of logical fallacy, an author concludes that one event caused another simply because it happened before it. In the post hoc fallacy, an author establishes a cause and effect relationship between two events without
3 finding factual evidence that there was a causal connection between the two. For example, rates of violent crime might have declined after the passage of gun control laws. An author, however, cannot assume that the passage of the law was the sole cause of the decline. For example, other types of prevention programs against violence or other economic and social factors may be responsible for the decline. Slippery Slope: In this fallacy, an author makes a claim that one event will set in motion a chain of events that will result in extremely negative consequences. Again, these claims are made without the proper support of facts. For example, a school board member may argue that relaxing dress code requirements will lead to a increase in tardiness to school, a rise in discipline problems, and a decline in grades without offering factual information to support his claim. Unstated Assumption. Sometimes an author will base arguments on premises that they merely assume to be true, without offering any proof to back the premise. On the surface, an author s argument may seem perfectly valid, but it reality may rest on an unstated assumption: a premise that an author simply takes for granted to be true without any evidence. For example, an author may argue that the rise in the number of illegal immigrants is ruining America s mainstream culture and taking jobs from Americans. This argument rests on the unstated assumption that immigration will automatically have a negative affect on Americans. Comparing the Credibility of Sources: An Example On the Ohio Graduation Test, you may be asked to compare the credibility of two sources and two identify which of the two is a more credible source of information. It is likely that they will provide opposing views on a controversial issue and ask you to determine if the supporters or opponents of the issue provide more credible information. The following provides an example of such a question, and provides suggestions for how to approach it using the example of Casino Gambling. Sample Question In recent years, citizens have debated whether or not to legalize casino gambling in the state of Ohio. Supporters of the issue argue that money generated from the casino can be used to support the funding of education, while opponents argue that casino gambling brings with it social problems. Consider the following views offered by a supporter and Opponents Gambling isn t new money. It s re directed money. It s trading dollars. Gambling came to New Mexico in 1994, and by 1998 the state s Secretary of Taxation and Revenue reported roughly $1 to $1.2 billion per year in other taxable sales had fallen off the balance sheet. Entertainment, retail, restaurants, and services took huge hits from the casinos, and as a result, paid far less in taxes.1 The best the economists could say was the economy was playing a zero sum game. The casinos were winning and the other business were losing. Source: Grey, Tom, National Spokesmen and Field Director, The National Coalition Against Legalize d Gambling, Supporters Why not have a casino in Ohio? I would love to be able to go to a casino that is in Ohio and closer to my own home. I would rather spend my money to benefit the state of Ohio than West Virginia or Indiana. With the price of gas going ever higher, some Ohioans would not travel out of state to spend their monies in other states. I'm sure that other counties in Ohio would love to have extra monies going into the budgets that would benefit their own county residents. Source: Opinion offered by supporter in response to story, Proposed Clinton County Casino Proponents Seeking Support of Ohio Counties, The Cleveland Leader, May 13, 2008
4 Which of the above two sources contains credible sources of information that can be verified? Why does agreement with credible sources make a source believable? Write Your Answer in Your Answer Document (2 pts). Sample Answer The opponents statement contains credible information that can be verified. The author cites statistics to support his claim (noting that in New Mexico 1 to 1.2 billion in taxable sales) and provides a footnote to both credit his source and to allow the reader to verify his claim. The second source, however, simply gives opinions without verifiable facts: the author simply states he would love to go to a Casino and would rather spend my money in the state of Ohio, but cites no relevant studies or statistics to support his claim. Agreement with credible sources is makes a source more believable because the more credible studies it agrees with, the more likely the source is to be true.
5
Persuasive Speech. Persuasive Speaking: Reasoning with Your Audience
Persuasive Speaking: Reasoning with Your Audience Persuasive Speech A speech whose goal is to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior of audience members 1 Elaboration Likelihood Model People
More informationIntegrating the prompts of Depth, Complexity and Content Imperatives in a Common Core classroom
Elements of Depth Language of the What terms or words are specific to the work of the (disciplinarian)? Disciplines What tools does the (disciplinarian) use? Details What are its attributes? What features
More information7. Provide information - media campaigns such as know your units, labelling on drinks
Teacher Notes Introduction This activity encourages students to decide on what measures they believe are appropriate for the regulation of alcohol consumption and to present these views as an argument.
