Introduction to Physiological Psychology Review

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Introduction to Physiological Psychology Review"

Transcription

1 Introduction to Physiological Psychology Review n Learning and Memory n Human Communication n Emotion 1

2 What is memory? n Working Memory: Limited capacity (7 +/- 2) Information can be held for several minutes with rehearsal (e.g. memory system you use when you have to remember a phone number but have no place to write it down) n Long-term Memory: Very large capacity Essentially infinite duration e.g. memory system you need when you are reminiscing with friends, or taking a final exam Perceptual Learning Objects Situations Forms of Learning Motor Learning Stimulus-Response Learning Relational Learning Form new circuits in the motor system Form connection between perception and action Connections between stimuli 2

3 Learning n All forms of learning involve changes in the ways that neurons communicate. Stimulus-Response learning n Classical Conditioning An unimportant stimulus begins to elicit a similar response as an important one It involves an association between two stimuli, one of which is reflexive n Operant Conditioning (or Instrumental Conditioning) A particular stimulus begins to elicit a particular response It involves an association between a stimulus and a response 3

4 Classical Conditioning n Famous example: Pavlov s dogs First, present dogs with food and measure amount of saliva Then, start ringing a bell just before food is presented (at first, saliva only occurs at presentation of food) In time, salivation occurs in response to the bell Conditioning has occurred Classical Conditioning n Unconditional Stimulus- dog food n Unconditional Response- salivation n Conditional Stimulus- bell n Conditional Response- salivation 4

5 Instrumental (or Operant) Conditioning n Reinforcing stimulus (favorable consequences) Appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes behavior occur with greater frequency n Punishing stimulus (unfavorable consequences) Aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes behavior occur more rarely An association between a stimulus and a response But what has happened in the brain? n Hebb postulated: the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires neurons that fire together, wire together For LTP to occur, the postsynaptic cell must already be depolarized 5

6 NMDA and AMPA n Glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, which controls a calcium (Ca2+) channel. n So, Ca2+ rushes in, right? NO! 6

7 NMDA and AMPA n At rest, that same calcium channel is guarded by a magnesium ion (Mg2+), so calcium can t get in through NMDA receptors. n That Mg2+ ion won t budge unless cell is depolarized. n But cell can t depolarize unless Ca2+ can get in, right? NO! NMDA and AMPA n If a weak synapse is active by itself, nothing happens n BUT- if the cell has just fired due to a strong synapse somewhere else on the cell, a dendritic spike will depolarize the membrane 7

8 NMDA and AMPA n Depolarization kicks the Mg2+ ion out, and NOW Ca2+ ions can enter the cell. n and an association between those two synapses is formed. We still don t have LTP! n Ca2+ ions entering the cell bind with the enzyme CaM- KII n CaM-KII causes more AMPA receptors to to move to post-synaptic membrane. n More AMPA receptors means it s easier to depolarize the cell in the future. 8

9 We still don t have LTP! n Ca2+ ions entering the cell bind with the enzyme CaM- KII n CaM-KII causes more AMPA receptors to to move to post-synaptic membrane. n More AMPA receptors means it s easier to depolarize the cell in the future. n For Ca2+ to enter the cell, NMDA receptors have to be activated by glutamate AND subjected to depolarization simultaneously. n The fact that both these things must occur together means that NMDA receptors are coincidence detectors. n Thus, they are crucial for LTP. 9

10 Perceptual Learning n The ventral stream involved with object recognition, continues ventrally into the inferior temporal cortex. n The dorsal stream involved with perception of the location of objects, continues dorsally into the posterior parietal cortex. n The ventral stream is involved with the what of visual perception; the dorsal stream is involved with the where. Instrumental Conditioning n Circuits responsible for instrumental conditioning begin in sensory association cortices and end in motor association cortex. 10

11 Instrumental Conditioning n Two major pathways from sensory to motor association areas: Direct transcortical connections- involved in STM, acquisition of episodic memories and of complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction (slow and laborious) Connections via the basal ganglia and thalamus- which are involved as behaviors become automatic and routine (fast and easy) H.M. 11

12 What can possibly go wrong? n Anterograde Amnesia: Amnesia for events occurring after the precipitating event. n Retrograde Amnesia: Amnesia for events occurring before the precipitating event. The Medial Temporal Lobe: Crucial in the Declarative Memory System n Damage to these areas usually results in anterograde amnesia: patients are unable to form new declarative memories. n Can also result in retrograde amnesia: typically graded. n Non-declarative memory is not affected. 12

13 H.M. Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy n Minor seizure beginning at age 10, major seizures beginning age 16 n Severe, persistent seizure condition- not controlled with anticonvulsants n By mid-20 s, condition was so severe he was unable to work n Surgery at age 27: Bilateral medial temporal lobe resection. n In HM, the amygdala, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, and about twothirds of the hippocampus were removed 13

14 What s wrong with H.M., and what does it tell us about functions of Hippocampus and MTL? n What CAN he do? Intellect is normal Can remember the past (pre-surgery) He has relatively little retrograde amnesia His long-term memory is intact Can carry on excellent, short conversation His working memory is intact Can learn new skills at a normal rate- and retains those skills over long periods of time His procedural memory is intact 14

