Module 3 - Scientific Method
|
|
- Homer Hopkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Module 3 - Scientific Method Distinguishing between basic and applied research. Identifying characteristics of a hypothesis, and distinguishing its conceptual variables from operational definitions used in research study. Describing the 5 steps of the scientific method, and identifying examples of each set. Distinguishing between basic and applied research As well as psychologists, philosophers, religious leaders and politicians among other, also strive to provide explanations for human behaviour. Psychologists believe that research is the best tool for understanding human beings and their relationships with others. Rather than accepting philosophical claims, a psychologist would collect data to empirically test whether or not people are actively able to control their behaviour. An 'empirical study' is results of verifiable evidence from a systematic collection and analysis of data that has been objectively observed, measured and undergone experimentation. Some psychological research is 'basic research'. Basic research answers fundamental questions about behaviour. For instance, bio psychologists study how nerves conduct impulses from receptors in the skin to the brain, and cognitive psychologists investigate how different types of study influence memory. This research is carried out to gain a better knowledge of how processes occur. Applied research is research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and provides solutions to everyday problems. For example, applied research has been used to study effective methods of reducing depression, advertising to reduce drug and alcohol abuse, keys to managerial success, and indicators of effective government programs. Basic research and applied research inform each other and help to advance science. For instance, although researching memory methods is basic research, the results could potentially be used to teach children to read. One goal of research is to organise information into meaningful statements that can be used in many situations. A 'theory' is an integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all, observed relationships within a given domain of enquiry. Good theories have four important characteristics.
2 A good theory is: - General, meaning it summarises different outcomes. - Parsimonious, meaning it provides the simplest possible account of the outcomes. - Provides ideas for future research - Falsifiable, meaning that the variables of interest can be adequately measured and the relationships between variables that are predicted by the theory can be shown, through research, to be correct. No single theory is able to account for all behaviour in all cases. Rather they are limited in making accurate predictions in some situations or for some people. As a result there is a constant exchange between theory and data. Existing theories are modified on the basis of collected data, and the new modified theories then make new predictions that are tested by new data, and so forth. When a better theory is found it will replace the old one. When psychologists have a question they want to research, it usually comes from a theory based on others research reported in scientific journals. The question must first be stated in a 'research hypothesis' which is a precise statement of the presumed relationship among specific parts of a theory. A research hypothesis is a specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between or among two or more variables, where a 'variable' is any attribute that can assume different values among different people or across different time or places. 'Conceptual variables' are abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypotheses. The first step in testing a research hypothesis involves turning the conceptual variables into 'measured variables', which are variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual variable. For instance, "Participating in psychotherapy" as a conceptual variable, could be represented as "number of psychotherapy hours the patient has accrued." as a measured variable. Psychologists often use the term 'operational definition' to refer to a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measure of variable.more specific definitions mean there is less danger that collected data will be misunderstood. Specific definitions also mean that the research can be replicated. Example: Conceptual variable - Aggression Operational definition - Number of presses of a button that administers shock to another student; number of seconds taken to honk the horn at the car ahead when stop light turns green. Question raised by research -> Uses conceptual variable, which is explained more by the Operational definition. Theory = Question raised by research or an observation. A psychologist then formulates a hypothesis.
