COMPARISON OF STRESS COPING OF ELDERLY IN COMMUNITY

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1 COMPARISON OF STRESS COPING OF ELDERLY IN COMMUNITY Nitaya Srijamnong*, Anchalee Jantapo** *College of Nursing and Health,Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand. **College of Nursing and Health, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand. ABSTRACT This research is a survey research. The purpose of this paper is to compare the stress coping of elderly people in the community. The sample was 148 elderly people of one community in Bangkok, Thailand. The research instrument was a set of questionnaires about stress coping styles which was adapted from Jalowiec. The questionnaire is a 3-level valuation scale, composed of 3 parts: part 1. confrontive coping style; part 2 emotive coping style; and part palliative coping style. Analyze data by usingcomputer programwith statistics percentage, average, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA. The results found that 61.49% of the elderly are female % had secondary education, 26.35%had primary education % had monthly income from 10,000 to 15, % had sufficient income. It was found that confrontive coping style, emotive coping style and palliative coping style using by male and female elderly were not significantly different. While the elderly with primary education used confrontive coping style more than older adults with secondary and bachelor education. For the elderly with different income, there was a significant difference in confrontive coping style. In addition, seniors who have sufficient income have confrontive coping behaviors more than older people with insufficient income, emotional coping and palliative coping were not significantly different. Keywords: Stress Coping, Elderly, Stress Coping of elderly OBJECTIVES To compare stress coping of elderly people in the community. LITERATURE & THEORY This research has reviewed the concept that relates tostress coping of the elderly and will concisely present as follows; 1. Situation of the elderly in Thailand Nowadays, Thailand is an ageing society with its population that has increased rapidly since 2000 when the proportion of the elderly (60 years or older) reaches 10 percent of the country s population and the country will become completed ageing society when percentage of the elderly population reaches 20 in Moreover, the country is expected to be a super ageing society in less than 20 years when percentage of the elderly population is 28 percent of all the country s population [4]. Now, the elderly have some changes in both physiological and mental health resulting from degenerating systems in their bodies. 2. Stress Coping Stress means the pressure of a person when something is threatening. It causes an imbalance in the body, mind and emotions.stress coping refers to the response used by individuals to reduce or cure stress through thoughts or behaviors that people use.lazarus &Folkman said that when persons have stress, they will adjust to face with stress in 2 styles; Problem-focused copingand emotion-focused coping (5). Each person uses both coping styles. Jalowiec(4) developed the tools for measurement stress coping under the concept of Lazarus &Folkman (5) and PraneeMingkhwan (8) translated and updated questionnaire in Thai. There are three types of coping styles; confrontivecoping, emotive coping and palliative coping.people who ICBTS Copyright by Author (s) The 2018 International Academic Research Conference in Helsinki 189

2 have proper stress coping can successfully manage the cause of stress (8).People with ineffective stress coping, the stress was reduced temporarily. Persons who use coping styles in a manner that is not suitable for a long time. The body can not adapt, it may be harmful to health.the measurement of coping that was developed by Jalowiec composed of 3 styles. The first one wasconfrontive coping, it is a way to control the problem in a better way. The second one was emotive coping, it is a way of facing with emotions, which the problems still persists. The last one of coping style was palliative coping, it is the method used to solve the problem indirectly, which the problem does not change. Normally people should use confrontive coping style, emotion coping style and palliative coping style together. It will help people solve problem appropriately. METHODOLOGY 1. Research Method This research is quantitative research. The sample was 148 elderly people of one community in Bangkok, Thailand 2. Research Instrument The instrument used in this research is a set of questionnaires about stress coping styles, which was adapted and improvedfromjalovic s coping questionnaire and PraneeMingkhwan (7) translatedin Thai. The questionnaireis a rating scale in 3 levels:often practice, practice in sometimes and not often practice.the research instruments werecomposed of3 parts. Part 1 is confrontive coping, there are 10 items of thoughts or behaviors that people usefor release stress:1) try to find information to understand the problem; 2) control the situation of the problems; 3) try to identify problems and solve them; 4) understand the problem clearly in all aspect; 5) solve problems that cause them to better handle problems; 6) find out how to solve problems and choose the best one; 7) try to calmand find a better way to face problems; 8) do activities or exercises to reduce stress; 9) consult with a trusted or experienced person; 10)ask for help from family or friends. Part 2 is emotive coping. There are 10 items of thoughts or behaviors that people useto release stress, it composed of: 1) anxious expression; 2) angry expression;3) prepare yourself for the worst situation that will happen;4)eat or drink or smoke more;5)dream up;6)throwing things; 7) violent behavior with another person; 8) give reason that your thinking are correct; 9)think that another person caused the problems and 10) isolate yourself alone. Part 3is palliative coping.it composed of 10 items as follows: 1)accept the situation of problems;2)look for something better to compensate; 3)stay still and think that the problem is solved by itself; 4) smile with the problem; 5)do nothing because it is a matter of fate;6) let the problems go on, it cannot be changed; 7)comfort yourself not to worry; 8)sleep by thinking that problems will improve in the morning; 9) try to forget the problem and 10) depend on the sacred. 3. Data collection The data was collected in June, Sample Protocols The researchers take into account the rights of the sample by explanation the purpose of the research, research process, the duration of the research and clarify the right to accept or decline participation in this research. The presentation of the information will be presented as a whole, no name and surname of sample present in the research paper. 5. Data analysis Data were analyzed using computerized data analysis program. Statistics used in data analysis consisted of frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA. 1. General data of the respondents RESULTS The data shows that 61.49% of the elderly are female %, aged between years % havemarital status % are single and 47.97% had secondary education %had primary education 41.89% are employee % have monthly income from 10,000 to 15, % have sufficient income. ICBTS Copyright by Author (s) The 2018 International Academic Research Conference in Helsinki 190