15 What s wrong with H.M., and what does it tell us about functions of Hippocampus and MTL? n What CAN T he do? Doesn t retain new semantic or episodic information Can t form new declarative memories. What does H.M. tell us about role of Hippocampus and MTL? n Hippocampus is essential for the formation, but not the storage or retrieval, of long-term declarative memory n Memory depends on Hippocampus for a short duration n Hippocampus does not mediate short-term memory 15

16 What does H.M. tell us about role of Hippocampus and MTL? n STM and LTM are distinctly separate H.M. is unable to move memories from STM to LTM, a problem with memory consolidation n Memory may exist but not be recalled as when H.M. exhibits a skill he does not know he has learned Explicit vs. Implicit Memories n Explicit memories conscious memories n Implicit memories unconscious memories, as when H.M. shows the benefits of prior experience 16

17 Broca s Area and Patient Tan Lateralization of Function n For many functions the hemispheres do not differ and where there are differences, these tend to be minimal n Lateralization of function is statistical, not absolute! e.g. Right hemisphere has some language abilities 17

18 Lateralization of Function Left Hemisphere n Language Even for deaf people! n Words, letters Right Hemisphere n Emotional Prosody n Music n Spatial ability n Faces, patterns n The details n The big picture Language n Language is not a unitary ability Production vs. Comprehension n Production Requires having something to say, being able to associate that thing with words, and making the mouth move appropriately n Comprehension Begins in the auditory system (detection and analysis of sounds) but there is a difference between recognizing a word and comprehending it 18

19 What can possibly go wrong? n Aphasia A difficulty with speech (either production or comprehension) caused by brain damage rather than, e.g. motor deficits or deafness What can possibly go wrong? n Broca s aphasia difficulty in language production Comprehension is normal Know what they want to say, but can t say it expressive aphasia, slow laborious speech, full of disfluencies. Although words are often mispronounced, words that are produced are usually meaningful 19

20 What can possibly go wrong? n Broca s aphasia Typically function words are most compromised, with content words being relatively spared. Aphasias are a spectrum What can possibly go wrong? n Broca s aphasia: not ONLY a production problem! Although comprehension is good, it is not normal Agrammatism is present in production, and grammatical clues such as word order, tense markers or function words aren t successfully used in comprehension either. 20

21 What can possibly go wrong? n Broca s aphasia: not ONLY a production problem! Anomia: a difficulty in finding words (in naming things). What can possibly go wrong? n Broca s aphasia: not ONLY a production problem! Articulation difficulties: mouth motor movements are disfluent, so words are often mispronounced 21

22 What else can possibly go wrong? n Wernicke s aphasia Wernicke s area- difficulty in comprehension; but production is generally meaningless Unlike Broca s Wernicke s aphasics generally speak quite fluently, with normal prosody, natural-sounding rhythm and apparently normal grammatical constructions. jargon aphasia, natural sounding rhythm and syntax, but output is meaningless ( word salad ) neologisms Wernicke s Aphasia n Difficulty recognizing words n Impaired comprehension (failure to grasp the meaning of words) n Difficulty converting thoughts into meaningful words 22

23 n Wernicke s area is also implicated in Pure Word Deafness n Uncompromised recognition of nonspeech sounds and intonation. n Caused by disruption of auditory input to Wernicke s area, or damage to Wernicke s area itself Wernicke s Area Transcortical sensory aphasia n Wernicke s aphasics can t understand the meaning of words or translate their thoughts into meaningful words. n This seems to be due to trauma to the posterior language area. n Damage to just this area often results in transcortical sensory aphasia. n These patients can recognize words: they can repeat back what you say but can t make meaning. 23

24 Language Areas Conduction Aphasia n The fact that transcortical aphasia patients can perform repetition suggests that there is a direct connection between Wernicke s area and Broca s area n This is known as the arcuate fasciculus 24

25 Conduction Aphasia n Conduction aphasia patients speak fluently have pretty good comprehension Often perform well on repetition tasks, as long as the sounds have meaning Often fail at longer repetition tasks, repeating the gist of a sentence but with different words The arcuate fasciculus n A bundle of axons that seems to bring information from Wernicke s area to Broca s area about the sounds of words (but not their meanings!) n Conduction aphasia patients speak fluently, have pretty good comprehension, but fail at repetition tasks suggesting that the AF is important in STM of words and recently heard speech sounds 25

26 Conduction aphasia Anomic aphasia n Speech of anomic aphasics is fluent and grammatical, and their comprehension is fine but they appear to have difficulty finding the right words. n Fluent anomia is caused by posterior lesions to the temporal or parietal lobes. n Patients adopt circumlocutions: alternative ways of saying what they mean 26

27 Next time 27

Perceptual Learning. Motor Learning. Stimulus-Response Learning. Relational Learning

Perceptual Learning. Motor Learning. Stimulus-Response Learning. Relational Learning Introduction to Physiological Psychology Review ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260.html Learning and Memory Human Communication Emotion 1 Working Memory: What is memory? Limited

More information

Introduction to Physiological Psychology Learning and Memory II

Introduction to Physiological Psychology Learning and Memory II Introduction to Physiological Psychology Learning and Memory II ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260.html Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Declarative Memory Procedural Memory

More information

Butter Food Eat Sandwich Rye Jam Milk Flour Jelly Dough Crust Slice Wine Loaf Toast

Butter Food Eat Sandwich Rye Jam Milk Flour Jelly Dough Crust Slice Wine Loaf Toast Introduction to Physiological Psychology Learning and Memory ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ /~ksweeney/psy260.html Comments on your comments Thank you! Some things that I can change NOW: Slow

