PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXECUTIVES OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS OF JAMMU CITY

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1 GJBM ISSN: Vol. 2 No. 1, June 2008 Psychological Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Executives of Government... PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXECUTIVES OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS OF JAMMU CITY S.R. Khan* and Probhjot Kour** ABSTRACT The life of an executive today is very complex, because of handling multiple projects at work, resulting in physical and mental fatigue. The present study aims at studying the psychological well-being of executives of government and private organizations in Jammu city. The sample size (n=60), 30 from government organizations and 30 from private organizations were selected by using purposive sampling in first phase and random sampling in the second phase. The data were collected by using Psychological Well-Being Scale by Caroll Ryff (2003), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire by Argyle and Hills (2002). The results showed that government executives had higher level of psychological well-being and happiness than private executives. Key Words: Psychological well-being, Happiness, Self acceptance Psychological well being and happiness are central to one's competence and productivity has never been realized as it is today. The feelings of happiness and satisfaction subjectively experienced by individuals have been termed as psychological well-being (Okun & Stack, 1987). Psychological or subjective well being is more a question of our attitude and approach to life situations. Waterman (1993), argues that the presence of emotional states and positive appraisals of the worker and his or her relationship within the workplace accentuate worker performance and quality of life. When environments provide and people seek out interesting, meaningful, and challenging tasks, individuals in these situations are likely to have manageable difficulties. That is, when demands match or slightly exceed resources, individuals experience positive emotional states (e.g., pleasure, joy, energy) and they perceive themselves as growing, * Professor & Head, Post Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Jammu (J&K). ** Research Scholar, Post Graduate Department of Psychology, University of Jammu (J&K).

2 88 S.R. Khan and Probhjot Kour engaged and productive (Waterman, 1993). Ryff et al., (1999), examined the impact of impoverishment on eudaimonic outcomes. Using the psychological well being measure, they found that socio-economic status was linked to the dimensions of self acceptance, purpose, mastery and growth. Many of the negative effects of lower socio-economic status on these dimensions appeared to result from social comparison processes, in which poorer individuals compared themselves unfavourably with others and felt unable to gain resources that could adjust perceived inequalities. Sahoo (2004), recognizes significance of cultural parameters in psychological well-being. The idiographic analysis of the data shows that adult male view economic influence as critical factor where as adult females consider spousal relation as a critical factor in happiness, similarly adult males view professional reverses as a significant dimension whereas elderly women consider family discard as a critical factor in unhappiness. Peterson and colleagues (2005) studied different orientations to happiness and their associations with life satisfaction were investigated with 845 adults responding to internet surveys. They measured life satisfaction and the endorsement of three different ways to be happy through pleasure, engagement, and meaning. Each of these three orientations individually predicted life satisfaction. People simultaneously low on all three orientations reported especially low life satisfaction. These findings point the way towards a distinction between the full life and empty life. The present research study is conducted on executives to find out their psychological well-being and happiness because hardly any study is conducted on the similar sample comparing the government and private organizations. OBJECTIVES To study the level of psychological well being of executives of government and private organizations of Jammu city. To study the level of happiness of executives of government and private organizations of Jammu city. To study the correlation between psychological well-being and happiness of executives of government and private organizations of Jammu city. HYPOTHESES There will be a significant difference in the level of psychological well-being of executives of government and private organizations of Jammu city. There will be a significant difference in the level of happiness of executives of government and private organizations of Jammu city. There will be a significant correlation between psychological well-being and happiness of executives of government and private organizations of Jammu city. Vol. 2, No. 1, June, 2008

3 Psychological Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Executives of Government RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN Government Organization Executives (N = 30) (N=60) Private organization (N = 30) For correlational studies: Independent variable: Psychological well-being Dependent variable: Happiness. For collecting data for the present research the following questionnaire were used Psychological well-being scale developed by Carol Ryff (1996). 2. Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) developed by Argyle and Hills (2002) PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING SCALE Ryff & Singer (1996), have explored the question of well being in the context of developing a life span theory of human flourishing. Also drawing from Aristotle, they describe well-being not simply as the attaining of pleasure, but as "the striving for perfection that represents the realizations of one's true potential". Participants respond using a six-point format: (1) strongly disagree, (2) moderately disagree, (3) slightly disagree, (4) slightly agree, (5) moderately agree, and (6) strongly agree. Responses to negatively scored items (-) are reversed in the final scoring procedures so that high scores indicate high self rating on the dimension assessed. HAPPINESS SCALE According to Argyle and Hills (2002), happiness constitutes of seven components: positive cognition, social commitment, positive affect, sense of control, physical fitness, satisfaction with self and mental alertness. OHQ (2002) has been revised which consists of similar number of similarly worded items of OHI (Argyle, Martin, & Crossland, 1989), in which respondents may answer on a uniform six point Likert scale. The scale consists of equal number of positive and negative items that can be intermingled with other items in the scale. Principal components factor analysis of OHI and OHQ shows seven factors with Eigen value>1. OHI accounted and OHQ accounted 64.3 total values which means with the help of OHI, happiness can be explained 60.9% and with the help of OHQ, happiness can be explained 64.3%. OHQ has been derived from OHI comprises of 29 items each involving the selection of one from four options that are different for each item. The validity of OHQ was satisfactory. Parallel factor analysis of OHI and OHQ virtually produced identical statistical results. Reverse items in OHQ are 1,5,6,10,13,19,23,24,27,28,29. Global Journal of Business Management

