Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science"

Transcription

1 Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers The Need for Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize observations and imply testable hypotheses The Need for Hindsight Bias we tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we do 1

2 The Need for The Amazing Randi--Skeptic Critical Thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions examines assumptions discerns hidden values evaluates evidence The Need for Theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations Hypothesis a testable prediction often implied by a theory The Need for 2

3 The Need for Operational Definition a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables Example- intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures The Need for Replication repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances usually with different participants in different situations Description Psychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation 3

4 Description Case Study Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all Is language uniquely human? Description Survey technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people Random Sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion Description False Consensus Effect tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study 4

5 Description Description If marbles of two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count them Description Naturalistic Observation observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation 5

6 Correlation Correlation Coefficient a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Correlation coefficient r = +.37 Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00) Correlation Scatterplot a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation little scatter indicates high correlation also called a scattergram or scatter diagram Correlation Perfect positive correlation (+1.00) No relationship (0.00) Perfect negative correlation (-1.00) Scatterplots, showing patterns of correlations 6

7 Correlation Subject Height and Temperament of 20 Men Height in Inches Temperament Subject Height in Inches Temperament Correlation 95 Temperament 90 scores Height in inches Scatterplot of Height and Temperament Correlation Three Possible Cause-Effect Relationships (1) Low self-esteem could cause or Depression (2) Depression (3) Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause or could cause Low self-esteem Low self-esteem and Depression 7

8 Illusory Correlation Illusory Correlation the perception of a relationship where none exists Adopt Do not adopt Conceive confirming evidence disconfirming evidence Do not conceive disconfirming evidence confirming evidence Two Random Sequences Your chances of being dealt either of these hands is precisely the same: 1 in 2,598,960. Experimentation Experiment an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) by random assignment of participants the experiment controls other relevant factors 8

9 Experimentation Placebo an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent Double-blind Procedure both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo commonly used in drug-evaluation studies Experimentation Experimental Condition the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable Control Condition the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment Experimentation Random Assignment assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance minimizes pre-existing differences between those assigned to the different groups 9

10 Experimentation Independent Variable the experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied Dependent Variable the experimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable in psychology it is usually a behavior or mental process Experimentation Research Strategies Tape label Self-esteem Subliminal tape content Self-esteem Memory Design of the subliminal tapes experiment Memory 10

11 Statistical Reasoning Percentage still functioning after 10 years 100% Our Brand Brand Brand Brand X Y Z Brand of truck Statistical Reasoning Percentage still functioning after 10 years 100% Our Brand Brand Brand Brand X Y Z Brand of truck Statistical Reasoning Mode the most frequently occurring score in a distribution Mean the arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores Median the middle score in a distribution half the scores are above it and half are below it 11

12 Statistical Reasoning A Skewed Distribution Mode Median One Family Mean Income per family in thousands of dollars Statistical Reasoning Range the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution Standard Deviation a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean Statistical Significance a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology Can laboratory experiments illuminate everyday life? 12

13 Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology Does behavior depend on ones culture? Culture--the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology Does behavior vary with gender? Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology Why do psychologists study animals? Is it ethical to experiment on animals? Is it ethical to experiment on people? 13

14 Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology Is psychology free of value judgments? Frequently Asked Questions about Psychology Is psychology potentially dangerous? 14

Theory. = an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Theory. = an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. Definition Slides Hindsight Bias = the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known as the I knew it all along phenomenon. Critical Thinking = thinking that

More information

Module 2/3 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Module 2/3 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions Myers PSYCHOLOGY 8 th Edition in Modules Module 2/3 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions 1 The Need for Psychological Science Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific

More information

Unit 1 History and Methods Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Unit 1 History and Methods Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Unit 1 History and Methods Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Fact vs. Falsehood 1. Human intuition is remarkably accurate

More information

Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010

Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which

More information

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, 2006 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Chapter 1 2 Thinking Critically with

More information

The Scientific Method. Myers PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 1. Thinking Critically with. Psychological Science