More information

Psy /16 Human Communication. By Joseline

Psy /16 Human Communication. By Joseline Psy-302 11/16 Human Communication By Joseline Lateralization Left Hemisphere dominance in speech production in 95% of right handed and 70% of left handed people Left -> Timing, Sequence of events Right

More information

Systems Neuroscience November 29, Memory

Systems Neuroscience November 29, Memory Systems Neuroscience November 29, 2016 Memory Gabriela Michel http: www.ini.unizh.ch/~kiper/system_neurosci.html Forms of memory Different types of learning & memory rely on different brain structures

More information

More dendritic spines, changes in shapes of dendritic spines More NT released by presynaptic membrane

More dendritic spines, changes in shapes of dendritic spines More NT released by presynaptic membrane LEARNING AND MEMORY (p.1) You are your learning and memory! (see movie Total Recall) L&M, two sides of the same coin learning refers more to the acquisition of new information & brain circuits (storage)

More information

Synap&c Plas&city. long-term plasticity (~30 min to lifetime) Long-term potentiation (LTP) / Long-term depression (LTD)

Synap&c Plas&city. long-term plasticity (~30 min to lifetime) Long-term potentiation (LTP) / Long-term depression (LTD) Synap&c Plas&city synaptic connectivity constantly changes in response to activity and other factors During development: provides the basic wiring of the brain s circuits Throughout rest of life: basis

More information

This Lecture: Psychology of Memory and Brain Areas Involved

This Lecture: Psychology of Memory and Brain Areas Involved Lecture 18 (Nov 24 th ): LEARNING & MEMORY #1 Lecture Outline This Lecture: Psychology of Memory and Brain Areas Involved Next lecture: Neural Mechanisms for Memory 1) Psychology of Memory: Short Term

More information

Ch 8. Learning and Memory

Ch 8. Learning and Memory Ch 8. Learning and Memory Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Summarized by H.-S. Seok, K. Kim, and B.-T. Zhang Biointelligence

More information

9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007

9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Declarative memory conscious,

More information

Ch 8. Learning and Memory

Ch 8. Learning and Memory Ch 8. Learning and Memory Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga,, R. B. Ivry,, and G. R. Mangun,, Norton, 2002. Summarized by H.-S. Seok, K. Kim, and B.-T. Zhang Biointelligence

More information

Henry Molaison. Biography. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Henry Molaison. Biography. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Henry Molaison From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Henry Gustav Molaison (February 26, 1926 December 2, 2008), known widely as H.M., was an American memory disorder patient who had a bilateral medial

More information

Theories of memory. Memory & brain Cellular bases of learning & memory. Epileptic patient Temporal lobectomy Amnesia

Theories of memory. Memory & brain Cellular bases of learning & memory. Epileptic patient Temporal lobectomy Amnesia Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 2 nd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2002. Theories of Sensory, short-term & long-term memories Memory & brain Cellular bases

More information

Neuroplasticity:. Happens in at least 3 ways: - - -

Neuroplasticity:. Happens in at least 3 ways: - - - BRAIN PLASTICITY Neuroplasticity:. Happens in at least 3 ways: - - - Recently, it was found that new neurons and glial cells are born in specific brain regions - reorganization. Brain plasticity occurs

More information

BRAIN PLASTICITY. Neuroplasticity:. Happens in at least 3 ways: - - -

BRAIN PLASTICITY. Neuroplasticity:. Happens in at least 3 ways: - - - BRAIN PLASTICITY Neuroplasticity:. Happens in at least 3 ways: - - - Recently, it was found that new neurons and glial cells are born in specific brain regions - reorganization. Brain plasticity occurs

More information

Learning and Memory. The Case of H.M.

Learning and Memory. The Case of H.M. Learning and Memory Learning deals with how experience changes the brain Memory refers to how these changes are stored and later reactivated The Case of H.M. H.M. suffered from severe, intractable epilepsy

More information

Chapter 5: Learning and Behavior Learning How Learning is Studied Ivan Pavlov Edward Thorndike eliciting stimulus emitted

Chapter 5: Learning and Behavior Learning How Learning is Studied Ivan Pavlov Edward Thorndike eliciting stimulus emitted Chapter 5: Learning and Behavior A. Learning-long lasting changes in the environmental guidance of behavior as a result of experience B. Learning emphasizes the fact that individual environments also play

More information

Learning & Language Development

Learning & Language Development Learning & Language Development Classical Conditioning An involuntary response when a stimulus that normally causes a particular response is paired with a new, neutral stimulus. After enough pairings,

More information

1) Drop off in the Bi 150 box outside Baxter 331 or to the head TA (jcolas).