4 90 S.R. Khan and Probhjot Kour Sample In first stage, Purposive sampling was used to select executives from government and private organizations. In the second stage 30 executives were selected randomly from government organization and other 30 from private organization. The mean age of the respondents of the private sector is 44.9 and the respondent of the government organization is RESULTS TABLE-1 Mean and SD's of Psychological Well-being of Government and Private Organization (n=30), df = 29. Vol. 2, No. 1, June, 2008 Mean SD t-test Government Organization ** Private Organization **p<0.01 Table 1. Revealed that the mean score of government executive on psychological well - being is (X = , SD = ) and the mean score of private executive on psychological well-being is (X= , SD = ) and t value is which is significant at.01 level. This shows that there is significant difference between government executives and private executives on psychological well-being. That is, government executives have higher level of psychological well-being than private executives. Hence, the Hypothesis 1 of the study is accepted. TABLE-2 Mean and SD's of Happiness of Government and Private Organization. Mean SD t-test Government Organization ** Private Organization P<0.01 level Table 2. Shows significant difference between government and private organization executives on happiness as the mean score of government executive on happiness is (X= , SD= ) and the mean score of private executive on happiness is (X= , SD = ) and t value is which is significant at 0.01 level. It indicates that government executives have higher level of happiness than private executives. Hence, Hypothesis no. 2 of the study is accepted. Results show that psychological well-being of private and Government organizations is positively correlated with the happiness of private and government organizations suggesting higher psychological well-being foster higher happiness. Thus, Hypothesis no. 3 of the study is accepted.

5 Psychological Well-Being: A Comparative Study of Executives of Government TABLE: 3 Psychological Psychological Happiness Happiness wellbeing wellbeing (private) (Government) (Private) (government) Psychological wellbeing (private) 1 Psychological wellbeing (government) Happiness (private).756** Happiness (government) ** ** Correlation is significant at the.01 level * Correlation is significant at the.05 level DISCUSSION Government executives have higher level of psychological well-being than Private executives. It may be due to the fact that in most private organizations there is lot of work pressure, work load, accountability, meeting deadline, insecurity about job, than government organizations. Government executives have higher level of happiness than Private executives. It seems that government organizations are relatively relationship oriented than task oriented so there is no time pressure, less responsibility, less work load than private organizations. Psychological well-being of executives, irrespective of organizations, is correlated positively with happiness showing positive psychological well-being foster satisfaction with life, efficacy, sociability/empathy, positive outlook, well being, cheerfulness and self esteem which are the indicators of happiness. CONCLUSION From this analysis and analogy of the Government and private organizations, it may be concluded that private executives are tension ridden due to over work, long working hours and work conflict as compared to government organizations. So, working hours need to be reduced and work load should be less so as to provide leisure and relief to the executives in the private organizations. This will develop willingness and capacity to work resulting in greater output of the private executives. Besides, happiness strategy skills, scope for creativity and job security should be enhanced to improve their mental level. REFERENCES Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In J.P. Forgas, & J.M. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp ). North-Holland: Elsevier. Global Journal of Business Management

6 92 S.R. Khan and Probhjot Kour Argyle, M., & Hills, P. (2002). Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Personality and individual difference, 33, Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol, 65, Okun, M.A., & Stock, W.A. (1984). Correlates and components of subjective well being. Journal of applied Gerontology, 6, Peterson, C. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: the full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6 (25-41). Ryff C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychomatics, 65, Sahoo, F.M. (2004). Promoting human happiness. Paper presented on 14th annual conference of national academy of psychology in IIT, Feb (26-28). Waterman, A.S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, Vol. 2, No. 1, June, 2008

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