The Scientific Method. Myers PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 1. Thinking Critically with. Psychological Science Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological C1:1 Outline of Chapter 1 - The Need for Psychological The Scientific Attitude Naturalistic Observation - and Causation Illusory s C1:2

More information

Introductory Psychology

Introductory Psychology Going over the Syllabus Introductory Psychology PSY 120 (3) Prof. Kipling Williams Purdue University Spring 2008 Teaching Assistants: Jackie Schram Jim Wirth 1 Going over the Syllabus 2 Going over the

More information

Psychology's History and Approaches

Psychology's History and Approaches Psychology's History and Approaches Empiricism: the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation. Structuralism: an early school of psychology

More information

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Introductory Psychology PSY 120000-003 Prof. Kipling Williams Purdue University Fall 2008 Teaching Assistants: Alvin Ty Law Jim Wirth Going over the Syllabus Go to: www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip Click on

More information

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Elementary Psychology PSY 120000-003 Prof. Kip Williams Purdue University Spring 2009 Teaching Assistants: Nicole Capezza Jim Wirth 1 Let s go over the Syllabus The class webpage is: http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/120/index.htm

More information

UNIT II: RESEARCH METHODS

UNIT II: RESEARCH METHODS THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE UNIT II: RESEARCH METHODS Module 4: The Need for Psychological Science Module 5: Scientific Method and Description Module 6: Correlation and Experimentation

More information

Chapter 1: Thinking critically with. Introduction

Chapter 1: Thinking critically with. Introduction Chapter 1: Thinking critically with psychological science Introduction Fact or Falsehood 1. Human intuition is remarkable accurate and free from error. 2. Most people seem to lack confidence in the accuracy

More information

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Chapter 1 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science What s wrong with intuition? Lie detection Eyewitness accuracy 2 Left Half of Room Psychologists

More information

AP Psychology Ch. 01 Psych Science & Stats Study Guide

AP Psychology Ch. 01 Psych Science & Stats Study Guide Name: Period: 1. Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias? A) Events seem more predictable before they have occurred. B) Events seem more predictable after they have occurred. C) A person's

More information

Practice Quiz for Chapter 1

Practice Quiz for Chapter 1 Practice Quiz for Chapter 1 1. Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of A. the false consensus

More information

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions. Module 2

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions. Module 2 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions Module 2 How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? The Scientific Method Goals and Tools of Psychology Description Correlation Experimentation

More information

1. What is the difference between positive and negative correlations?

1. What is the difference between positive and negative correlations? 1. What is the difference between positive and negative correlations? 2. Can correlations make predictions? 3. Can correlations prove causation? 4. What are illusory correlations? We can take data from

More information

Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error.

Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error. Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error. 3 Most people seem to lack confidence in the accuracy of their beliefs. 4 Case studies are particularly useful because of the similarities we

More information

Psychological Research Methods. Excavating Human Behaviors

Psychological Research Methods. Excavating Human Behaviors Psychological Research Methods Excavating Human Behaviors 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Chapter 1 2 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science The Need for Psychological Science

More information

Clever Hans the horse could do simple math and spell out the answers to simple questions. He wasn t always correct, but he was most of the time.

Clever Hans the horse could do simple math and spell out the answers to simple questions. He wasn t always correct, but he was most of the time. Clever Hans the horse could do simple math and spell out the answers to simple questions. He wasn t always correct, but he was most of the time. While a team of scientists, veterinarians, zoologists and

More information

Practice for Units 1 & 2

Practice for Units 1 & 2 PSYCHOLOGY SECTION I Time--.7 Minutes per question 50 Questions, Units 1 & 2 Practice for Units 1 & 2 Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers

More information

2 Critical thinking guidelines

2 Critical thinking guidelines What makes psychological research scientific? Precision How psychologists do research? Skepticism Reliance on empirical evidence Willingness to make risky predictions Openness Precision Begin with a Theory

More information

The degree to which a measure is free from error. (See page 65) Accuracy

The degree to which a measure is free from error. (See page 65) Accuracy Accuracy The degree to which a measure is free from error. (See page 65) Case studies A descriptive research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations. (See page