3 Hypothesis = a relationship between two or more variables. Conceptual variable = abstract ideas of variables. Adding a quantifiable and measurable explanation to a conceptual variable, makes it a measured variable. The explanation is the operational definition. The relationship between two or more measured variables is a hypothesis. All scientists are engaged in the basic processes of collecting data, and drawing conclusions. The methods used have developed over many years and provide a common framework for developing, organising and sharing information. The 'Scientific method' is the set of assumptions, rules and procedures scientists use to conduct research. Scientific method demands that procedures used are objective, or free from the personal bias or emotions of the scientists. The scientific method rules increase objectivity by placing data under the scrutiny of other scientists and the public at large. Using the correct methodology ensures that other scientists know how the data was collected analysed. This means they do not have to rely on any individual interpretation, and may draw their own conclusions. There is a five step process of scientific research in psychology: 1. Formulate a research question and state a hypothesis 2. Conduct a study to answer it 3. Analyse the data 4. Draw conclusions 5. Publish results This process is a cycle, new research leads to new conclusions, which leads to new research, and so on. Conducting ethical research Research in psychology may cause some stress, harm, or inconvenience for the participants. Psychologists may induce stress, anxiety, or negative moods in participants, expose them to weak electric shocks, or convince them to behave in ways that violate their moral standards. Researchers sometimes also use animals in their research, potentially harming them in the process. Decisions about whether research is ethical are made using established ethical codes and standards developed by scientific organisations, such as the American Psychological Association, and the federal government, like the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). What is ethical is determined by the current state of thinking within society. The DHHS requires that all universities
4 receiving funding set up an 'Institutional Review Board' (IRB), to determine whether proposed research meets department regulations. The IRB is a committee of at least five members whose goal it is to determine the cost-benefit ratio of research conducted within an institution. The IRB must approve the research before it can begin. The committee may suggest modifications, or even inform the researchers that the proposed research violates DHHS guidelines and cannot be conducted. Characteristics of Ethical Research Using Human Participants - Trust and positive rapport are created between the researcher and the participant. - The rights of both the experimenter and the participant are considered, and the relationship between them is mutually beneficial. - The experimenter treats the participant with concern and respect, and attempts to make the research experience a pleasant and informative one. - Before research begins, the participant is given all information relevant to their decision to participate, including any possibilities of physical danger or psychological stress. - The participant is given a chance to have questions about the procedure answered, thus guaranteeing their free choice about participating. - After the experiment is over, any deception that has been used is made public, and the necessity for it is explained. - The experimenter carefully debriefs the participant, explaining the underlying research hypothesis and the purpose of the experimental procedure in detail, and answering any questions. - The experimenter provides information about how they can be contacted and offers to provide information about results if the participant wants it. The most direct concern of the scientist is to prevent harm to research participants. Studies such as Milgrams 'Stanford Prison Experiment' are no longer conducted as the scientific community is now much more sensitised to the potential of procedures to create emotional discomfort or harm. Another goal of ethical research is to guarantee participants have 'free choice' about participating. Some psychology students may be required to participate in studies, but they are always given the option to choose a different study. Once an experiment begins, the research participant is always free to leave if they so wish. Researchers must protect the 'privacy' of the participants. In some cases data can be kept anonymous, though sometimes this is not possible, as the researcher needs to keep track of who contributed the data. One way around this is to give each participant a unique ID number. The most widespread concern in research is the extent to which researchers employ deception. 'Deception' occurs whenever participants are not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating. Deception may occur, for instance, when a participant is
5 told the study is about learning, when in fact it is about obedience to authority. Other times deception is more passive, when participants are not told about the hypothesis being studied, or the data being collected. Some researchers argue that deception should never be used as participants may enter the study expecting to be deceived. Others defend deception as a necessity in order to have subjects act naturally. They argue that topics such as altruism, aggression, obedience and stereotyping would never get studied efficiently without using deception, because prior knowledge might provoke participants to change their behaviour and not act naturally. The APA allow researchers to use deception, but the ethics code requires they explicitly consider how the research could be conducted without it. An important tool to ensure that research is ethical is a written consent form. 'Informed consent', given before research begins, is designed to explain the research procedures and inform the participant of their rights. Participating in research has the potential for producing long term changes in the participants. Therefore all participants should be fully debriefed immediately after participation. The 'debriefing' is a procedure designed to fully explain the purposes and procedures of the research and remove any harmful after effects of participation. Research with Animals Some research cannot be conducted with humans, so animals are also used in research. Mostly rats, mice and birds are used for this. APA Guidelines on humane care and use of animals in research - Psychologists acquire, care for, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards. - Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment. - Psychologists ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. - Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimise the discomfort, infection, illness and pain of animal subjects. - Psychologists use a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its potential scientific, educational, or applied value.