3 2. Stress coping of the elderly The result shows that the elderly used confrontive coping style, emotive coping styleand palliative copingstyle in moderate level (x =2.49 SD = 0.29, x = 1.75 SD = 0.31and x = 2.44 SD = 0.24, respectively). The data was shown in table 1. Table 1 Mean and standard deviation of coping style of the respondent elderly. Coping style Mean Standard Deviation confrontive coping style emotive coping style palliative coping style When compared the stress coping styles of elderly peoplein different general data.it was found that the elderly people who have gender,aged differenceswere not significantly different in confrontive coping style, emotive coping style and palliative coping style. The elderly with primary education had a higher level of confrontive coping style than the elderly with secondary and bachelor degree at the 0.05 level of significance.while emotive coping style and palliative coping style are not different. In addition, it was found that the elderly with lower income had higher level of using confrontive coping style and palliative coping style than the elderly with higher income at the 0.05 level of significant.the data was shown in table 2,3 and 4. Table 2 Comparison of stress coping styles among the elderly with different education. Elderly Education mean Difference of mean primary education secondary education Bachelor degree primary education *.22* secondary education Bachelor degree Table3 Comparison of using confrontive coping style among the elderly with different income The elderly s income mean Difference of mean Less than 5, ,000 10,001 15,000 15,001 20,000 Less than 5, *.433* , ,001 15, ,001 20, ICBTS Copyright by Author (s) The 2018 International Academic Research Conference in Helsinki 191

4 Table 4 Comparison of using palliative coping style among the elderly with different income The elderly s income mean Difference of mean Less than 5, ,000 10,001 15,000 15,001 20,000 Less than 5, *.19* , ,001 15, ,001 20, DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK 1. The results of this research found that the elderly who had differences of gender and age,there is no difference in using confrontive coping style, emotive coping styleand palliative copingstyle.thefindingsare different from the study of Pranee Mingkwan(8), who found that males had better adaptation to threat than females, often face the problem with emotional control and gradually consider the solution.while women use more emotional coping style. Forthe results which showed that the elderly with different ages had no difference in stress coping style,it s notconsistent with the study of SukumalToykaew, which found that The higher the age, the better the stress coping experience (9). 2. The results of this study found that the level of education and income affected confrontive coping style. These findings are in line with the findings of Chitra Ratanadilokna Phuket, which found that the level of education affects confrontive coping style, but it does not affect emotive coping and palliative coping style (2). 3. The effective results in adaptation would happen on the person who chose to use confrontive coping, the problem will be solved appropriately. People who adapted well will need to know the situation with consistence between demand and resources. They know how to choose the right way to deal with stress and use proper coping styles to confront problems. Person who manage stress with feelings, it is not good for themselves People who use palliative coping, it does not solve the causes of problem (5). 4. For future research should focus on promotion activity of the elderly for appropriate stress coping. It should be organized with family and community. Whenever the elderly can face with stress well. It promotes good quality of life. Elderly activities should focus on all physical, mental, and social aspect as Anchalee Jantapo (1) has promoted life quality of female prisoners who have faced cancer by using Arokayasal WatKampramong Guideline in order to promote all of three aspects of health at the same time.person involved in caring for the elderly should use the results of this studyon planning and guidance appropriately on health care in the field of stress and coping with stress for older people in the community. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University for invaluable help throughout thisresearch. REFERENCES [1]Anchalee Jantapo. (2016). Life Quality Enhance of Female Prisoners with Cancers by Arokayasal Wat Kampramong Guideline,International Conference on Science, Innovation and Management (ICSIM), 5th-6th September, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. [2] Chitra Ratanadilok.(2006).A Study of stress and stress coping of Stroke patients Caregivers, Master of educationdegree in development Psychology, Srinakarinwirote university [3] Department of Health. (2014). Exercise in the elderly, URL: ICBTS Copyright by Author (s) The 2018 International Academic Research Conference in Helsinki 192

5 [4] Jalowiec, A. (1993). A Confirmatory Factors Analysis of the Jalowiec Coping Scale.In C.F. walz and O.L. Striosland. (EDs).Measurement of nurse outcome volume one : measuring client outcome. New York : Springer Publishing. [5] Lazarus,R.S.and Folkman,S. (1984). Stress,appraisal and coping. New York :Springer Publishing. [6] Lazarus, R.S. (1991).Emotion and Adaptation. New York : Oxford University Press. [7] Nitaya Srichamnong. (2013). Patterns of Coping with Stress Affecting Adaptational Outcomes in Adult. Research Report, SuanSunandhaRajabhat University. [8] Pranee Mingkwan. (2000).Stress and Stress Coping with Stress in Elderly Stroke Patients. Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University. [9] Sukumal Toykaew. (2000). The Value of Evaluation in Tellectuation and Stress Coping of Patients with High Blood Pressure Illness.Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University. [10]The Foundation of Thai Gerontology Research and Development Institute. (2014). Situation of The Thai Elderly, URL: (1993) ICBTS Copyright by Author (s) The 2018 International Academic Research Conference in Helsinki 193