More informationScience is a way of learning about the natural world by observing things, asking questions, proposing answers, and testing those answers.
Science 9 Unit 1 Worksheet Chapter 1 The Nature of Science and Scientific Inquiry Online resources: www.science.nelson.com/bcscienceprobe9/centre.html Remember to ask your teacher whether your classroom
More informationI. Logical Argument (argument) appeals to reason and intellect.
Page 1 of 5 Argument strategies for manipulating others to agree with your opinion, premise or idea; i.e. to convince others. Argumentative writing has a different motivation from expository writing, in
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level. Published
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level THINKING SKILLS 9694/1 Paper Critical Thinking MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 45 Published This mark scheme
More informationPer Se BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY
CASE STUDY PHYSICIANS GUIDE TO STATE LEGISLATION Per Se BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY Issue Enacting and enforcing state legislation to prohibit alcohol-impaired driving by mandating
More informationGet the Facts: Minnesota s 2013 Tobacco Tax Increase is Improving Health
Get the Facts: Minnesota s 2013 Tobacco Tax Increase is Improving Health February 10, 2015 Lisa R. Mattson, MD Frank J. Chaloupka, PhD Raymond Boyle, PhD, MPH Overview The tobacco industry has a well-known
More information0457 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series 0457 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 0457/33 Paper 3 (Written Paper), maximum
More informationWednesday October 4, 2017
Wednesday October 4, 2017 Assignment 56 Directions: 1. Copy the sentence starter in blue in your spiral. 2. You will write a 30 word summary on the Brainpop video you are about to see. Political beliefs
More informationSkills (Students will do): Determine word meanings Use context clues Acknowledge the need to stop and look for context clues.
Benchmark#: R.8.1.3.1 determines meaning of words or phrases using context clues (e.g., definitions, restatements, examples, descriptions, comparison-contrast, clue words, cause-effect) from sentences
More informationCognitive domain: Comprehension Answer location: Elements of Empiricism Question type: MC
Chapter 2 1. Knowledge that is evaluative, value laden, and concerned with prescribing what ought to be is known as knowledge. *a. Normative b. Nonnormative c. Probabilistic d. Nonprobabilistic. 2. Most
More informationIntroduction to Behavioral Economics Like the subject matter of behavioral economics, this course is divided into two parts:
Economics 142: Behavioral Economics Spring 2008 Vincent Crawford (with very large debts to Colin Camerer of Caltech, David Laibson of Harvard, and especially Botond Koszegi and Matthew Rabin of UC Berkeley)
More informationthe examples she used with her arguments were good ones because they lead the reader to the answer concerning the thesis statement.
SAMPLE PAPER 2 Using our PW and CT models, I concluded that Meg Greenfield's essay "In Defense of the Animals" is better than Ron Kline's " A Scientist: I am the enemy". Although both the essays had the
More informationFocus Words accumulation contradict exhibit inevitable manipulate
Join the national conversation! : G N I K O M S N E E? T E L B I S N O P S E R S I O H W Word Generation - Unit 1.16 Focus Words accumulation contradict exhibit inevitable manipulate Weekly Passage The
More informationARGUMENT: How to identify its quality
ARGUMENT: How to identify its quality Rohmani Nur Indah Objective: Understanding the goal of academic writing Understanding the nature of argumentation Identifying the criteria of good argument in academic
More informationLesson Plan: Japanese Internment a Challenge to Democracy
Lesson Plan: Japanese Internment a Challenge to Democracy Rationale for Unit: I decided to create a lesson on Japanese Internment because when I looked at the textbook at my school only a paragraph was
More informationWhy do Psychologists Perform Research?