6 - Psychologists perform medical procedures under appropriate anaesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimise pain during and after surgery. - When it is appropriate that an animal's life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimise pain and in accordance with accepted procedures. Many people believe that animals should be experimented on. Most scientists reject this view, arguing that such views ignore potential benefits that researching on animals can bring. For instance, drugs may first be tested on animals, and surgery procedures could be tested that could go on to save human lives.
Psychological Science
Chapter 2 Psychological Science Psychologists aren t the only people who seek to understand human behavior and solve social problems. Philosophers, religious leaders, and politicians, among others, also
More informationMarshall High School Psychology Mr. Cline Unit One AE. What is Psychology?
Marshall High School Psychology Mr. Cline Unit One AE What is Psychology? Let's say a psychologist wanted to test whether people who are thirsty do more poorly on math tests than people who are well-hydrated.
More information2 Critical thinking guidelines
What makes psychological research scientific? Precision How psychologists do research? Skepticism Reliance on empirical evidence Willingness to make risky predictions Openness Precision Begin with a Theory
More informationAsking and answering research questions. What s it about?
2 Asking and answering research questions What s it about? (Social Psychology pp. 24 54) Social psychologists strive to reach general conclusions by developing scientific theories about why people behave
More informationChapter 2: Psychological Research Methods & Statistics Notes
Chapter 2: Psychological Research Methods & Statistics Notes Ethics In order for psychology to be taken seriously as a behavior science, research & experiments are an essential part of the field. Before
More informationChapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research
Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Methodology Social Psychology: An Empirical Science Empirical research allows us to test the validity of personal observations and folk wisdom.
More informationTopics for today Ethics Bias
HCI and Design Topics for today Ethics Bias What are ethics? The study of moral standards and how they affect conduct Moral standards are A system of principles governing the appropriate conduct of an
More informationCONCEPT OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
FAQ CONCEPT OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR 1Q: Explain prosocial behavior, helping behavior and altruism. What is the difference between helping behavior and altruism? Ans: As the word indicates, prosocial behavior
More informationTHE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE IN PSYCHOLOGY
THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE IN PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2 Mr. Reinhard Winston Churchill High School Adapted from: Psychology: Themes and Variations by Wayne Weiten, 9 th edition Looking for laws Psychologists share
More informationIntroduction Stanovich, Chapter 1
Introduction Stanovich, Chapter 1 A. Exercises 1. Write a brief characterization of each of the following professionals: A. Psychologist B. Astrologist C. Scientist 2. List the most interesting psychologist
More informationDeception in Human Subjects Research. J. Bruce Smith, MD, CIP IRB Members C E
Deception in Human Subjects Research J. Bruce Smith, MD, CIP IRB Members C E Milgram Study research on obedience 1963 at Yale University Subjects recruited to participate in a teacher-learner experiment
More informationFinal Exam: PSYC 300. Multiple Choice Items (1 point each)
Final Exam: PSYC 300 Multiple Choice Items (1 point each) 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental features of science? a. empirical questions b. public knowledge c. mathematical equations
More informationThe Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2
The Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including
More informationIntroduction to Research Methods
Introduction to Research Methods Updated August 08, 2016 1 The Three Types of Psychology Research Psychology research can usually be classified as one of three major types: 1. Causal Research When most
More informationPSYCHOLOGY (413) Chairperson: Sharon Claffey, Ph.D.
PSYCHOLOGY (413) 662-5453 Chairperson: Sharon Claffey, Ph.D. Email: S.Claffey@mcla.edu PROGRAMS AVAILABLE BACHELOR OF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS MINOR PSYCHOLOGY MINOR TEACHER LICENSURE PSYCHOLOGY
More informationPsychology of Dysfunctional Behaviour RESEARCH METHODS
Psychology of Dysfunctional Behaviour RESEARCH METHODS The history of abnormal psychology shows that theories and treatment procedures may seem effective in some cases but prove useless and even harmful
More informationGlossary of Research Terms Compiled by Dr Emma Rowden and David Litting (UTS Library)
Glossary of Research Terms Compiled by Dr Emma Rowden and David Litting (UTS Library) Applied Research Applied research refers to the use of social science inquiry methods to solve concrete and practical
More informationAre they formed through education or is it just part of being a human being?