More information

Conducting Research. Research Methods Chapter 1. Descriptive Research Methods. Conducting Research. Case Study

Conducting Research. Research Methods Chapter 1. Descriptive Research Methods. Conducting Research. Case Study Research Methods Chapter 1 Conducting Research Goals of Psychology Describe Explain Predict Control Pitfalls of intuition and common sense explanations: Hindsight bias, overconfidence Remember psychology

More information

Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview

Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1) What are five characteristics of an ideal scientist? 2) What are the defining elements of

More information

Unit 2: Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

Unit 2: Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Unit 2: Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Module 4- The Need for Psychological Science Define the following key terms 1. hindsight bias 2. critical thinking Answer the following

More information

Beware of Confounding Variables

Beware of Confounding Variables Beware of Confounding Variables If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues, what are some confounding variables? The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B. A confounding variable

More information

Research. how we figure stuff out. Methods

Research. how we figure stuff out. Methods Research how we figure stuff out Methods Penny in the Glass Activity Let s Make A Deal! One volunteer is needed for a chance to win $1,334,499! Let s Make A Deal Shows Us That: Human Intuition is highly

More information

Introduction to PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction to PSYCHOLOGY Introduction to PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY The scientific study of behavior and the mental process. What are the characteristics of an excellent Psychologist? How do psychologists think? I feel myself a naturalist

More information

PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS, BIG IDEAS AND CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS CHAPTER 1 MYERS AND DEWALL

PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS, BIG IDEAS AND CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS CHAPTER 1 MYERS AND DEWALL PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS, BIG IDEAS AND CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS CHAPTER 1 MYERS AND DEWALL CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS FOUR BIG IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY WHY DO PSYCHOLOGY ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS

More information

THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE IN PSYCHOLOGY

THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE IN PSYCHOLOGY THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE IN PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2 Mr. Reinhard Winston Churchill High School Adapted from: Psychology: Themes and Variations by Wayne Weiten, 9 th edition Looking for laws Psychologists share

More information

Conducting Research. Research Methods Chapter 1. Descriptive Research Methods. Conducting Research

Conducting Research. Research Methods Chapter 1. Descriptive Research Methods. Conducting Research Research Methods Chapter 1 Conducting Research Goals of Psychology Describe Explain Predict Control Pitfalls of intuition and common sense explanations: Hindsight bias, overconfidence Remember psychology

More information

The Science of Psychology

The Science of Psychology The Science of Psychology Module 2 Psychology s Scientific Method Module Objectives Why is Psychology a Science? What is the scientific method? Why should I believe what researchers say? How do Psychologist

More information

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2

The Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2 The Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including

More information

AP Psychology Unit 2 REVIEW

AP Psychology Unit 2 REVIEW Name: Date: 1. Dr. DeVries is interested in measuring how practice in problem solving affects this ability. The population of interest is high school seniors, and the sample consists of students who attend

More information

UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS

UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS Need for Psychological Science Scientific Method Correlation & Experimentation Statistical Reasoning Applied Research & Ethics Module 4 NEED FOR PSYCH SCIENCE What is Intuition?

More information

AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology

AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology 1. In the opening vignette, to what was Alicia's condition linked? The death of her parents and only brother 2. What did Pennebaker s study

More information

Chapter 2 Psychological Research, Methods and Statistics

Chapter 2 Psychological Research, Methods and Statistics Chapter 2 Psychological Research, Methods and Statistics Section 1- What is Research? Psychologists must first decide how to approach the research issue. Then psychologists conduct the research in one

More information

Psychology - MR. CALLAWAY Mundy s Mill High School Unit RESEARCH METHODS

Psychology - MR. CALLAWAY Mundy s Mill High School Unit RESEARCH METHODS Psychology - MR. CALLAWAY Mundy s Mill High School Unit 2.1 - RESEARCH METHODS Intro to Research How do psychologists ask & answer questions? Differentiate types of research with regard to purpose, strengths,