PSY 102 1 PSY 102 Understanding and Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Thinking critically about research means knowing the right questions to ask to assess the validity or accuracy of a
More informationPSY 4960/5960 Science vs. Pseudoscience
PSY 4960/5960 Science vs. Pseudoscience Why can t we trust our world? Exercise #4 Fooled you! Write down an occasion when you believed something without a doubt and then found out it was not true. Analyze
More informationConfidence in Sampling: Why Every Lawyer Needs to Know the Number 384. By John G. McCabe, M.A. and Justin C. Mary
Confidence in Sampling: Why Every Lawyer Needs to Know the Number 384 By John G. McCabe, M.A. and Justin C. Mary Both John (john.mccabe.555@gmail.com) and Justin (justin.mary@cgu.edu.) are in Ph.D. programs
More informationAre You a Professional or Just an Engineer? By Kenneth E. Arnold WorleyParsons November, 2014
Are You a Professional or Just an Engineer? By enneth E. Arnold November, 2014 1 What is a Professional Is a professional defined by: Level of Education Job Title Complexity of Job Description Salary Grade
More informationArgument and Position. An argument presents logical reasons and evidence to support a viewpoint
Argument and Position An argument presents logical reasons and evidence to support a viewpoint Parts of an Argument! ISSUE - problem or controversy about which people disagree! CLAIM - the position on
More informationChapter 1 Observation Skills
Observation vs. Inference Chapter 1 Observation Skills Forensic relating to the application of scientific knowledge to legal questions must have ability to observe, interpret, and report observations clearly.
More informationAn Experimental Investigation of Self-Serving Biases in an Auditing Trust Game: The Effect of Group Affiliation: Discussion
1 An Experimental Investigation of Self-Serving Biases in an Auditing Trust Game: The Effect of Group Affiliation: Discussion Shyam Sunder, Yale School of Management P rofessor King has written an interesting
More informationProblem Gambling Efforts: Who is responsible? Elizabeth Lanza, Director of the Office of Compulsive and Problem Gambling PA Gaming Control Board
Problem Gambling Efforts: Who is responsible? Elizabeth Lanza, Director of the Office of Compulsive and Problem Gambling PA Gaming Control Board History of Problem Gambling * Moral issue/weakness * Impulse
More informationLesson 1 Understanding Science
Lesson 1 Student Labs and Activities Page Content Vocabulary 6 Lesson Outline 7 Content Practice A 9 Content Practice B 10 School to Home 11 Key Concept Builders 12 Enrichment 16 Challenge 17 Scientific
More informationEcon 270: Theoretical Modeling 1
Econ 270: Theoretical Modeling 1 Economics is certainly not the only social science to use mathematical theoretical models to examine a particular question. But economics, since the 1960s, has evolved
More informationThe Conference That Counts! March, 2018
The Conference That Counts! March, 2018 Statistics, Definitions, & Theories The Audit Process Getting it Wrong Practice & Application Some Numbers You Should Know Objectivity Analysis Interpretation Reflection
More informationAfter School Curriculum. Secondhand Smoke
After School Curriculum Secondhand Smoke Objectives 1. Students will understand how secondhand smoke can be avoided. 2. Students will understand the importance of voicing your opinion to legislators. 3.
More informationTrends in Ohioans Health Status and Income
October 200 Trends in Ohioans Health Status and Income Since 2005, household incomes in Ohio have steadily declined. In 2005, 65% of Ohio adults were living in households with an annual income over 200%
More informationGoal: To understand the methods that scientists use to study abnormal behavior
Key Dates TH Jan 26 Unit 4 TU Jan 31 Begin Dimensions-Emotion, Units IIA, 5; MW Ch 3 Paul TH Feb 2 Unit 6; MW Ch 3 Agnes, Bess TU Feb 7 Unit 7; MW Ch 7 Joseph, Virginia 1 Goal: To understand the methods
More informationStigmatization & Media
Stigmatization of People with Addictive Disorders Stigmatization & Media According to the 2018 World Drug Report (1) of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), About 275 million people worldwide, which
More informationChapter 22. Joann T. funk
Chapter 22 Persuasive Essays Joann T. funk Persuasive writing has the goal of convincing readers that a certain perspective is the desired one. A scholarly writer should persuade without showing any bias.