Social Behavior ~ Social Psychology Altruism; Conformity; Obedience; Compliance Are they formed through education or is it just part of being a human being? YouTube: Referee Helps Girl Finish Anthem YouTube:
More informationGuidelines for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in Research and Teaching at the University of Münster (WWU)
Guidelines for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in Research and Teaching at the University of Münster (WWU) Preamble The use of sentient animals in research and teaching represents a particular ethical
More informationPROVIDENCE CHRISTIAN COLLEGE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPLICATION TO USE HUMAN PARTICIPANTS IN RESEARCH
PROVIDENCE CHRISTIAN COLLEGE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPLICATION TO USE HUMAN PARTICIPANTS IN RESEARCH Before completing this application, please review Procedures for Obtaining Institutional Approval
More informationUsing The Scientific method in Psychology
CHAPTER FIVE Using The Scientific method in Psychology 1 The Scientific Method in Psychology Science The key elements of the scientific approach are: Objective measurements of the phenomenon under consideration
More informationSocial Biases and Pressures. Critical Thinking
Social Biases and Pressures Critical Thinking Humans are Social Animals We are very sensitive to what others do and think. Most of our deep-rooted beliefs and values come from family and society we grow
More informationEthics Code of Iranian Organization of Psychology and Counseling
Ethics Code of Iranian Organization of Psychology and Counseling Introduction: Item 2 of the constitution of the Iranian Organization of Psychology and Counseling (IOPC advocating clients rights, as well
More informationOkami Study Guide: Chapter 1 1
Okami Study Guide: Chapter 1 1 Chapter Test 1. This term refers to the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior. a. psychological science b. psychiatry c. physiology d. philosophical science Answer:
More informationREQUIRED INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) EDUCATIONAL READING FOR FLETCHER SCHOOL RESEARCHERS APPLYING FOR EXEMPTION FROM IRB
REQUIRED INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) EDUCATIONAL READING FOR FLETCHER SCHOOL RESEARCHERS APPLYING FOR EXEMPTION FROM IRB Please read the following text, adapted from the CITI Education Module (Braunschweiger,
More informationManaging Ethics in Research within the Department of Applied Psychology
Managing Ethics in Research within the Department of Applied Psychology Departmental Briefing on Ethics for Researchers Since the PSI code of ethics is the operative code in our country, we should follow
More informationResearch Methods in Psychology UNIT 3 PSYCHOLOGY 2013
+ Research Methods in Psychology UNIT 3 PSYCHOLOGY 2013 + Chapter 1 Summary 2 Experimental research: construction of research hypotheses; identification of operational independent and dependent variables
More informationGE Standard V: Scientific Standard
GE Standard V: Scientific Standard Courses seeking to meet the Scientific Standard must: (i) Require students to engage in particular activities, and (ii) Use direct assessment to demonstrate improvement
More informationExperimental Psychology
Title Experimental Psychology Type Individual Document Map Authors Aristea Theodoropoulos, Patricia Sikorski Subject Social Studies Course None Selected Grade(s) 11, 12 Location Roxbury High School Curriculum
More informationWhat is Psychology? chapter 1
What is Psychology? chapter 1 Overview! The science of psychology! What psychologists do! Critical and scientific thinking! Correlational studies! The experiment! Evaluating findings What is psychology?
More informationResearch Ethics : Observational Research. Emma Eriksson, Yu Liu, Ambuj Varshney, Thanh Truong, Minpeng Zhu
Research Ethics : Observational Research Emma Eriksson, Yu Liu, Ambuj Varshney, Thanh Truong, Minpeng Zhu Introduction Observational study Investigators observe subjects and measure variables of interest
More informationInstitute: Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts. Course Name : Psychology (Major/Minor) Introduction :
Institute: Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts Course Name : Psychology (Major/Minor) Introduction : Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts offers Psychology as a major or minor subject that can be taken up by
More informationAt Merck, ethics are our first priority. We are looking for scientists, managers, administrators, and workers who share this priority.