More information

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Why Do Psychology? Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Chapter 1 1. How can we differentiate between uniformed opinions and examined conclusions? 2. The science of psychology helps make these

More information

9 research designs likely for PSYC 2100

9 research designs likely for PSYC 2100 9 research designs likely for PSYC 2100 1) 1 factor, 2 levels, 1 group (one group gets both treatment levels) related samples t-test (compare means of 2 levels only) 2) 1 factor, 2 levels, 2 groups (one

More information

Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1 psychology theory pure research applied research introspection structuralism functionalism behaviorism reinforcement Gestalt psychology a formulation of relationships underlying observed events the science

More information

Chapter 1. Understanding Social Behavior

Chapter 1. Understanding Social Behavior Chapter 1 Understanding Social Behavior Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think and feel about, interact with, and influence each other individually and in groups. Model for

More information

RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY

RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY BASIC VS. APPLIED Basic Seeking knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself pure research Applied Studying psychological issues in order to apply the findings to help solve problems

More information

Descriptive Research a systematic, objective observation of people.

Descriptive Research a systematic, objective observation of people. What is going on in this picture? We cannot say exactly, but we can describe what we see. Thus we have.. Descriptive Research a systematic, objective observation of people. Any research that observes and

More information

Scientific Method in Biology

Scientific Method in Biology Scientific Method in Biology Observations Observations are a critical component of science, because they can lead to scientific questions. Example: Alexander Fleming s observations on a bacterial culture

More information

Psychology 12th Edition Wade TEST BANK Full download at:

Psychology 12th Edition Wade TEST BANK Full download at: Psychology 12th Edition Wade TEST BANK Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/psychology-12th-edition-wade-test-bank/ Psychology 12th Edition Wade SOLUTIONS MANUAL Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/psychology-12th-edition-wade-solutions-manual/

More information

Students will understand the definition of mean, median, mode and standard deviation and be able to calculate these functions with given set of

Students will understand the definition of mean, median, mode and standard deviation and be able to calculate these functions with given set of Students will understand the definition of mean, median, mode and standard deviation and be able to calculate these functions with given set of numbers. Also, students will understand why some measures

More information

Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research

Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Methodology Social Psychology: An Empirical Science Empirical research allows us to test the validity of personal observations and folk wisdom.

More information

Composed of gray matter and arranged in raised ridges (gyri), grooves (sulci), depressions (fissures).

Composed of gray matter and arranged in raised ridges (gyri), grooves (sulci), depressions (fissures). PSYC1020 Neuro and Pysc Notes Structure Description Major Functions Brainstem Stemlike portion of the brain, continuous with diencephalon above and spinal cord below. Composed of midbrain, pons, medulla

More information

Chapter 2. The Research Enterprise in Psychology 8 th Edition

Chapter 2. The Research Enterprise in Psychology 8 th Edition Chapter 2 The Research Enterprise in Psychology 8 th Edition The Scientific Approach: A Search for Laws Empiricism Basic assumption: events are governed by some lawful order Goals: Measurement and description

More information

Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research?

Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research? Section 1: Conducting Research Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research? In psychology, assumptions must be supported by evidence. STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 1. Form

More information

Statistics: Making Sense of the Numbers

Statistics: Making Sense of the Numbers Statistics: Making Sense of the Numbers Chapter 9 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including

More information

Psychology Intro Unit Practice Questions

Psychology Intro Unit Practice Questions Psychology Intro Unit Practice Questions The various theoretical perspectives employed by psychologists: A. have little value for applied research. B. typically contradict common sense. C. are generally

More information

The Science of Psychology

The Science of Psychology The Science of Psychology Module 2 Psychology s Scientific Method Module Objectives Why is Psychology a Science? What is the scientific method? Why should I believe what researchers say? How do Psychologist

More information

ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES ( ) PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology

ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES ( ) PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES (2018-19) PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER (i) Scientific Methods in Psychology -observation, case study, surveys, psychological tests, experimentation

More information

Psychological Research

Psychological Research Introduction Psychologists do more than just wonder about human behavior: they conduct research to understand exactly why people think, feel, and behave the way they do. Like other scientists, psychologists

