Sensation & Perception Unit Guide

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1 ΨAP METEA VALLEY PSYCHOLOGY

2 Sensation & Perception Unit Guide Essential Questions What is the difference between sensation and perception, and how are they related? What are the basic sensory concepts of thresholds and adaptation? How is sensory information transformed and delivered to the brain? How do individual factors influence perception? How do the eyes receive, process, and transform light signals? What are the theories that explain our sensation and perception of color? What are the gestalt perceptual principles? How do monocular and binocular depth cues help us perceive 3D and motion? How do perceptual constancies help us create meaning from sensory signals? How do restored vision, sensory restriction, and perceptual adaptation contribute to our understanding of perception? How do ears process sound waves and contribute to the perception of pitch and sound location? How do the other senses work [touch, pain, taste, smell, & body position and movement? How do our senses interact? Key Terms, Concepts and Contributors MODULE 16: Sensation Perception Bottom-up processing Top-down processing Selective attention Cocktail party effect Inattentional blindness Change blindness Transduction Psychophysics Absolute threshold Signal detection theory Subliminal Priming Difference threshold [JND] Weber s law Sensory adaptation MODULE 17: Perceptual set Extrasensory perception Parapsychology KEY CONTRIBUTORS: Gustav Fechner Ernst Weber David Hubel Torsten Wiesel MODULE 18: Wavelength Hue Intensity Saturation Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina Acuity Accommodation Myopia [nearsightedness] Hyperopia [farsightedness] Rods Cones Optic nerve Blind spot Fovea Optic chiasm Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Feature detectors Parallel processing Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory Opponent-process theory After-image effect Visual cliff Binocular cues MODULE 19: Gestalt Figure-ground Grouping Proximity Continuity Closure Depth perception Visual cliff Binocular cues Retinal disparity Monocular cues Relative height Relative size Interposition Relative motion Linear perspective Light and shadow Phi phenomenon Perceptual constancy Color constancy Brightness [lightness] constancy Shape constancy Size constancy Moon illusion Sensory deprivation Perceptual adaptation MODULE 20: Audition Sound wave Frequency Pitch Decibels Hertz Outer ear Middle ear Hammer Anvil Stirrup Ear drum Round window Oval window Inner ear Cochlea Basilar membrane Organ of Corti/Hair cells Semicircular canals Sensorineural hearing loss Conduction hearing loss Cochlear implants Place theory Frequency theory MODULE 21: Touch Pain Nociceptors Gate-control theory Phantom limb Taste Basic tastes Smell/Olfaction Olfactory nerve Olfactory bulb Kinesthesia Vestibular sense Sensory interaction Embodied cognition

3 Name: Directions: Create a storyboard or comic strip that demonstrates your understanding of thresholds and adaptation and includes ALL of the following concepts: absolute threshold, difference threshold, signal-detection theory, & sensory adaptation. Use your imagination, but also depict the concepts in meaningful and accurate ways.

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7 DO YOU HEAR WHAT I HEAR? HEARING WEBQUEST AP PSYCHOLOGY Name: Date: Period: How We Hear 1. Watch the video above and fill out the diagram of the ear. Make sure it s labeled corrected with the following parts: outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, ear canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, and cochlea. 2. Give a two sentence summary of how hearing works. 3. What lobe of the brain does the video refer to that processes the auditory information received by the ears? Hearing Vocabulary Essentials 1. Explain amplitude in relation to what we hear. 2. Explain pitch in relation to what we hear. 3. In the space below, show high / low amplitude waves along with high / low pitch waves. (Hint: Image searching on Google will be your best friend ) High Amplitude Waves Low Amplitude Waves High Pitch Waves Low Pitch Waves Now create and compare two sets of waves: a quiet and low sound of thunder compared to a high and loud mouse screech.