1) Drop off in the Bi 150 box outside Baxter 331 or  to the head TA (jcolas). Bi/CNS/NB 150 Problem Set 5 Due: Tuesday, Nov. 24, at 4:30 pm Instructions: 1) Drop off in the Bi 150 box outside Baxter 331 or e-mail to the head TA (jcolas). 2) Submit with this cover page. 3) Use a

More information

Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR

Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may have as many as 200,000

More information

Serial model. Amnesia. Amnesia. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Prof. Stephan Anagnostaras. Lecture 3: HM, the medial temporal lobe, and amnesia

Serial model. Amnesia. Amnesia. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Prof. Stephan Anagnostaras. Lecture 3: HM, the medial temporal lobe, and amnesia Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Serial model Memory terminology based on information processing models e.g., Serial Model Prof. Stephan Anagnostaras Lecture 3: HM, the medial temporal lobe, and amnesia

More information

Memory. Psychology 3910 Guest Lecture by Steve Smith

Memory. Psychology 3910 Guest Lecture by Steve Smith Memory Psychology 3910 Guest Lecture by Steve Smith Note: Due to copyright restrictions, I had to remove the images from the Weschler Memory Scales from the slides I posted online. Wechsler Memory Scales

More information

Summarized by. Biointelligence Laboratory, Seoul National University

Summarized by. Biointelligence Laboratory, Seoul National University Ch 8. Learning and Memory Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind, 3 rd Ed., M. S. Gazzaniga, R. B. Ivry, and G. R. Mangun, Norton, 2008. Summarized by H.-S. Seok, K. Kim, and db.-t. TZhang Biointelligence

More information

Human Brain. Lateralization of Function. An extension of the spinal cord. Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD

Human Brain. Lateralization of Function. An extension of the spinal cord. Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD Lateralization of Function Human Brain An extension of the spinal cord Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus Callosum Cerebral Lobes Neurons Brain composed of neurons

More information

Memory Systems II How Stored: Engram and LTP. Reading: BCP Chapter 25

Memory Systems II How Stored: Engram and LTP. Reading: BCP Chapter 25 Memory Systems II How Stored: Engram and LTP Reading: BCP Chapter 25 Memory Systems Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge or skills. Memory is the retention of learned information. Many different

More information

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Types and Structure of Memory Types of Memory Type of Memory Time Course Capacity Conscious Awareness Mechanism of Loss Sensory Short-Term and Working Long-Term Nondeclarative

More information

CASE 49. What type of memory is available for conscious retrieval? Which part of the brain stores semantic (factual) memories?

CASE 49. What type of memory is available for conscious retrieval? Which part of the brain stores semantic (factual) memories? CASE 49 A 43-year-old woman is brought to her primary care physician by her family because of concerns about her forgetfulness. The patient has a history of Down syndrome but no other medical problems.

More information

Cognitive Neuroscience Cortical Hemispheres Attention Language

Cognitive Neuroscience Cortical Hemispheres Attention Language Cognitive Neuroscience Cortical Hemispheres Attention Language Based on: Chapter 18 and 19, Breedlove, Watson, Rosenzweig, 6e/7e. Cerebral Cortex Brain s most complex area with billions of neurons and

More information

Psychology 320: Topics in Physiological Psychology Lecture Exam 2: March 19th, 2003

Psychology 320: Topics in Physiological Psychology Lecture Exam 2: March 19th, 2003 Psychology 320: Topics in Physiological Psychology Lecture Exam 2: March 19th, 2003 Name: Student #: BEFORE YOU BEGIN!!! 1) Count the number of pages in your exam. The exam is 8 pages long; if you do not

More information

Introduction to Long-Term Memory

Introduction to Long-Term Memory Introduction to Long-Term Memory Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor: John Miyamoto 04/26/2018: Lecture 05-4 Note: This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that I wrote to help me create

More information

Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR

Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Physiology Unit 2 CONSCIOUSNESS, THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR In Physiology Today What the Brain Does The nervous system determines states of consciousness and produces complex behaviors Any given neuron may

More information

LONG TERM MEMORY. Learning Objective Topics. Retrieval and the Brain. Retrieval Neuroscience of Memory. LTP Brain areas Consolidation Reconsolidation

LONG TERM MEMORY. Learning Objective Topics. Retrieval and the Brain. Retrieval Neuroscience of Memory. LTP Brain areas Consolidation Reconsolidation LONG TERM MEMORY Retrieval and the rain Learning Objective Topics Retrieval Neuroscience of Memory LTP rain areas onsolidation Reconsolidation 1 Long-term memory How does info become encoded/stored in

More information

Cerebral Cortex: Association Areas and Memory Tutis Vilis

Cerebral Cortex: Association Areas and Memory Tutis Vilis 97 Cerebral Cortex: Association Areas and Memory Tutis Vilis a) Name the 5 main subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. Frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, and limbic (on the medial side) b) Locate the

More information

Psychology Formative Assessment #2 Answer Key

Psychology Formative Assessment #2 Answer Key Psychology Formative Assessment #2 Answer Key 1) C 2) B 3) B 4) C 5) D AP Objective: Discuss the influence of drugs on neurotransmitters 6) E AP Objective: Discuss the influence of drugs on neurotransmitters

More information

Human Brain. Lateralization of Function. Cortex. Cerebral Hemispheres. An extension of the spinal cord. Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD

Human Brain. Lateralization of Function. Cortex. Cerebral Hemispheres. An extension of the spinal cord. Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD Lateralization of Function Human Brain An extension of the spinal cord Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD Cerebral Hemispheres Two millimeters thick and has area of 1.5 square meters Corpus

More information

PSY 215 Lecture 13 (3/7/11) Learning & Memory Dr. Achtman PSY 215. Lecture 13 Topic: Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Chapter 13, section 13.