Ethics At Merck, ethics are our first priority. We are looking for scientists, managers, administrators, and workers who share this priority. Give your thoughts, in a paragraph, on the important factors
More informationTuskegee study. 1930s, Alabama: US public health service studies the effects of untreated syphilis Subjects were:
Ethics Tuskegee study 1930s, Alabama: US public health service studies the effects of untreated syphilis Subjects were: Not told about the purpose of the study, and not told that they had syphilis Given
More informationEVIDENCE SUGGESTS that the organisational climate can significantly promote or
Does the Emotional Intelligence of leaders influence the emotional climate of the organisation? Jo Maddocks Key digested message Evidence suggests that the Emotional Intelligence and behaviour of leaders
More informationLab 2: The Scientific Method. Summary
Lab 2: The Scientific Method Summary Today we will venture outside to the University pond to develop your ability to apply the scientific method to the study of animal behavior. It s not the African savannah,
More informationPOLI 343 Introduction to Political Research
POLI 343 Introduction to Political Research Session 5: Theory in the Research Process, Concepts, Laws and Paradigms Lecturer: Prof. A. Essuman-Johnson, Dept. of Political Science Contact Information: aessuman-johnson@ug.edu.gh
More informationModule: History and Ethical Principles ( )
Module: History and Ethical Principles (7-18-11) Concepts of research ethics: Provide us with a structure for analysis and decision-making. Support and remind researchers to protect human subjects. Provide
More informationClever Hans the horse could do simple math and spell out the answers to simple questions. He wasn t always correct, but he was most of the time.
Clever Hans the horse could do simple math and spell out the answers to simple questions. He wasn t always correct, but he was most of the time. While a team of scientists, veterinarians, zoologists and
More informationField 052: Social Studies Psychology Assessment Blueprint
Field 052: Social Studies Psychology Assessment Blueprint Domain I Psychological Concepts and Research Skills 0001 Psychological Terms, Concepts, and Perspectives (Standard 1) 0002 Psychology Research
More informationRisk Benefit Assessment. Cristina E. Torres, Ph.D. UP-NIH Faculty and FERCAP Coordinator
Risk Benefit Assessment Cristina E. Torres, Ph.D. UP-NIH Faculty and FERCAP Coordinator Definition of Risk The term risk refers both to the probability of a harm resulting from an activity and to its magnitude.
More informationTheory and Methods Question Bank
Theory and Methods Question Bank Theory and Methods is examined in both the AS and the A Level. The AS questions focus mostly on research methods and at A Level include sociological debates, perspectives
More informationChapter-2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Chapter-2 RESEARCH DESIGN 33 2.1 Introduction to Research Methodology: The general meaning of research is the search for knowledge. Research is also defined as a careful investigation or inquiry, especially
More informationModule 01 Doing Social Psychology
Module 01 Doing Social Psychology Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 1) According to the text, social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people A. motivate, persuade and hurt one another.
More informationUK Council for Psychotherapy Ethical Principles and Code of Professional Conduct
UK Council for Psychotherapy Ethical Principles and Code of Professional Conduct Some material in this document derives from the UK Health Professions Council document Standards of conduct, performance,
More informationPsych 1Chapter 2 Overview
Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1) What are five characteristics of an ideal scientist? 2) What are the defining elements of
More informationIn Support of a No-exceptions Truth-telling Policy in Medicine
In Support of a No-exceptions Truth-telling Policy in Medicine An odd standard has developed regarding doctors responsibility to tell the truth to their patients. Lying, or the act of deliberate deception,
More information12/15/2011. PSY 450 Dr. Schuetze
PSY 450 Dr. Schuetze Ethics: rules for distinguishing between right and wrong. Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Psychologists must ask and answer questions
More informationSTA630 Research Methods Solved MCQs By
STA630 Research Methods Solved MCQs By http://vustudents.ning.com 31-07-2010 Quiz # 1: Question # 1 of 10: A one tailed hypothesis predicts----------- The future The lottery result The frequency of the
More informationPsychological Research
Introduction Psychologists do more than just wonder about human behavior: they conduct research to understand exactly why people think, feel, and behave the way they do. Like other scientists, psychologists
More informationEthics of Experimentation
Ethics of Experimentation Scientists in most fields have rules or guidelines that limit the research they can peform. These principles may be enforced by: professional societies and journals; government
More informationLearning Outcome: To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion?