8 Hearing Theories 1. How does Place Theory explain how we hear sound? What is the problem with this theory? 2. How does Frequency Theory explain how we hear sound? What is the problem with this theory? 3. Which of the two theories is correct? Why? Hearing Loss 1. Summarize conductive hearing loss and give two possible causes for this kind of hearing loss. 2. Summarize sensorineural hearing loss and give two possible causes for this kind of hearing loss. 3. Describe possible treatments for hearing loss. 4. BONUS: Based on what you read in the article, what type of hearing loss would be caused by ear buds? An Unfair Spelling Test List and follow the directions. Fill out the table as you work. Column A: High Frequency Hearing Loss Column B: Softer Sound / Normal Column C: With Hearing Aid Ready for more demos? Try these!

9 TOUCH TOUCH AND SOME OTHER STUFF Use the following websites to help you answer the questions below: Name: 1. Identify and provide a brief explanation for the three sensations we feel. Be sure to include information about receptors and parts of the brain involved in processing the sensations. 2. Explain the two ways that pain signals reach the brain. 3. What factors influence pain perception? 4. Correctly identify A and B in the Gate-Control Theory diagram.

10 5. In your own words, summarize the process of how the Gate-Control Theory works. HANDS-ON Unbend your paperclip and straighten it out to form it into a skinny letter U. Ask your partner to close their eyes and gently press the two points of the U on different areas of your partner s skin: cheek, palm, forehead, forearm, upper arm, shoulder, calf Compare the distances required for a I feel two points response on different body regions. What part of the body is most sensitive? In other words, where on the body can 2 points be detected with the smallest tip separation? THE OTHER SENSES Use the following links to help you answer the questions below: In your own words, define each of the following terms and provide an original real world example for where you d actually use each of these senses. Proprioception: Kinesthesis: Vestibular Sense: Explain how the vestibular and proprioception senses are related and how they are unique. HANDS-ON Unipedal stance: This test is used for screening neurological disorders. Stand with one leg in the air in a bent position for 30 seconds. Then, close your eyes. What happened when you closed your eyes? Why?

11 TASTE & SMELL: THE CHEMICAL SENSES Name: TASTE Use the following Prezi to help you answer the questions below: 1. What are the five different taste sensations? Draw a sketch of the tongue mapping the five primary tastes. 2. What are the names of the sensory receptors for taste (contain our taste buds)? 3. Explain how the process of taste works from receptors to the brain. 4. Name 3 things that could influence your sensation of taste and explain how it works. HANDS-ON Tell your partner to close their eyes and pinch their nose. Offer them one flavor of candy. Ask them to identify the flavor with their nose plugged. Can they correctly identify it? Offer another piece of candy and have your partner let go of their nose (but still have them keep their eyes closed!). Are they able to identify the flavor correctly now? Explain how this illustrates the concept of sensory interaction.

12 SMELL Use the following video clip and readings from the links below to help you answer the questions below: What are the sensory receptors for smell and where are they located? 6. Explain how smell is processed in the brain. Be sure to include all pertinent structures and their role in the process. 7. How does the sense of smell differ from the other senses (taste, touch, sight, hearing)? HANDS-ON Ask your partner to close their eyes. Have him or her smell each container. Write down the number of the container and your partner s guess about what s inside. Are the answers right?

13 What is Your Perception of Metea Valley? Your task is to create a visual presentation using pictures that you will take of things at Metea to demonstrate the following perceptual cues. DAY 1 STEP 1: Use the resources provided to complete the perception notes sheet in your packet for each of the perceptual cues. STEP 2: Begin taking photographs Once your teacher has checked your notes sheet, you will get a special pass to explore Metea and begin taking your photographs. You re expected to come back with at least 6 photographs that your teacher can check for your understanding of the concepts. You will need a different photograph for each cue. If you waste this time and have no photographic evidence of your work after 25 minutes you will automatically lose 10 points! Any cues you do not photograph during this time become homework, due tomorrow. DAY 2 STEP 3: Create your presentation. You may use Google, Prezi, or another platform of your choice. Follow your teacher s instructions for submitting your presentation. Cues to use: Figure-ground Grouping Proximity Relative height Relative size Interposition Linear perspective Light and shadow Shape constancy Size constancy Texture gradient Bonus: Color Constancy (+1 pt) Texture gradient Relative size (of the desk)