PSY 215 Lecture 13 (3/7/11) Learning & Memory Dr. Achtman PSY 215. Lecture 13 Topic: Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Chapter 13, section 13. PSY 215 Lecture 13 Topic: Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Chapter 13, section 13.2 Corrections: No corrections Announcements: Question # 37 was thrown out on the last test because it was confusing the

More information

Name: Per:_ Advanced Placement Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide

Name: Per:_ Advanced Placement Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Name: Per:_ Advanced Placement Psychology Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1: Foundations & History 1. Describe the following perspectives of psychology. Behavioral Perspective Evolutionary Perspective

More information

MEMORY. Announcements. Practice Question 2. Practice Question 1 10/3/2012. Next Quiz available Oct 11

MEMORY. Announcements. Practice Question 2. Practice Question 1 10/3/2012. Next Quiz available Oct 11 Announcements Next Quiz available Oct 11 Due Oct 16 MEMORY Practice Question 1 Practice Question 2 What type of operant conditioning is Stewie using to get attention from his mom? A rercer that acquires

More information

Neocortex. Hemispheres 9/22/2010. Psychology 472 Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs. Structures are divided into several section or lobes.

Neocortex. Hemispheres 9/22/2010. Psychology 472 Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs. Structures are divided into several section or lobes. Neocortex Psychology 472 Pharmacology of Psychoactive Drugs 1 Is the most developed in Humans Has many folds and fissures The folds of tissue are called gyri or a gyrus (single) The fissures or valleys

More information

Higher brain functions. Magdalena Gibas-Dorna

Higher brain functions. Magdalena Gibas-Dorna Higher brain functions Magdalena Gibas-Dorna physioplus@wp.pl Dear Students, Please note that this ppt presentation presents anatomical considerations of brain structures that are associated with higher

More information

Memory. Lynn Yen, class of 2009

Memory. Lynn Yen, class of 2009 Memory Lynn Yen, class of 2009 Objectives 1. Understand the different types of memory. 2. Describe where different types of memory are stored and the CNS structures involved in storage. 3. Describe how

More information

Higher Cortical Function

Higher Cortical Function Emilie O Neill, class of 2016 Higher Cortical Function Objectives Describe the association cortical areas processing sensory, motor, executive, language, and emotion/memory information (know general location

More information

Prior Knowledge and Memory Consolidation Expanding Competitive Trace Theory

Prior Knowledge and Memory Consolidation Expanding Competitive Trace Theory Prior Knowledge and Memory Consolidation Expanding Competitive Trace Theory Anna Smith Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Background in Memory Models Models of Consolidation The Hippocampus Competitive Trace Theory

More information

Learning Objectives.

Learning Objectives. Emilie O Neill, class of 2016 Learning Objectives 1. Describe the types of deficits that occur with lesions in association areas including: prosopagnosia, neglect, aphasias, agnosia, apraxia 2. Discuss

More information

MEMORY STORAGE. There are three major kinds of storage:

MEMORY STORAGE. There are three major kinds of storage: MEMORY Jill Price was capable of remembering everything that happened last year and several years ago. Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information over time. Memories are the residue of those

More information

Geography of the Forehead

Geography of the Forehead 5. Brain Areas Geography of the Forehead Everyone thinks the brain is so complicated, but let s look at the facts. The frontal lobe, for example, is located in the front! And the temporal lobe is where

More information

CSE511 Brain & Memory Modeling Lect 22,24,25: Memory Systems

CSE511 Brain & Memory Modeling Lect 22,24,25: Memory Systems CSE511 Brain & Memory Modeling Lect 22,24,25: Memory Systems Compare Chap 31 of Purves et al., 5e Chap 24 of Bear et al., 3e Larry Wittie Computer Science, StonyBrook University http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~cse511

More information

Memory Development. Cognitive Development

Memory Development. Cognitive Development Memory Development Cognitive Development Memory as information storage Memory Why does our memory sometimes fail us? Memory Schachter s Seven Sins of Memory 1. Transience 2. Absent-Mindedness 3. Blocking

More information

COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A. Hippocampus. Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D.

COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A. Hippocampus. Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 107A Hippocampus Jaime A. Pineda, Ph.D. Common (Distributed) Model of Memory Processes Time Course of Memory Processes Long Term Memory DECLARATIVE NON-DECLARATIVE Semantic Episodic Skills

More information

The origins of localization

The origins of localization Association Cortex, Asymmetries, and Cortical Localization of Affective and Cognitive Functions Michael E. Goldberg, M.D. The origins of localization The concept that different parts of the brain did different

More information

Lecture 35 Association Cortices and Hemispheric Asymmetries -- M. Goldberg

Lecture 35 Association Cortices and Hemispheric Asymmetries -- M. Goldberg Lecture 35 Association Cortices and Hemispheric Asymmetries -- M. Goldberg The concept that different parts of the brain did different things started with Spurzheim and Gall, whose phrenology became quite

More information

PSY 315 Lecture 13 (3/7/2011) (Learning & Memory Mechanics) Dr. Achtman PSY 215

PSY 315 Lecture 13 (3/7/2011) (Learning & Memory Mechanics) Dr. Achtman PSY 215 PSY 215 Lecture 13 Topic: Learning & Memory- Mechanics Chapter 13.2, pages 393-399 Announcements: Question #37 was removed from Exam 2 and all students will receive an additional point. Average grade on

More information

Association Cortex, Asymmetries, and Cortical Localization of Affective and Cognitive Functions. Michael E. Goldberg, M.D.