More informationA Snapshot: Medical Marijuana in Rural New Mexico & Benefits of Legalizing Adult Use of Marijuana in Rural New Mexico
A Snapshot: Medical Marijuana in Rural New Mexico & Benefits of Legalizing Adult Use of Marijuana in Rural New Mexico A presentation to: NM Legislative Economic & Rural Development Committee November 6,
More informationCHAPTER 2 EVALUATING NUTRITION INFORMATION OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 2 EVALUATING NUTRITION INFORMATION OVERVIEW Chapter 2 focuses on the generation and dissemination of nutrition knowledge. The scientific method is presented as the basis for nutrition research,
More informationCOUNTY LEVEL DATA FROM PWB POLLING BOULDER
How serious are these issues to Boulder residents? Extremely serious Very serious Somewhat serious Not a problem DK/NA Hight health care costs Lack of affordable housing Income inequality Drug and alcohol
More informationLEN 227: Introduction to Corrections Syllabus 3 lecture hours / 3 credits CATALOG DESCRIPTION
1 LEN 227: Introduction to Corrections Syllabus 3 lecture hours / 3 credits CATALOG DESCRIPTION Prerequisite: Undergraduate level RDG 099 Minimum Grade of P or Undergraduate level RDG 055 Minimum Grade
More informationHow Bad Data Analyses Can Sabotage Discrimination Cases
How Bad Data Analyses Can Sabotage Discrimination Cases By Mike Nguyen; Analysis Group, Inc. Law360, New York (December 15, 2016) Mike Nguyen When Mark Twain popularized the phrase, there are three kinds
More informationELECTION NIGHT 2018 HOT SHEET
ELECTION NIGHT 2018 HOT SHEET YOUR GUIDE TO PROFIT FROM MARIJUANA S TIPPING POINT MOMENT SEVEN FIGURE PUBLISHING Election Night 2018 HOT SHEET Your Guide to Profit from Marijuana s Tipping Point Moment
More informationBook Review: Using Women: Gender, Drug Policy, and Social Justice
The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology Volume 3 Issue 2 Article 2 November 2011 Book Review: Using Women: Gender, Drug Policy, and Social Justice Brandon K. Attell Kennesaw State University,
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level. Published
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES AND RESEARCH 9239/11 Paper 1 Written Examination May/June 2016 MARK SCHEME Maximum
More information(Weighted sample of 98 respondents) How serious are these issues to Boulder residents? Extremely serious Very serious Somewhat serious 38% 44% 31%
Perspectives on Homelessness in the Denver Metro Area Public opinion survey conducted for The Denver Foundation by Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin, Metz & Associates and Public Opinion Strategies January 14-22,
More informationCommon Reasoning Errors in Security. Roger G. Johnston, Ph.D., CPP Right Brain Sekurity htttp://rbsekurity.com
Common Reasoning Errors in Security Roger G. Johnston, Ph.D., CPP Right Brain Sekurity htttp://rbsekurity.com There are a number of classic fallacies in reasoning and in debating issues that can negatively
More informationMARIJUANA LEGALIZATION. INITIATIVE STATUTE.
PROPOSITION MARIJUANA LEGALIZATION. OFFICIAL TITLE AND SUMMARY Legalizes marijuana under state law, for use by adults 21 or older. Designates state agencies to license and regulate marijuana industry.
More informationCritical Thinking Assessment at MCC. How are we doing?
Critical Thinking Assessment at MCC How are we doing? Prepared by Maura McCool, M.S. Office of Research, Evaluation and Assessment Metropolitan Community Colleges Fall 2003 1 General Education Assessment
More informationThis week s issue: Word Generation UNIT 1.16 accumulation contradict exhibit inevitable manipulate
Word Generation UNIT 1.16 This week s issue: The effects of cigarette smoking cause nearly one in five deaths in the U.S. each year. Smoking is linked with cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. It is
More informationMetLife Foundation Alzheimer's Survey: What America Thinks
MetLife Foundation Alzheimer's Survey: What America Thinks May 11, 2006 Conducted by: Harris Interactive 2005, Harris Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Background and Objectives...
More informationOctober 3, Dear Representative Hensarling:
October 3, 2011 The Honorable Jeb Hensarling Co-Chair Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction 129 Cannon House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 Dear Representative Hensarling: The undersigned organizations
More informationMoms for Peace. None of us is safe until all of us are safe.
Moms for Peace None of us is safe until all of us are safe. Moms For Peace is an emerging national program designed to empower mothers with the intervention skills needed to end the epidemic gun violence
More informationSocial Biases and Pressures. Critical Thinking
Social Biases and Pressures Critical Thinking Humans are Social Animals We are very sensitive to what others do and think. Most of our deep-rooted beliefs and values come from family and society we grow
More informationRead the two articles discussing a market for human organs which can be found at the web links below.