More information

Lecture Preview Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 2/e. The Need for Good Research Design. The Need for Good Research Design

Lecture Preview Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 2/e. The Need for Good Research Design. The Need for Good Research Design Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 2/e Scott O. Lilienfeld Steven Jay Lynn Laura Namy Nancy J. Woolf Chapter Two Research Methods: Safeguards against Error Prepared by Caleb W. Lack This multimedia

More information

Describe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo

Describe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo Please note the page numbers listed for the Lind book may vary by a page or two depending on which version of the textbook you have. Readings: Lind 1 11 (with emphasis on chapters 10, 11) Please note chapter

More information

Psychology Research Process

Psychology Research Process Psychology Research Process Logical Processes Induction Observation/Association/Using Correlation Trying to assess, through observation of a large group/sample, what is associated with what? Examples:

More information

CHAPTER 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

CHAPTER 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science CHAPTER 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science TOPICS AND QUESTIONS How do I explain dreams? Anxiety? The abilities and funny behavior of babies? The history and growth of psychology The big

More information

Understandable Statistics

Understandable Statistics Understandable Statistics correlated to the Advanced Placement Program Course Description for Statistics Prepared for Alabama CC2 6/2003 2003 Understandable Statistics 2003 correlated to the Advanced Placement

More information

Class Notes. Psychosurgery. Psychosurgery: A Sad History. The Importance of Research Methods. Notable Cases: Rosemary Kennedy

Class Notes. Psychosurgery. Psychosurgery: A Sad History. The Importance of Research Methods. Notable Cases: Rosemary Kennedy Chapter 2: Research Methods Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding 1/e Scott O. Lilienfeld Steven Jay Lynn Laura Namy Nancy J. Woolf C. Brown Unit 2 Class Notes Remember taking notes is like sending

More information

MODULE 1 - PSYCHOLOGY S HISTORY

MODULE 1 - PSYCHOLOGY S HISTORY Name Period AP Psychology Units 1 & 2 History, Approaches MODULE 1 - PSYCHOLOGY S HISTORY 1. Prescientific Psychology - Our understanding of psychology has evolved over centuries, beginning with the Greeks

More information

Scientific Method in Biology

Scientific Method in Biology Scientific Method in Biology Observations Observations are a critical component of science, because they can. Example: Alexander Fleming s observations on a bacterial culture contaminated with mold. Discuss

More information

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Thinking Critically With Psychological Science CHAPTER PREVIEW Psychology traces its roots back to Greek philosophers reflections on human nature. Psycholo - gists initial focus on mental life was replaced

More information

Research Methods. It is actually way more exciting than it sounds!!!!

Research Methods. It is actually way more exciting than it sounds!!!! Research Methods It is actually way more exciting than it sounds!!!! Why do we have to learn this stuff? Psychology is first and foremost a science. Thus it is based in research. Before we delve into how

More information

The Scientific Approach: A Search for Laws Basic assumption of science: Events are governed by some lawful order. Goals of psychology: Measure and

The Scientific Approach: A Search for Laws Basic assumption of science: Events are governed by some lawful order. Goals of psychology: Measure and The Scientific Approach: A Search for Laws Basic assumption of science: Events are governed by some lawful order. Goals of psychology: Measure and describe Understand and predict Apply and control Explain

More information

STATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN

STATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN Statistics 1 STATISTICS AND RESEARCH DESIGN These are subjects that are frequently confused. Both subjects often evoke student anxiety and avoidance. To further complicate matters, both areas appear have

More information

3 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICS

3 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICS 3 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF STATISTICS In this chapter, we examine the conceptual foundations of statistics. The goal is to give you an appreciation and conceptual understanding of some basic statistical

More information

Chapter 1: Exploring Data

Chapter 1: Exploring Data Chapter 1: Exploring Data Key Vocabulary:! individual! variable! frequency table! relative frequency table! distribution! pie chart! bar graph! two-way table! marginal distributions! conditional distributions!