Association Cortex, Asymmetries, and Cortical Localization of Affective and Cognitive Functions. Michael E. Goldberg, M.D. Association Cortex, Asymmetries, and Cortical Localization of Affective and Cognitive Functions Michael E. Goldberg, M.D. The origins of localization The concept that different parts of the brain did different

More information

Memory. Information Processing Approach

Memory. Information Processing Approach Memory Information Processing Approach 5 Steps in Information ato Processing 1 Sensory Transduction Data first enters sensory register lasts 1 2secs C O N S O L I D A T I O N 5 Steps in Information ato

More information

Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 7: Large-Scale Brain Area Functional Organization

Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 7: Large-Scale Brain Area Functional Organization Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter 7: Large-Scale Brain Area Functional Organization 1 7.1 Overview This chapter aims to provide a framework for modeling cognitive phenomena based

More information

SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS PLEASE NOTE, THE QUESTIONS BELOW SAMPLE THE ENTIRE LECTURE COURSE AND THEREORE INCLUDE QUESTIONS ABOUT TOPICS THAT WE HAVE NOT YET COVERED IN CLASS. 1. Which of the following

More information

Biological Psychology. Unit Two AB Mr. Cline Marshall High School Psychology

Biological Psychology. Unit Two AB Mr. Cline Marshall High School Psychology Biological Psychology Unit Two AB Mr. Cline Marshall High School Psychology What happens in your nervous system when you react to stimuli? Did you know that the brain is sometimes uninvolved with reflexes?

More information

The Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral

The Nervous System. Divisions of the Nervous System. Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. Central versus Peripheral The Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Central versus Peripheral Central Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Everything else Somatic versus Autonomic Somatic Nerves serving conscious sensations

More information

Define functional MRI. Briefly describe fmri image acquisition. Discuss relative functional neuroanatomy. Review clinical applications.

Define functional MRI. Briefly describe fmri image acquisition. Discuss relative functional neuroanatomy. Review clinical applications. Dr. Peter J. Fiester November 14, 2012 Define functional MRI. Briefly describe fmri image acquisition. Discuss relative functional neuroanatomy. Review clinical applications. Briefly discuss a few examples

More information

SAMPLE. Memory. Long-Term Memory.

SAMPLE. Memory. Long-Term Memory. Memory Long-Term Memory tutor2u Full Lesson PowerPoint This tutor2u Full Lesson PowerPoint is copyrighted and may not be reproduced or shared without permission from the author. All images are sourced

More information

Cortex and Mind Chapter 5. Memory is stored knowledge about the internal and external environments; it includes perceptual and motor knowledge.

Cortex and Mind Chapter 5. Memory is stored knowledge about the internal and external environments; it includes perceptual and motor knowledge. Cortex and Mind Chapter 5 Memory is stored knowledge about the internal and external environments; it includes perceptual and motor knowledge. Review of classical classification of learning and memory

More information

NEUROGENIC COMMUNICATIVE DISORDERS KAREN RIEDEL, PH.D. CCC-SLP CLINICAL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR RUSK REHABILITATION SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, NYULMC

NEUROGENIC COMMUNICATIVE DISORDERS KAREN RIEDEL, PH.D. CCC-SLP CLINICAL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR RUSK REHABILITATION SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, NYULMC Speech-Language Pathology Department NEUROGENIC COMMUNICATIVE DISORDERS KAREN RIEDEL, PH.D. CCC-SLP CLINICAL ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR RUSK REHABILITATION SCHOOL OF MEDICINE, NYULMC March 28, 2017 Neurogenic

More information

Does Wernicke's Aphasia necessitate pure word deafness? Or the other way around? Or can they be independent? Or is that completely uncertain yet?

Does Wernicke's Aphasia necessitate pure word deafness? Or the other way around? Or can they be independent? Or is that completely uncertain yet? Does Wernicke's Aphasia necessitate pure word deafness? Or the other way around? Or can they be independent? Or is that completely uncertain yet? Two types of AVA: 1. Deficit at the prephonemic level and

More information

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory & Working Memory

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory & Working Memory Sensory, Short-Term & Working Psychology 355: Cognitive Psychology Instructor: John Miyamoto 04/17/2018: Lecture 04-2 Note: This Powerpoint presentation may contain macros that I wrote to help me create

More information

Memory 2/15/2017. The Three Systems Model of Memory. Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information

Memory 2/15/2017. The Three Systems Model of Memory. Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information Chapter 6: Memory Memory Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information The Three Systems Model of Memory Each system differs in terms of span and duration 1 The Three Systems Model of

More information

Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture. Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D.

Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture. Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D. Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D. March 7, 2012 Anatomy Review Lobes and layers Brodmann s areas Vascular Supply

More information

Disorders of language and speech. Samuel Komoly MD PhD DHAS Professor and Chairman Department of Neurology

Disorders of language and speech. Samuel Komoly MD PhD DHAS Professor and Chairman Department of Neurology Disorders of language and speech Samuel Komoly MD PhD DHAS Professor and Chairman Department of Neurology http://neurology.pote.hu major categories disorders of language and speech cortical types aphasias

More information

Linda Lušić Research fellow Department of neuroscience School of medicine. University of Split

Linda Lušić Research fellow Department of neuroscience School of medicine. University of Split Linda Lušić Research fellow Department of neuroscience School of medicine University of Split Nonassociative? Associative? Nonassociative learning when an animal or a person is exposed once or repeatedly

More information

Memory Disorders. 1. Episodic: memory for time and places. 2. Semantic: memory for facts and knowledge (language, numbers, etc).