Learning Outcome: To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion? Schachter & Singer 1962: Two Factor Theory Aim: to challenge several theories of emotion and test the two factor
More informationIRB policy and procedures 1. Institutional Review Board: Revised Policy and Procedures Elmhurst College
IRB policy and procedures 1 Institutional Review Board: Revised Policy and Procedures Elmhurst College IRB policy and procedures 2 Table of Contents A. Purpose and objectives... p. 3 B. Membership of the
More informationAQA A-level Psychology Unit 1 (7182/1) SOCIAL INFLUENCE. Questions + Answers SAMPLE MATERIAL
AQA A-level Psychology Unit 1 (7182/1) SOCIAL INFLUENCE Questions + Answers SAMPLE MATERIAL Copyright 2017, StudyLogic. All rights reserved. UNIQUE PRODUCT IDENTIFIER: DOCUMENT #4534478 SOCIAL INFLUENCE
More informationPLANNING THE RESEARCH PROJECT
Van Der Velde / Guide to Business Research Methods First Proof 6.11.2003 4:53pm page 1 Part I PLANNING THE RESEARCH PROJECT Van Der Velde / Guide to Business Research Methods First Proof 6.11.2003 4:53pm
More informationPSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (PYC 304-C) Lecture 4
4. Constructs PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (PYC 304-C) 4.1 Relationships between constructs Lecture 4 As mentioned in Lecture 3, introversion-extroversion is a construct that is as abstract as anxiety. Here,
More informationCOURSE DESCRIPTIONS 科目簡介
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS 科目簡介 COURSES FOR 4-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES PSY2101 Introduction to Psychology (3 credits) The purpose of this course is to introduce fundamental concepts and theories in psychology
More informationResearch Methods in Social Psychology. Lecture Notes By Halford H. Fairchild Pitzer College September 4, 2013
Research Methods in Social Psychology Lecture Notes By Halford H. Fairchild Pitzer College September 4, 2013 Quiz Review A review of our quiz enables a review of research methods in social psychology.
More informationNature or Nurture? Reading Practice
Reading Practice A Nature or Nurture? A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all
More informationLecturer: Dr. Adote Anum, Dept. of Psychology Contact Information:
Lecturer: Dr. Adote Anum, Dept. of Psychology Contact Information: aanum@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 2016/2017 Session Overview The course provides
More informationHOW TO IDENTIFY A RESEARCH QUESTION? How to Extract a Question from a Topic that Interests You?
Stefan Götze, M.A., M.Sc. LMU HOW TO IDENTIFY A RESEARCH QUESTION? I How to Extract a Question from a Topic that Interests You? I assume you currently have only a vague notion about the content of your
More informationEthical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research Ten Points of the Nuremberg Code (1947) 1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. This means that the person involved
More informationInstitutional Review Boards and Human Subjects Protection
Institutional Review Boards and Human Subjects Protection Professor Ron Fricker! Naval Postgraduate School! Monterey, California! 6/25/12 1 Goals for this Lecture! A nasty little bit of history! The Belmont
More informationMost scholars recognize that we are a combination Heredity and environmental factors interact with and affect one another
1 Chapters 4 & 5 Socialization & the Life Cycle Social Interaction & Everyday Life in the age of the Internet 2 Socialization (p. 90) Process of social interaction by which people acquire the knowledge,
More informationPsychology 12th Edition Wade TEST BANK Full download at:
Psychology 12th Edition Wade TEST BANK Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/psychology-12th-edition-wade-test-bank/ Psychology 12th Edition Wade SOLUTIONS MANUAL Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/psychology-12th-edition-wade-solutions-manual/
More informationDefining emotion: a clinical perspective
Collected comments Klaus Scherer s What are Emotions? 387 References Churchland, Paul M. and Churchland, Patricia S. (1998) Recent Work on Consciousness: Philosophical, Theoretical, and Empirical, in F
More informationSection 1: The Nature of Science
Section 1: The Nature of Science Preview Scientific Thought Universal Laws Science and Ethics Why Study Science? Summary Scientific Thought Scientific thought involves making observations, using evidence
More informationInstalling a Moral Learning Process Integrity Beyond Traditional Ethics Training
Installing a Moral Learning Process Integrity Beyond Traditional Ethics Training Can civil servants be trained to make better decisions? Can government agencies steeped in bureaucracy become agile, learning
More informationProtection of Human Subjects Policies and Procedures
Protection of Human Subjects Policies and Procedures Introduction Wilmington University has a functioning committee and procedures to review and approve all research involving human subjects. All human
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level. Published
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level PSYCHOLOGY 9698/21 Paper 2 Core Studies 2 May/June 2016 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 70 Published This mark
More informationLecture Notes Module 2
Lecture Notes Module 2 Two-group Experimental Designs The goal of most research is to assess a possible causal relation between the response variable and another variable called the independent variable.