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15 Use your textbook and other resources provided by your teacher to complete the following notes sheet. Once this is complete, show your teacher so you can begin taking pictures. TERM DEFINITION GESTALT A pattern, figure, form, or structure that has a uniform organization; helps us perceive things as organized wholes Closure DEPTH PERCEPTION Ability to see objects in 3 dimensions, although images striking retina are 2-dimensional; allows to judge distance Binocular Cues Depth cues depending on use of two eyes Retinal disparity What is Your Perception of Metea Valley? Note Sheet Continuity Figure-ground Proximity Similarity

16 Monocular Cues Depth cues available to either eye separately Phi phenomenon Relative height Relative motion Linear perspective Relative size Light and shadow Perceptual constancy Color constancy Texture gradient

17 Name Watch This Video Guide Directions: while watching this episode of Brain Games, apply the theories on perception that we have covered in class to the games. Be sure to explain how the theory is being demonstrated. THEORIES TO APPLY: USE OF SHADOWS; PHI PHENOMENON; COLOR CONSTANCY; PERCEIVING SHAPE; LINEAR PERSPECTIVE Game #1 THEORY EXPLANATION Game #2 Game #3 Game #4 Game #5 Game #6 Game #7 Game #8 Rubber hand illusion Game #9

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19 If you were an AP Psychology student and about to embark on a two-day test to demonstrate your knowledge of the senses and how our brains perceive information, what would you want to know?? List the most important terms for your sense of vision (hint: think about parts of the eye and brain where sight is processed). If a part has an important function, describe it. What part of the ear sends information to the brain for processing and which lobe does it go to? Sensation Essentials Right now your eyes are sensing what is on this paper. Describe Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision (don t forget your colors): Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory (don t forget your colors): Your psychology teacher just recently gave you directions to complete this exercise: What does the cochlea look like and how does it deal with sound waves? Describe Place Theory and its pros/cons: Describe Frequency Theory and its pros/cons:

20 What part of the brain processes that foul smell and where does it go in the brain (hint: it s not the same as the other senses)? Some people in class could barely tell there was a bad smell in air 50% of the time. The strength of this smell does not meet their? And since we are on the topic, why don t you go ahead and define JND (and no, this is not the term from above). Whose concept is JND? This test may seem overwhelming, but I promise it won t be physically painful (maybe just emotionally). Describe why people with conductive deafness cannot hear: Now, unfortunately for you, when you walked into the classroom today you noticed a foul smell. What type of processing is that (bottom-up or top-down)? Define both. Is it: o Bottom-up o Top- down Define the gate control theory What are the four senses of touch? Assuming you MISSED a question on this exercise, but it WAS present, what theory am I referring to? Ok go ahead and describe the theory and four parts.

21 Terms for Extra Credit Flashcards: Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Sensation Perception Bottom-Up Processing Top-Down Processing Selective Attention Inattentional Blindness Change Blindness Transduction Absolute Threshold Signal Detection Theory Subliminal Messages Difference Threshold Weber s Law Sensory Adaptation Perceptual Set Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Wavelength Hue Pupil Iris Lens Retina Accommodation Rods Cones Optic Nerve Optic Chiasm Blind Spot Fovea Feature Detectors Parallel Processing Trichromatic Theory Opponent-Process Theory Gestalt Figure-Ground Grouping Depth Perception Visual Cliff Binocular Cues Retinal Disparity Monocular Cues Phi Phenomenon Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Adaptation Color Constancy Audition Frequency Pitch Middle Ear Cochlea Basilar Membrane Hair Cells Sensorineural Hearing Loss Conduction Hearing Loss Cochlear Implant Place Theory Frequency Theory Gate-Control Theory Vestibular Sense Sensory Interaction Kinesthesis Proprioception Papillae Olfactory Bulb Sensations of Touch Volley Principle Pick 15 terms from the above list (or from the unit guide on the back of the packet cover) that you are least familiar/comfortable with and construct a flashcard including the following information: 1. On one side, define the term IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Try and keep the definition short, meaningful, and something that you can remember. 2. On the other side, draw a picture that demonstrates the term OR describe a personal example. You may earn up to 5 points of extra credit for your 15 flashcards! All flashcards must be turned in by the day of the unit assessment no late flashcards will be accepted!

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