Sensation vs. Perception
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- Meghan Lindsey
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1 PERCEPTION
2 Sensation vs. Perception What s the difference? Sensation what the senses do Perception process of recognizing, organizing and dinterpreting ti information.
3 What is Sensation? The process whereby the physical linput from the environment is coded ddinto neural responses
4 What is Perception? The way in which you interpret or internally represent incoming sensations.
5 Proximal vs. Distal Distal Stimulus: Actual stimulus as it is in our environment a plane Proximal Stimulus: The representation of the stimulus in our system. light reflected from the plane that falls on our retina
6 Perception: Basics Shape Constancy Size Constancy Depth Perception Perceptual Organization
7 Shape Constancy Perception of the stimulus stays constant even though the sensation changes.
8 Size Constancy
9 Depth Perception How do we perceive depth? Some cues help us: Pictorial Cues Interposition Size Texture gradient Linear perspective Motion Cues Binocular Cues
10 Interposition When one object blocks the other, we see the blocked object as further away.
11 Relative Size The smaller object is perceived as further away
12 As the surface gets farther g away from us this texture gets finer and appears smoother Texture Gradients
13 Parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge. Linear Perspective
14 Motion Parallax As we move objects that are closer to us As we move, objects that are closer to us move farther across our field of view than do objects that are in the distance.
15 Movement Cues Focus on an object at an intermediate t distance. Things closer to you than the focused object will appear to move in the opposite direction of your head movement whereas things farther away from you than the focused object will appear to move in the same direction as your head movement.
16 Binocular Cues Binocular disparity - The eyes are offset by about 6 cm. creating two slightly different views of the world. The images combine to form a 3-D scene
17 Retinal Disparity The difference between the images of an object seen by left and right eyes resulting from the eyes' horizontal separation.
18 Organization in Visual Perception Gestalt Psychology Humans have a tendency to see patterns rather than random arrangements exp: clouds, wallpapers, mosaic flooring We tend to organize what we see.
19 The Law of Pragnanz
20 Proximity Po Similarity Gestalt Laws of Grouping Good continuation Closure Common fate
21 Gestalt Laws of Grouping Proximity - Objects near each other tend to be processed as a unit.
22 Gestalt Laws of Grouping Similarity - Objects similar to each other tend to be processed as a unit.
23
24 Gestalt Laws of Grouping
25 Gestalt Laws of Grouping Good continuation -Objects arranged in a straight line or curve tend to be seen as a unit.
26 Gestalt Laws of Grouping Closure - When a figure has a gap, we tend to see it as a completed figure.
27 Gestalt Laws of Grouping Common fate -Objects that move in the same direction tend to be seen as a unit. (ultrasound)
28 Perception is a constructive process Information is integrated, put together
29 When construction fails Perceptual illusions
30 Theories of Object Recognition Template-Matching Theory Feature-Analysis Theory Recognition-by-Components Theory
31 Template-Matching Theory You try match each and every stimulus you encounter with a set of templates in your memory. You recognize the object, when there is successful match.
32 Template Theory Basics of template theory Multiple templates are held in memory To recognize the incoming stimuli, you compare it to templates in memory until a match his found
33 Template Theory Weakness of theory Problem of imperfect matches Cannot account for the flexibility of pattern recognition system
34 Template-Matching Theory: Very inflexible Problems Cannot account for complexity in visual processing. Not parsimonious.
35 Feature-Analysis Theory We divide each stimuli into different components that are called distinctive features. Then we encounter a stimulus we compare the features.
36 Feature-Analysis Theory : Problems Cannot account for complexity in visual processing. Not parsimonious enough
37 The Recognition-by-Components Theory Explains how we recognize 3-D shapes Geons: simple 3-D shapes atomsatoms of object recognition. All objects are made up of geons.
38
39 Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing Bottom-up: Perception begins with input of very low-level stimulus information which is passed along to higher-order processes perception is dependent on the basic from the environment. Top-down: Higher order processes influence how the input is perceived. perception is dependent on expectations ti and context effects
40 Context Effects
41
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