More informationDivision of Clinical Psychology The Core Purpose and Philosophy of the Profession
Corepp.qxd 29/01/2001 16:13 Page 1 Division of Clinical Psychology The Core Purpose and Philosophy of the Profession Corepp.qxd 29/01/2001 16:13 Page 2 This new edition of The Core Purpose and Philosophy
More informationCHAPTER 15. Social Psychology. Lecture Overview. Introductory Definition PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY. Social Cognition.
Social Psychology CHAPTER 15 Social Cognition Lecture Overview Social Influence Social Relations Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Introductory Definition Social Psychology: scientific study
More informationin March, The Oregon Death With Dignity Act passed a referendum in November,
SAMPLE ARGUMENTATION PAPER (p. 66) Research Question: Should assisted suicide be legal? Assisted Suicide: Rights and Responsibilities A woman suffering from cancer became the first person known to die
More informationFramework on the feedback of health-related findings in research March 2014
Framework on the feedback of health-related findings in research March 2014 Summary Scope and background In the course of a study involving human participants, researchers may make a finding that has potential
More informationReviewer: Prof. Encho Gerganov, PhD
REVIEW of the dissertation RATIONAL AND EMOTIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEGREE OF SUCCESS OF MEDIATION, submitted by Yael Sne, Israel, a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
More informationDisposition. Quantitative Research Methods. Science what it is. Basic assumptions of science. Inductive and deductive logic
Quantitative Research Methods Sofia Ramström Medicinska vetenskaper, Örebro Universitet Diagnostikcentrum, klinisk kemi, Region Östergötland Disposition I. What is science and what is quantitative science?
More informationINSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) PROCESS AND GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH AT ORANGE COAST COLLEGE
1 INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) PROCESS AND GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH AT ORANGE COAST COLLEGE Developed by: Dr. Eduardo Jesús Arismendi-Pardi Department of Mathematics Sheri Sterner Office
More informationIntroduction to Research Methods
Introduction to Research Methods 8-10% of the AP Exam Psychology is an empirical discipline. Psychologists develop knowledge by doing research. Research provides guidance for psychologists who develop
More informationIntroduction to Psychology
Introduction to Psychology Instructor: Mr. LaBrache Room: B229 Email: sojourner2023@yahoo.com Course objectives/goals: 1. Students will have a basic understanding of the fundamental concepts and theories
More informationPOLICIES GOVERNING PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH AND TEACHING AT WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY and REVIEW OF HUMAN SUBJECT RESEARCH
Appendix 9 POLICIES GOVERNING PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH AND TEACHING AT WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY and REVIEW OF HUMAN SUBJECT RESEARCH INTRODUCTION It is the policy of Western Washington
More informationAudio: In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2
Psychology 312: Lecture 2 Psychology as a Science Slide #1 Psychology As A Science In this lecture we are going to address psychology as a science. Slide #2 Outline Psychology is an empirical science.