Economics 280 Health Economics Professor Eric Jamelske Homework 4 Name **Solutions** Recently, the Seattle Times reported what is the nightmare reality of the 79,000 people on hospital transplant lists
More information0457 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education www.xtremepapers.com MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2014 series 0457 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES 0457/32
More informationAurélie Tabuteau Mangels Mental Illness Initiative Fellow Death Penalty Due Process Review Project American Bar Association
Aurélie Tabuteau Mangels Mental Illness Initiative Fellow Death Penalty Due Process Review Project American Bar Association December 6 th, 2016 Washington D.C. Introduction 2003: ABA Task Force on Mental
More informationStates with Authority to Require Nonresident Pharmacies to Report to PMP
States with Authority to Require Nonresident Pharmacies to Report to PMP Research current through May 2016. This project was supported by Grant No. G1599ONDCP03A, awarded by the Office of National Drug
More informationCOUNTY LEVEL DATA FROM PWB POLLING JEFFERSON COUNTY
How serious are these issues to Jefferson County residents? Extremely serious Very serious Somewhat serious Not a problem DK/NA High health care costs Too much government spending Lack of affordable housing
More informationA. Indicate the best answer to each the following multiple-choice questions (20 points)
Phil 12 Fall 2012 Directions and Sample Questions for Final Exam Part I: Correlation A. Indicate the best answer to each the following multiple-choice questions (20 points) 1. Correlations are a) useful
More informationSuccess in Drug Offenders in Rehabilitation Programs. Austin Nichols CJUS 4901 FALL 2012
1 Success in Drug Offenders in Rehabilitation Programs Austin Nichols CJUS 4901 FALL 2012 Success in Drug Offenders in Rehabilitation Programs 2 Abstract Rehabilitation in the eyes of the criminal justice
More informationCOUNTY LEVEL DATA FROM PWB POLLING BROOMFIELD COUNTY
How serious are these issues to Broomfield County residents? Extremely serious Very serious Somewhat serious Not a problem DK/NA Too much government spending 24% 1 45% The quality of public schools 7%
More informationFlu vaccines should never be mandatory for all US citizens, as this would encroach on
Flu vaccines should never be mandatory for all US citizens, as this would encroach on individual freedoms, and may pose serious health risks for some individuals. The freedom of choice should be maintained
More informationMarijuana Legalization. Marijuana legalization is an area that attracts great public deliberations in America
Surname 1 Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Marijuana Legalization Marijuana legalization is an area that attracts great public deliberations in America and most parts of the world. Apparently, people are usually
More informationSmoke-free laws are easy. Support rarely differs across party lines.
Smoke-free laws are easy. Support rarely differs across party lines. Avoid making it a partisan or ideological issue. The biggest challenge is downscale men and even a solid majority of that group supports
More informationChapter Nine The Categorization and Evaluation Exercise
Chapter Nine, The Categorization and Evaluation Exercise, 1 Chapter Nine The Categorization and Evaluation Exercise Revisiting your Working Thesis Why Categorize and Evaluate Evidence? Dividing, Conquering,
More informationGenius File #5 - The Myth of Strengths and Weaknesses
Genius File #5 - The Myth of Strengths and Weaknesses By Jay Niblick There is a myth about strengths and weaknesses, one which states that we all naturally possess them. In reality, we don t. What we do
More informationA-LEVEL General Studies B
A-LEVEL General Studies B Unit 3 (GENB3) Power Mark scheme 2765 June 2015 Version V1 Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
More informationIntroduction to Research Methods
Introduction to Research Methods Updated August 08, 2016 1 The Three Types of Psychology Research Psychology research can usually be classified as one of three major types: 1. Causal Research When most
More informationThe Clean Environment Commission. Public Participation in the Environmental Review Process
The Clean Environment Commission Public Participation in the Environmental Review Process Manitoba Clean Environment Commission Who are we? The Manitoba Clean Environment Commission is an arms-length agency
More informationA Probability Puzzler. Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking. A Probability Puzzler. A Probability Puzzler. Statistics.
Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking FREC 408 Dr. Tom Ilvento 213 Townsend Hall Ilvento@udel.edu A Probability Puzzler Pick a number from 2 to 9. It can be 2 or it can be 9, or any number in between.
More informationHuman intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error.
Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error. 3 Most people seem to lack confidence in the accuracy of their beliefs. 4 Case studies are particularly useful because of the similarities we
More informationThe facts are in: Minnesota's 2013 tobacco tax increase is improving health
https://www.minnpost.com/co... The facts are in: Minnesota's 20... Page 1 of 6 Community Voices features opinion pieces from a wide variety of authors and perspectives. (Submission Guidelines) The facts
More informationState of Connecticut Department of Education Division of Teaching and Learning Programs and Services Bureau of Special Education
State of Connecticut Department of Education Division of Teaching and Learning Programs and Services Bureau of Special Education Introduction Steps to Protect a Child s Right to Special Education: Procedural
More informationModule 4: Technology: PsycINFO, APA Format and Critical Thinking
Reading: Kuther: Ch 5 and 6; McBurney: SEC 22-29 Module 4: Technology: PsycINFO, APA Format and PSY 201: The Psychology Major: Academic and Professional Issues Module 4: Technological Resources: PsycINFO
More informationThe Three Appeals of Argument Logical Appeal (logos) Ethical Appeal (ethos) Emotional Appeal (pathos)
The Three Appeals of Argument Logical Appeal (logos) Ethical Appeal (ethos) Emotional Appeal (pathos) Logical Appeal (logos) A logical appeal is one that appeals to the mind. A logical appeal is the strategic
More informationThe Logic of Causal Order Richard Williams, University of Notre Dame, https://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/ Last revised February 15, 2015
The Logic of Causal Order Richard Williams, University of Notre Dame, https://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/ Last revised February 15, 2015 [NOTE: Toolbook files will be used when presenting this material] First,
More informationHow to Regulate E-Cigarettes? Are we asking the right questions?
How to Regulate E-Cigarettes? Are we asking the right questions? Eric N. Lindblom Director, Tobacco Control and Food & Drug Law O Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law Georgetown University
More informationSocial Studies 4 8 (118)
Purpose Social Studies 4 8 (118) The purpose of the Social Studies 4 8 test is to measure the requisite knowledge and skills that an entry-level educator in this field in Texas public schools must possess.
More informationTIPSHEET QUESTION WORDING
TIPSHEET QUESTION WORDING What would the perfect survey look like? All questions would measure the concept they intend to measure. No question would erroneously measure unintended concepts. All respondents
More informationWhat do you already know about bias?
Bias in Literature What do you already know about bias? What is bias anyway? Favoring one side, position, or belief being partial, prejudiced, Bias vs. Propaganda Bias is prejudice; a preconceived judgment
More informationAlcohol Beverage Control Jurisdictions. A Community Choice.
Alcohol Beverage Control Jurisdictions A Community Choice. OCTOBER 2017 A flexible range of policy options With repeal of national prohibition in 1933, the regulation of alcohol beverages reverted to the
More informationEXPERT PANEL AND FIELD PARTICIPANTS BELIEVE
EXPERT PANEL AND FIELD PARTICIPANTS BELIEVE 1. The overall total number of clients/cases/patients in the system has remained stable over the years; however, the proportional number of clients abusing opiates
More informationForensic Science. Read the following passage about how forensic science is used to solve crimes. Then answer the questions based on the text.