More information

CHAPTER ONE CORRELATION

CHAPTER ONE CORRELATION CHAPTER ONE CORRELATION 1.0 Introduction The first chapter focuses on the nature of statistical data of correlation. The aim of the series of exercises is to ensure the students are able to use SPSS to

More information

Biostatistics. Donna Kritz-Silverstein, Ph.D. Professor Department of Family & Preventive Medicine University of California, San Diego

Biostatistics. Donna Kritz-Silverstein, Ph.D. Professor Department of Family & Preventive Medicine University of California, San Diego Biostatistics Donna Kritz-Silverstein, Ph.D. Professor Department of Family & Preventive Medicine University of California, San Diego (858) 534-1818 dsilverstein@ucsd.edu Introduction Overview of statistical

More information

Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Scientist

Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Scientist Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Scientist MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A psychologist from the research area might study brain organization or the chemical messengers used in the nervous system. 2. A psychologist from

More information

Probabilities and Research. Statistics

Probabilities and Research. Statistics Probabilities and Research Statistics Sampling a Population Interviewed 83 out of 616 (13.5%) initial victims Generalizability: Ability to apply findings from one sample or in one context to other samples

More information

Samples, Sample Size And Sample Error. Research Methodology. How Big Is Big? Estimating Sample Size. Variables. Variables 2/25/2018

Samples, Sample Size And Sample Error. Research Methodology. How Big Is Big? Estimating Sample Size. Variables. Variables 2/25/2018 Research Methodology Samples, Sample Size And Sample Error Sampling error = difference between sample and population characteristics Reducing sampling error is the goal of any sampling technique As sample

More information

Week 1 2 Quiz. Question 1 Correct Marked out of Flag question Question text. Question 2 Correct Marked out of Flag question Question text

Week 1 2 Quiz. Question 1 Correct Marked out of Flag question Question text. Question 2 Correct Marked out of Flag question Question text Week 1 2 Quiz Question 1 Through their research on human responses to physical stimuli, both Helmholtz and Fechner contributed to the beginning of a. science. b. materialism. c. comparative psychology.

More information

9/24/2014 UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODS

9/24/2014 UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODS RESEARCH METHODS UNIT 2: RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS 8-10% of AP Exam Case Studies A case study is an in-depth study of one person. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history

More information

How can we best use psychology to understand why people think, feel and act as they do?

How can we best use psychology to understand why people think, feel and act as they do? How can we best use psychology to understand why people think, feel and act as they do? Hindsight Bias = the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known

More information

Describe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo

Describe what is meant by a placebo Contrast the double-blind procedure with the single-blind procedure Review the structure for organizing a memo Business Statistics The following was provided by Dr. Suzanne Delaney, and is a comprehensive review of Business Statistics. The workshop instructor will provide relevant examples during the Skills Assessment

More information

Skills Center Psychology Practice Exam II

Skills Center Psychology Practice Exam II 1.) The scientific method always a. begins with observation and ends with generation of a hypothesis. b. begins with generation of a hypothesis and ends with systematic observation. c. begins and ends

More information

The Beauty and Necessity of Good Research Design

The Beauty and Necessity of Good Research Design Name: 1 Shaw - PSYC& 100 The Beauty and Necessity of Good Research Design 1 The authors say, Research design matters. Why do we need research designs? What do they accomplish for us? Use the case of prefrontal

More information

PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICS

PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICS PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICS STA-201-TE This TECEP is an introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics. Topics include: measures of central tendency, variability, correlation, regression, hypothesis

More information

Correlational Method. Does ice cream cause murder, or murder cause people to eat ice cream? As more ice cream is eaten, more people are murdered.