More informationSample MSW Foundation (1 st Year) Learning Agreement
Boise State University Social Work Program Sample MSW Foundation (1 st Year) Learning Agreement Student: Semester: Faculty Field Liaison: Agency: Agency Field Instructor: Agency Task Supervisor: (if applicable)
More informationCHAPTER 1: Studying Human Sexuality
CHAPTER 1: Studying Human Sexuality Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) Topic Introduction to Chapter Question Factual Conceptual Application Type Multiple Choice 1 3 2 True/False 1-2 Short Answer 1 Essay
More informationChapter 1. Research : A way of thinking
Chapter 1 Research : A way of thinking Research is undertaken within most professions. More than a set of skills, research is a way of thinking: examining critically the various aspects of your day-to-day
More informationAPPENDIX X POLICY FOR INTEGRITY AND THE RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF SCHOLARSHIP AND RESEARCH: GUIDELINES TO ENCOURAGE RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH PRACTICES
APPENDIX X POLICY FOR INTEGRITY AND THE RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF SCHOLARSHIP AND RESEARCH: GUIDELINES TO ENCOURAGE RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH PRACTICES APPENDIX TO FACULTY BYLAWS Policy for Integrity and the Responsible
More informationPsychopathy. Phil408P
Psychopathy Phil408P Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) "A pattern of irresponsible and antisocial behaviour beginning in childhood or early adolescence and continuing into adulthood." Psychopathy is
More informationPROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS
PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS Human Subjects Policy Statement Lesley University is committed to the ethical principles for the protection of human subjects in research set forth in the Belmont Report of
More informationChapter 1. Research : A way of thinking
Chapter 1 Research : A way of thinking Research is undertaken within most professions. More than a set of skills, research is a way of thinking: examining critically the various aspects of your day-to-day
More information9698 PSYCHOLOGY. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers.
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2014 series 9698 PSYCHOLOGY 9698/21 Paper 2 (Core Studies 2), maximum raw mark 70
More informationThe Beauty and Necessity of Good Research Design
Name: 1 Shaw - PSYC& 100 The Beauty and Necessity of Good Research Design 1 The authors say, Research design matters. Why do we need research designs? What do they accomplish for us? Use the case of prefrontal
More informationLAB 7: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
LAB 7: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Making an observation and asking an interesting question The first steps in the scientific method include making an observation, doing some background research on the topic,
More informationCHAPTER 3. Methodology
CHAPTER 3 Methodology The purpose of this chapter is to provide the research methodology which was designed to achieve the objectives of this study. It is important to select appropriate method to ensure
More informationPrinciples of Sociology
Principles of Sociology DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS ATHENS UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS [Academic year 2017/18, FALL SEMESTER] Lecturer: Dimitris Lallas Principles of Sociology 4th Session Sociological
More informationThe Profession of Social Work: At a Glance
This sheet will provide you with important information about the profession of social work. Included are the following: The Mission of Social Work Social Work Values Core Competencies as Identified by
More informationInvestigative Biology (Advanced Higher)
Investigative Biology (Advanced Higher) The Mandatory Course key areas are from the Course Assessment Specification. Activities in the Suggested learning activities are not mandatory. This offers examples
More informationDefining Social Psychology. informal definition: the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
Social Psychology Defining Social Psychology informal definition: the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people formal definition: the study of how a person s thoughts, feelings,
More informationQualitative Data Analysis. Richard Boateng, PhD. Arguments with Qualitative Data. Office: UGBS RT18 (rooftop)
Qualitative Data Analysis Lecturer/Convenor: Richard Boateng, PhD. Email: richard@pearlrichards.org Office: UGBS RT18 (rooftop) Arguments with Qualitative Data Photo Illustrations from Getty Images www.gettyimages.com
More informationContent Area: Social Studies Course: Introduction to Psychology Grade Level: R14 The Seven Cs of Learning
Content Area: Social Studies Course: Introduction to Psychology Grade Level: 10-12 R14 The Seven Cs of Learning Collaboration Character Communication Citizenship Critical Thinking Creativity Curiosity
More information