Read the following passage about how forensic science is used to solve crimes. Then answer the questions based on the text. Forensic Science by Andrea Campbell 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Today, more than a century
More informationPhil 12: Logic and Decision Making (Winter 2010) Directions and Sample Questions for Final Exam. Part I: Correlation
Phil 12: Logic and Decision Making (Winter 2010) Directions and Sample Questions for Final Exam Part I: Correlation A. Answer the following multiple-choice questions 1. To make a prediction from a new
More informationLearning Target: I. Your letter should: II. Effective Verbs for Introducing Quotations Use a variety of verbs for a more effective paper
Name: Teacher: Class: Date: After thinking about your reading, discussion, and analysis of Rifkin s article and the letters in response to it, what do you personally think about Rifkin s point? Do you
More informationCOUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY. Spring 2004
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY Spring 2004 Instructor: Debra VanderVoort, Ph.D. Class, Room, & Time : Psy 377, UCB 245, W 5:00-7:45 Office: UCB 273; 974-7402 Office Hours: MW: 2:00-2:50; 4:15-4:45; 7:45-9:30 and
More information3/12/2011. You Know The Story. What is missing? Balance, Fairness and Bias
You Know The Story What is missing? Balance, Fairness and Bias 1 Balance, Fairness and Bias Balance, Fairness and Bias Balance, Fairness and Bias What s Missing? 2 What s your opinion? Most news outlets
More informationMAKING CONNECTIONS. Data from this graph support the conclusion that World War I
MAKING CONNECTIONS Data from this graph support the conclusion that World War I A. was a significant benefit to the American economy B. caused the United States trade deficit to increase C. cost the United
More informationTopic: Recreational marijuana should be legalized for public use
Troy Hester Hester 1 Formal Outline for Persuasive Speech CO2015: Public Speaking Kevin Miller, Ph.D Huntington University 9 November 2015 PREPARATION LIST Topic: Recreational marijuana should be legalized
More informationTheory and Methods Question Bank
Theory and Methods Question Bank Theory and Methods is examined in both the AS and the A Level. The AS questions focus mostly on research methods and at A Level include sociological debates, perspectives
More informationThe Healthy Indiana Plan
The Healthy Indiana Plan House Enrolled Act 1678 A Pragmatic Approach Governor Mitch Daniels July 16, 2007 Indiana s Fiscal Health is Good First Back-to-Back Balanced Budget in Eight Years $1,000.0 Revenue
More informationCausality and Statistical Learning
Department of Statistics and Department of Political Science, Columbia University 29 Sept 2012 1. Different questions, different approaches Forward causal inference: What might happen if we do X? Effects
More informationProposal 18-1: Marijuana Legalization
Proposal 18-1: Marijuana Legalization November 2018 Statewide Ballot Issues Webinar - October 16, 2018 Tim Michling, Research Associate Citizens Research Council of Michigan 2 Access our analyses, official
More informationTHE NATURE VERSUS NURTURE DEBATE 1
THE NATURE VERSUS NURTURE DEBATE 1 The Nature versus Nurture Debate Kristina Day Stenberg College THE NATURE VERSUS NURTURE DEBATE 2 The Nature versus Nurture Debate For centuries humans have been asking
More informationCHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Behavior
CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Behavior CHAPTER OVERVIEW Chapter 1 introduces you to the field of social psychology. The Chapter begins with a definition of social psychology and a discussion of how social
More informationKahneman, Daniel. Thinking Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011.
The accumulating research indicates that individuals cognitive and behavioral orientations to objects (their thoughts and actions) are frequently based on rapid shortcuts or heuristics. The past few decades
More informationThe American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Noisy Environments Poll Summary
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Noisy Environments Poll Summary Spring 2017 Contents Background and Objectives 2 Methodology 3 Executive Summary 4 Attitudes Towards Hearing 8 Current Leisure
More informationFAQ: Heuristics, Biases, and Alternatives
Question 1: What is meant by the phrase biases in judgment heuristics? Response: A bias is a predisposition to think or act in a certain way based on past experience or values (Bazerman, 2006). The term
More informationCAUSING OTHERS TO WANT YOUR LEADERSHIP
CAUSING OTHERS TO WANT YOUR LEADERSHIP...for Administrators 2nd edition ROBERT L. DEBRUYN AUTHOR OF THE MASTER TEACHER Table of ConTenTs INTRODUCTION...vii Part one You and PeoPle ChaPter 1. What LeaDershIP
More informationBEWARE! Global Regulatory Trends Undermining the Future of Brands
BEWARE! Global Regulatory Trends Undermining the Future of Brands Big Tobacco, Big Food, Big Soda, Big Alcohol: It s not just us saying so! Big Tobacco, Big Food, Big Soda, Big Alcohol: It s not just us
More informationA reply to Ben Kavoussi MS and all the so-called anti-quackery groups
Tong Ren - The Future Medicine A reply to Ben Kavoussi MS and all the so-called anti-quackery groups Tong Ren healing is getting popular in the New England area. So far we have about 7,000 people who use
More informationMultiple Comparisons and the Known or Potential Error Rate
Journal of Forensic Economics 19(2), 2006, pp. 231-236 2007 by the National Association of Forensic Economics Multiple Comparisons and the Known or Potential Error Rate David Tabak * I. Introduction Many
More information