Correlational Method. Does ice cream cause murder, or murder cause people to eat ice cream? As more ice cream is eaten, more people are murdered. Correlational Method Naturalistic observations, surveys, and case studies often show us that one trait or behavior is related to another. Correlation expresses a relationship between two variables. Does

More information

Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 (emphasis on Chapter 12) Online readings: Appendix D, E & F

Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 (emphasis on Chapter 12) Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Readings: Textbook readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 (emphasis on Chapter 12) Online readings: Appendix D, E & F Plous Chapters 17 & 18 Chapter 17: Social Influences Chapter 18: Group Judgments and Decisions

More information

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. Radwan Banimustafa

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. Radwan Banimustafa INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Radwan Banimustafa At the end of this Chapter you should be able to: Understand the scope of psychology Different perspectives in psychology The scientific research method in

More information

Prologue/Chapter 1. What is Psychology?

Prologue/Chapter 1. What is Psychology? Prologue/Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Methods What is Psychology? The science of behavior and mental processes Behavior observable actions of a person or animal Mind thoughts, feelings, sensations,

More information

Lesson 11 Correlations

Lesson 11 Correlations Lesson 11 Correlations Lesson Objectives All students will define key terms and explain the difference between correlations and experiments. All students should be able to analyse scattergrams using knowledge

More information

Psychology Research Process

Psychology Research Process Psychology Research Process Logical Processes Induction Observation/Association/Using Correlation Trying to assess, through observation of a large group/sample, what is associated with what? Examples:

More information

CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Behavior

CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Behavior CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Behavior CHAPTER OVERVIEW Chapter 1 introduces you to the field of social psychology. The Chapter begins with a definition of social psychology and a discussion of how social

More information

copyright D. McCann, 2006) PSYCHOLOGY is

copyright D. McCann, 2006) PSYCHOLOGY is UNIT I(slides copyright D. McCann, 2006) PSYCHOLOGY is PSYCHOLOGY is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT Blowfly Wilder Penfield Attitude change Mob Violence (deindividuation)

More information

Enduring Understanding:

Enduring Understanding: Research Methods Enduring Understanding: It is actually way more exciting than it sounds!!!! Psychologists use various methods to conduct their scientific research, each having benefits and drawbacks.

More information

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS AP PSYCHOLOGY: CHAPTER 2

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS AP PSYCHOLOGY: CHAPTER 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODS AP PSYCHOLOGY: CHAPTER 2 Bellwork: Why do we need Psychological Research? What were your thoughts.. Hindsight Bias I knew it all along phenomenon Examples.. 2 groups..

More information

Unit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data

Unit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data Unit 1 Exploring and Understanding Data Area Principle Bar Chart Boxplot Conditional Distribution Dotplot Empirical Rule Five Number Summary Frequency Distribution Frequency Polygon Histogram Interquartile

More information

AP Psych - Stat 2 Name Period Date. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

AP Psych - Stat 2 Name Period Date. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. AP Psych - Stat 2 Name Period Date MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) In a set of incomes in which most people are in the $15,000

More information

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SUMMARY 1 ABDULLAH ALZIBDEH Introduction In this lecture, we discuss the definitions of psychology and behavior. We also discuss the approaches in psychology and the scientific

More information

How to Think Straight About Psychology

How to Think Straight About Psychology How to Think Straight About Psychology A Quick and Dirty Overview of Stanovich s Wonderful Book. Chapter 1 Freud problem general public s link of Freud to psychology most psychologists don t find his theory

More information

Experimental Design. Dewayne E Perry ENS C Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Lecture 8

Experimental Design. Dewayne E Perry ENS C Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Lecture 8 Experimental Design Dewayne E Perry ENS 623 Perry@ece.utexas.edu 1 Problems in Experimental Design 2 True Experimental Design Goal: uncover causal mechanisms Primary characteristic: random assignment to

More information

Students will demonstrate knowledge of an experiment by identifying different types of variables.

Students will demonstrate knowledge of an experiment by identifying different types of variables. Students will demonstrate knowledge of an experiment by identifying different types of variables. Research Methods It is actually way more exciting than it sounds!!!! Why do we have to learn this stuff?

More information

Still important ideas

Still important ideas Readings: OpenStax - Chapters 1 13 & Appendix D & E (online) Plous Chapters 17 & 18 - Chapter 17: Social Influences - Chapter 18: Group Judgments and Decisions Still important ideas Contrast the measurement

More information