Memory Disorders. 1. Episodic: memory for time and places. 2. Semantic: memory for facts and knowledge (language, numbers, etc). I. Types of memory: A. Declarative memory: Memory Disorders 1. Episodic: memory for time and places. 2. Semantic: memory for facts and knowledge (language, numbers, etc). B. Procedural memory: - examples:

More information

Synaptic plasticityhippocampus. Neur 8790 Topics in Neuroscience: Neuroplasticity. Outline. Synaptic plasticity hypothesis

Synaptic plasticityhippocampus. Neur 8790 Topics in Neuroscience: Neuroplasticity. Outline. Synaptic plasticity hypothesis Synaptic plasticityhippocampus Neur 8790 Topics in Neuroscience: Neuroplasticity Outline Synaptic plasticity hypothesis Long term potentiation in the hippocampus How it s measured What it looks like Mechanisms

More information

PSY 215 Lecture 17 (3/28/2010) (Lateralization in the Brain) Dr. Achtman PSY 215

PSY 215 Lecture 17 (3/28/2010) (Lateralization in the Brain) Dr. Achtman PSY 215 PSY 215 Lecture 17 Topic: Lateralization in the Brain Chapter 14.1, pages 403-414 Corrections: Lecture 16 (page 4) Broca s Area: trouble producing language, comprehension is okay. Announcements: Review

More information

Let me begin by telling a little story.

Let me begin by telling a little story. Chapter 19 Learning and Memory Let me begin by telling a little story. When I was a graduate student we had to take an exam that Cornell does in an interesting way. They put you in a swivelchair surrounded

More information

Lesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1

Lesson 14. The Nervous System. Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Lesson 14 The Nervous System Introduction to Life Processes - SCI 102 1 Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells The nervous system has two principal cell types: Neurons (nerve cells) Glia The functions

More information

Outline 3/14/2013. Practice question What are the two types of learning we discussed? Example: remembering our ATM PIN. PSYC 120 General Psychology

Outline 3/14/2013. Practice question What are the two types of learning we discussed? Example: remembering our ATM PIN. PSYC 120 General Psychology Outline 3/14/2013 PSYC 120 General Psychology Spring 2013 Lecture 14: Memory 3 processes of memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Dr. Bart Moore bamoore@napavalley.edu Office hours Tuesdays 11:00-1:00 Office

More information

NST II Psychology NST II Neuroscience (Module 5)

NST II Psychology NST II Neuroscience (Module 5) NST II Psychology NST II Neuroscience (Module 5) Brain Mechanisms of Memory and Cognition 4 Forms of memory. Neural basis of memory (1): amnesia, the hippocampus Rudolf Cardinal Department of Experimental

More information

The Nervous System. Neuron 01/12/2011. The Synapse: The Processor

The Nervous System. Neuron 01/12/2011. The Synapse: The Processor The Nervous System Neuron Nucleus Cell body Dendrites they are part of the cell body of a neuron that collect chemical and electrical signals from other neurons at synapses and convert them into electrical

More information

CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS CHAPTER 48: NERVOUS SYSTEMS Name I. AN OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEMS A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output B. Networks of neurons with

More information

CEREBRUM Dr. Jamila Elmedany Dr. Essam Eldin Salama

CEREBRUM Dr. Jamila Elmedany Dr. Essam Eldin Salama CEREBRUM Dr. Jamila Elmedany Dr. Essam Eldin Salama Objectives At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: List the parts of the cerebral hemisphere (cortex, medulla, basal nuclei, lateral

More information

Morris water maze: standard test for spatial memory in rodents

Morris water maze: standard test for spatial memory in rodents Vertebrate Models: The Hippocampus 34 Vertebrate Models: The Hippocampus 35 Vertebrate Models: The Hippocampus 36 Vertebrate Models: The Hippocampus 37 Animal Models of Learning (Vertebrates) Morris water

More information

Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7)

Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7) Brain and behaviour (Wk 6 + 7) What is a neuron? What is the cell body? What is the axon? The basic building block of the nervous system, the individual nerve cell that receives, processes and transmits

More information

Topic 11 - Parietal Association Cortex. 1. Sensory-to-motor transformations. 2. Activity in parietal association cortex and the effects of damage

Topic 11 - Parietal Association Cortex. 1. Sensory-to-motor transformations. 2. Activity in parietal association cortex and the effects of damage Topic 11 - Parietal Association Cortex 1. Sensory-to-motor transformations 2. Activity in parietal association cortex and the effects of damage Sensory to Motor Transformation Sensory information (visual,

More information

The Frontal Lobes. Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes. Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes 3/2/2011. Portrait: Losing Frontal-Lobe Functions. Readings: KW Ch.

The Frontal Lobes. Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes. Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes 3/2/2011. Portrait: Losing Frontal-Lobe Functions. Readings: KW Ch. The Frontal Lobes Readings: KW Ch. 16 Portrait: Losing Frontal-Lobe Functions E.L. Highly organized college professor Became disorganized, showed little emotion, and began to miss deadlines Scores on intelligence

More information

Primary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information

Primary Functions. Monitor changes. Integrate input. Initiate a response. External / internal. Process, interpret, make decisions, store information NERVOUS SYSTEM Monitor changes External / internal Integrate input Primary Functions Process, interpret, make decisions, store information Initiate a response E.g., movement, hormone release, stimulate/inhibit

More information

Zoo400 Exam 1: Mar 25, 1999

Zoo400 Exam 1: Mar 25, 1999 Zoo400 Exam 1: Mar 25, 1999 NAME: There is only 1 best answer per question. (1 pt each) A large dendrite is 1mm long and has a diameter of 3.2 µ. Calculate the following using the assumption that the dendrite

More information

Feedback Education and Neuroscience. Pankaj Sah

Feedback Education and Neuroscience. Pankaj Sah Feedback Education and Neuroscience Pankaj Sah Science of Learning Learning The process of acquiring a skill or knowledge that leads to a change in behaviour Memory The ability to retain and recover information

More information

Lateralization of Function. Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD

Lateralization of Function. Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD Lateralization of Function Dr. Coulson Cognitive Science Department UCSD Human Brain An extension of the spinal cord Cortex Two millimeters thick and has area of 1.5 square meters Cerebral Hemispheres

More information

THE COCHLEA AND AUDITORY PATHWAY

THE COCHLEA AND AUDITORY PATHWAY Dental Neuroanatomy Suzanne S. Stensaas, PhD February 23, 2012 Reading: Waxman, Chapter 16, Review pictures in a Histology book Computer Resources: http://www.cochlea.org/ - Promenade around the Cochlea

More information

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Brain & Spinal Cord

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Brain & Spinal Cord THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Brain & Spinal Cord Review: Nervous System Parallel Distributed Processing Composition of the CNS Nuclei: Clusters of neurons in the CNS ( neighborhoods ) Fiber Tracts/Pathways:

More information

The Central Nervous System I. Chapter 12

The Central Nervous System I. Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System I Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System The Brain and Spinal Cord Contained within the Axial Skeleton Brain Regions and Organization Medical Scheme (4 regions) 1. Cerebral Hemispheres

More information

Neuroplasticity. Jake Kurczek 9/19/11. Cognitive Communication Disorders

Neuroplasticity. Jake Kurczek 9/19/11. Cognitive Communication Disorders Jake Kurczek 9/19/11 Activity Therapy Be creative Try new things Be prepared to fail Learn from past experiences Be flexible Participants begin working/communicating not good As they work together more

More information

Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 3e by Ronald T. Kellogg Chapter 2. Multiple Choice

Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology, 3e by Ronald T. Kellogg Chapter 2. Multiple Choice Multiple Choice 1. Which structure is not part of the visual pathway in the brain? a. occipital lobe b. optic chiasm c. lateral geniculate nucleus *d. frontal lobe Answer location: Visual Pathways 2. Which

More information

Neuronal Plasticity, Learning and Memory. David Keays Institute of Molecular Pathology

Neuronal Plasticity, Learning and Memory. David Keays Institute of Molecular Pathology Neuronal Plasticity, Learning and Memory David Keays Institute of Molecular Pathology http://keayslab.org Structure 1. What is learning and memory? 2. Anatomical basis 3. Cellular basis 4. Molecular

More information

Excellent Network Courses. Department of Neurology Affiliated hospital of Jiangsu University

Excellent Network Courses. Department of Neurology Affiliated hospital of Jiangsu University Excellent Network Courses Department of Neurology Affiliated hospital of Jiangsu University Agnosia Visual Agnosia Lissauer (1890) described 2 types: a) Apperceptive Cannot see objects b) Associative Does

More information

Name: Period: Test Review: Chapter 2

Name: Period: Test Review: Chapter 2 Name: Period: Test Review: Chapter 2 1. The function of dendrites is to A) receive incoming signals from other neurons. B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons. C) coordinate

More information

Nervous System. 1. What N.S. division controls skeletal muscles? 3. What kind of neuroglia myelinates axons in the PNS?

Nervous System. 1. What N.S. division controls skeletal muscles? 3. What kind of neuroglia myelinates axons in the PNS? . What N.S. division controls skeletal muscles? Nervous System SRS Review %. Central nervous system %. Peripheral nervous system %. Afferent division %. Somatic division %. Autonomic division %. Sympathetic

More information

Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk.

Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk. chunking Increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk. clustering Organizing items into related groups during

More information

Homework Week 2. PreLab 2 HW #2 Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section)

Homework Week 2. PreLab 2 HW #2 Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section) Homework Week 2 Due in Lab PreLab 2 HW #2 Synapses (Page 1 in the HW Section) Reminders No class next Monday Quiz 1 is @ 5:30pm on Tuesday, 1/22/13 Study guide posted under Study Aids section of website

More information

Language Speech. Speech is the preferred modality for language.

Language Speech. Speech is the preferred modality for language. Language Speech Speech is the preferred modality for language. Outer ear Collects sound waves. The configuration of the outer ear serves to amplify sound, particularly at 2000-5000 Hz, a frequency range

More information

synapse neurotransmitters Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands

synapse neurotransmitters Extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands neuron synapse The junction between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron Building block of the nervous system; nerve cell Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic

More information

How We Grow & Change

How We Grow & Change How We Grow & Change Neural Development What makes up nerves? Neurons! (single cells) Interesting Facts About Neurons: Average brain has approx 100 billion neurons and we only use 10% (10 billion neurons)!

More information